解破学 1.1骨学.ppt

1 HunanUniversityofArtsandScience HUMANANATOMY 2 ThegeneraldescriptionThebonesoftrunkTheskullThebonesoflimbs homework 第一篇 Chapter1Osteology骨学 3 1Thegeneraldescription ThegeneralfeaturesofthebonesThebonenumberoftheadultTheshapeandclassificationofthebonesThestructureofthebonesThechemicalcompositionandphysicalpropertiesofthebonesThebasicconceptsThevisceralbones 4 PropershapeHardandresilientAbundantinbloodandnervesupplyMetabolismandgrowthRepairing修复Regeneration再生Reconstruction再造 Thegeneralfeaturesofthebones 5 儿童的骨头比成人多 因为 儿童的骶骨有5块 成人后合为1块 儿童的尾骨有4 5块 成人后合为1块 儿童有2块髂骨 2块坐骨和2块耻骨 到成人就合并成为2块髋骨 这样儿童的骨头要比成人多11 12块 就是说有217 218块 而初生婴儿的骨头竟多达305块 6AuditoryossiclesTrunkbones126Limbbones23Skullbones Thebonenumberoftheadult Totoal 206inadult 成人骨块数 6 longboneshortboneflateboneirregularbone Theshapeandclassificationofbones Bonetypes 7 Thestructureofbones Bonysubstance骨质Periosteum骨膜Bonemarrow骨髓Nervousfibers神经Bloodvessels血管 Livingbonestructure 8 Thestructureofbones 9 Compactbone 骨密质 Cancellousbone 骨松质 Thestructureofthebonysubstance Bonysubstancestructure Compactbone 密质 既致密又坚硬 耐压性较大 类似象牙 Spongybone 松质 由互相交叉成网的骨小梁构成 近似海绵 弹性较大 10 Thebonysubstance 11 Thebonysubstance 12 Thebonysubstance 13 14 Intheflatbonesoftheskull thelayersofcompactbonearecalledtheouterplate 外板 andinnerplate 内板 whilethelayerofspongyboneiscalledthediplo 板障 Thestructureoftheflatbone 15 RedbonemarrowYellowbonemarrow Thebonemarrow Bonemarrowtype 16 红骨髓 主要由不同发育阶段的血细胞构成 主要分布在胸骨 椎骨 肋骨 髂骨等处 具有造血功能 Theredandyellowbonemarrow 黄骨髓 含有大量的脂肪组织 6岁前后 长骨内的红骨髓逐渐转化为黄骨髓 失去造血功能 患某种贫血症状时 黄骨髓可能重新转化为具造血功能的红骨髓 17 Thedistributionoftheredbonemarrow 18 有机质无机质 骨的化学成分和物理性质 碱性磷酸钙碳酸钙 胶原纤维粘多糖蛋白 具韧性具弹性 具硬度具脆性 骨的化学成分 19 年龄对骨的化学成分和物理性质的影响 20 Theaxialskeleton中轴骨骼Madeupofthebonesalongthemidline axis ofthebody includingtheskull hyoidbone 舌骨 spinalcolumn ribsandsternum 胸骨 Thebasicconcepts Theappendicularskeleton附肢骨骼Madeupofthebonesofthelimbs 肢 Thevisceralskeleton内脏骨骼Madeupofbonesformedinsoftorgans 21 Thevisceralbonesareformedinsoftorgans Theyarenotpresentinallspeciesofanimals Thevisceralbones Examplesofthevisceralbones ospenis阴茎骨 boneinthepenisofdogs oscordis心脏骨 boneintheheartofcattle osrostri鼻骨 boneinthesnout 鼻口部 ofpigs 22 ThegeneralcomponentsThevertebraeTheribsThesternum 2Thebonesofthetrunk 23 Thegeneralcomponents TrunkBones Vertebrae 33Sternum 3partsRibs 12pairs Vertebrae Sternum Ribs 24 Cervicalvertebrae颈椎Thoracicvertebrae胸椎Lumbarvertebrae腰椎Sacrum骶椎Coccyx尾椎 Thevertebrae脊椎 Vertebrae 25 Thevertebralstructure VertebralStructure Vertebralbody椎体Vertebralarch椎弓Vertebralforamen椎孔 Spongybone骨松质Compactbone骨密质 Apairofpedicles1对椎弓根Apairoflaminae1对椎弓板Spinesandprocesses 26 body spinousprocess vertebralforamen transverseprocess lamina pedicle ribfacet Thevertebralstructureview 27 Thevertebralstructureview 28 Theforamenisnearlytriangularandisrelativelylargeandroomy Thecervicalvertebrae颈椎 spinousprocess棘突 articularprocess lamina pedicle body Thebodyisrelativelysmall 29 Thecervicalvertebrae AtlasandAxisview ThefirstcervicalvertebraknownastheAtlas 寰椎 hasnobodyandnospine ThesecondcervicalvertebraknownastheAxis 枢椎 bearstheodontoid 指状的 processonthesuperioraspectofitsbody 30 ThearticulationofAtlaswithAxis 31 Thebodyinheart shaped Thethoracicvertebrae胸椎 Thespinesarelonganddownwardsloping Thetwocostalfacets 肋凹面 forarticulationwiththeribhead Thetwofacetsfortheribtubercle 结节 32 Thefacets 肋凹 fortheribheadandtubercle 33 Thebodyinkidney shaped Thelumbarvertebrae腰椎 Theforamenistriangular butlargerthanthatofthethoracicvertebrae Thespinesarestrongandhorizontal 34 Madeupof5fusedvertebrae TheSacrum骶椎 Inroughlