工作计划_工作分析和工作计划

PARTTWO STAFFINGTHEORGANIZATION JobAnalysisandJobDesign 5 Chapter5Overview BasicTerminologyJobAnalysisJobDesign BasicTerminology JobAnalysis ProductsofJobAnalysis JobAnalysisMethodsObservationInterviewsQuestionnaires FunctionalJobAnalysis DictionaryofOccupationalTitles O NETDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesTheADAandJobAnalysis PotentialProblemswithJobAnalysis Figure5 1 RelationshipamongDifferentJobComponents BasicTerminology JobAnalysis ProductsofJobAnalysis JobAnalysisMethodsObservationInterviewsQuestionnaires FunctionalJobAnalysis DictionaryofOccupationalTitles O NETDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesTheADAandJobAnalysis PotentialProblemswithJobAnalysis Table5 1 AreaofInformationContentsJobtitleandlocationNameofjobandwhereitislocated OrganizationalrelationshipAbriefexplanationofthenumberofpersonssupervised ifapplicable andthejobtitle s oftheposition s supervised Astatementconcerningsupervisionreceived RelationtootherjobsDescribesandoutlinesthecoordinationrequiredbythejob JobsummaryCondensedexplanationofthecontentofthejob InformationconcerningThecontentofthisareavariesgreatlyfromjobjobrequirementstojobandfromorganizationtoorganization Typicallyitincludesinformationonsuchtopicsasmachines tools andmaterials mentalcomplexityandattentionrequired physicaldemandsandworkingconditions InformationProvidedbyaJobAnalysis BasicTerminology JobAnalysis ProductsofJobAnalysis JobAnalysisMethodsObservationInterviewsQuestionnaires FunctionalJobAnalysis DictionaryofOccupationalTitles O NETDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesTheADAandJobAnalysis PotentialProblemswithJobAnalysis Table5 2 Ajobdescriptionshouldbeaformal writtendocument usuallyfromonetothreepageslong Itshouldincludethefollowing Datewritten JobStatus full timeorpart time salaryorwage Positiontitle Jobsummary asynopsisofthejobresponsibilities Detailedlistofdutiesandresponsibilities Supervisionreceived towhomthejobholderreports Supervisionexercised ifany whoreportstothisemployee Principalcontacts inandoutsidetheorganization Relatedmeetingstobeattendedandreportstobefiled Competencyorpositionrequirements Requirededucationandexperience Careermobility position s forwhichjobholdermayqualifynext ContentsofaJobDescription BasicTerminology JobAnalysis ProductsofJobAnalysis JobAnalysisMethodsObservationInterviewsQuestionnaires FunctionalJobAnalysis DictionaryofOccupationalTitles O NETDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesTheADAandJobAnalysis PotentialProblemswithJobAnalysis BasicTerminology JobAnalysis ProductsofJobAnalysis JobAnalysisMethodsObservationInterviewsQuestionnaires FunctionalJobAnalysis DictionaryofOccupationalTitles O NETDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesTheADAandJobAnalysis PotentialProblemswithJobAnalysis BasicTerminology JobAnalysis ProductsofJobAnalysis JobAnalysisMethodsObservationInterviewsQuestionnaires FunctionalJobAnalysis DictionaryofOccupationalTitles O NETDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesTheADAandJobAnalysis PotentialProblemswithJobAnalysis Table5 3 CategoryInformationinputMentalprocessesPhysicalactivitiesRelationshipswithotherpeopleJobcontextOtherjobcharacteristics DescriptionWhereandhowdoestheemployeegettheinformationusedinperformingthejob Whatreasoning decision making planning andinformation processingactivitiesareinvolvedinperformingthejob Whatphysicalactivitiesdoestheemployeeperform andwhattoolsordevicesareused Whatrelationshipswithotherpeoplearerequiredinperformingthejob Inwhatphysicalorsocialcontestistheworkperformed Whatactivities conditions orcharacteristicsotherthanthosedescribedabovearerelevanttothejob ExamplesUseofwrittenmaterials Near visualdifferentiation Levelofreasoninginproblemsolving Coding decoding Useofkeyboarddevices Assembling disassembling Instructing Contactswithpublic and orcustomers Hightemperature Interpersonalconflictsituations Specifiedworkpace Amountofjobstructure EmployeeActivityCategoriesUsedinthePAQ Table5 4 Source E J McCormick P R Jeanneret andR C Mecham PositionAnalysisQuestionnaire Copyright1969byPurdueResearchFoundation WestLafayette Ind Reprintedwithpermission SamplepagefromthePositionAnalysisQuestionnaire PAQ InformationinputI ISourcesofJobInformationRateeachofthefollowingitemsintermsoftheextenttowhichitisusedbytheworkerasasourceofinformationinperformingthejob I I IVisualSourcesofJobInformation1Writtenmaterials books reports officenotes articles jobinstructions signs etc 2Quantitativematerials materialswhichdealwithquantitiesoramounts suchasgraphs accounts specifications tablesofnumbers etc 3Pictorialmaterial picturesorpicturelikematerialsusedassourcesofinformation forexample drawings blueprints diagrams maps tracings photographicfilms x rayfilms TVpictures etc 4Patterns relateddevices templates stencils patterns etc usedassourcesofinformationwhenobservedduringuse donotincludeherematerialsdescribedinitem3above CodeExtentofUseNDoesnotapply1Nominal veryfrequent2Occasional3Moderate4Considerable5Verysubstantial Continued Table5 4 concluded 5Visualdisplays dials gauges signallights radarscopes speedometers clocks etc 6Measuringdevices rules calipers tirepressuregauges scales thicknessgauges pipettes thermometers protractors etc usedtoobtainvisualinformationaboutphysicalmeasurements donotincludeheredevicesdescribedinitem5above 7Mechanicaldevices tools equipment machinery andothermechanicaldeviceswhicharesourcesofinformationwhenobservedduringuseoroperation 8Materialsinprocess parts materials etc whicharesourcesofinformationwhenbeingmodified workedon orotherwiseprocessed suchasbreaddoughbeingmixed workpiecebeturnedinalathe fabricbeingcut shoebeingresoled etc 9Materialsnotinprocess parts materials objects etc notintheprocessofbeingchangedormodified whicharesourcesofinformationwhenbeinginspected handled packaged distributed orselected etc suchasitemsormaterialsininventory storage ordistributionchannels itemsbeinginspected etc 10Featuresofnature landscapes fields geologicalsamples vegetation cloudformations andotherfeaturesofnaturewhichareobservedorinspectedtoprovideinformation 11 Man made featuresofenvironment structures buildings dams highways bridges docks railroads andother man made oralteredaspectsoftheindoororoutdoorenvironmentwhichareobservedorinspectedtoprovidejobinformation donoconsiderequipment machines etc thatindividualsuseintheirwork ascoveredbyitem7 SamplepagefromthePositionAnalysisQuestionnaire PAQ Table5 5 Source W B TornovandP R Pinto TheDevelopmentofaManagerialJobTaxonomy ASystemforDescribing Classifying andEvaluatingExecutivePositions JournalofAppliedPsychology61 no 4 1976 p 414 ManagementPositionDescriptionQuestionnaireCategories 1 Product marketing andfinancialstrategyplanning 2 Coordinationofotherorganizationalunitsandpersonnel 3 Internalbusinesscontrol 4 Productsandservicesresponsibility 5 Publicandcustomerrelations 6 Advancedconsulting 7 Autonomyofactions 8 Approvaloffinancialcommitments 9 Staffservice 10 Supervision 11 Complexityandstress 12 Advancedfinancialresponsibility 13 Broadpersonnelresponsibility BasicTerminology JobAnalysis ProductsofJobAnalysis JobAnalysisMethodsObservationInterviewsQuestionnaires FunctionalJobAnalysis DictionaryofOccupationalTitles O NETDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesTheADAandJobAnalysis PotentialProblemswithJobAnalysis Table5 6 Source U S DepartmentofLabor RevisedHandbookforAnalyzingJobs Washington D C U S GovernmentPrintingOffice 1991 p 73 LevelsofDifficultyforWorkerFunctionsinFJA DataPeopleThings0Synthesizing0Mentoring0Settingup1Coordinating1Negotiating1Precisionworking2Analyzing2Instructing2Operating controlling3Compiling3Supervising3Driving operating4Computing4Diverting4Manipulating5Copying5Persuading5Tending6Comparing6Speaking signaling6Feeding offbearing7Serving7Handling8Takinginstructions helping BasicTerminology JobAnalysis ProductsofJobAnalysis JobAnalysisMethodsObservationInterviewsQuestionnaires FunctionalJobAnalysis DictionaryofOccupationalTitles O NETDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesTheADAandJobAnalysis PotentialProblemswithJobAnalysis Table5 7 1 Professional technical andmanagerial2 Clericalandsales3 Service4 Agriculture fishing forestry andrelated5 Processing6 Machinetrades7 Benchwork8 Structuralwork9 Miscellaneous NineOccupationalCategoriesUsedbytheDOT Figure5 2 HumanResourcesManagerasClassifiedbytheDOT Source U S DepartmentofLabor EmploymentandTrainingAdministration DictionaryofOccupationalTitles 4thed rev 1991 Washington D C U S GovernmentPrintingOffice 1991 BasicTerminology JobAnalysis ProductsofJobAnalysis JobAnalysisMethodsObservationInterviewsQuestionnaires FunctionalJobAnalysis DictionaryofOccupationalTitles O NETDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesTheADAandJobAnalysis PotentialProblemswithJobAnalysis BasicTerminology JobAnalysis ProductsofJobAnalysis JobAnalysisMethodsObservationInterviewsQuestionnaires FunctionalJobAnalysis DictionaryofOccupationalTitles O NETDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesTheADAandJobAnalysis PotentialProblemswithJobAnalysis Table5 8 Source WayneE BarlowandEdwardZ Hare APracticalGuidetotheAmericanswithDisabilitiesAct PersonnelJournal June1992 p 54 1 Doesthepositionexisttoperformthesefunctions Iftheperformanceofaparticularfunctionistheprincipalpurposeforhiringaperson itwouldbeanessentialfunction 2 Wouldtheremovalofthefunctionfundamentallyaltertheposition Ifthepurposeofthepositioncanbefulfilledwithoutperformingthefunction itisn tessential 3 What sthedegreeofexpertiseorskillrequiredtoperformthefunction Thefactthatanemployeeishiredforhisorherspecializedexpertisetoperformaparticularfunctionisevidencethatthefunctionisessential 4 Howmuchoftheemployee stimeisspentperformingthefunction Thefactthatanemployeespendsasubstantialamountoftimeperformingaparticularfunctionisevidencethatthefunctionisessential 5 Whataretheconsequencesoffailuretoperformthefunction Thefactthattheconsequencesoffailurearesevereisevidencethatthefunctionisessential 6 Howmanyotheremployeesareavailableamongwhomthefunctioncanbedistributed Thesmallerthenumberofemployeesavailableforperformingagroupoffunctions thegreaterthelikelihoodthatanyoneofthemwillhavetoperformaparticularfunction QuestionstoBeAddressedtoDetermineEssentialFunctions BasicTerminology JobAnalysis ProductsofJobAnalysis JobAnalysisMethodsObservationInterviewsQuestionnaires FunctionalJobAnalysis DictionaryofOccupationalTitles O NETDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesTheADAandJobAnalysis PotentialProblemswithJobAnalysis JobDesign JobScopeandJobDepthSociotechnicalApproachtoJ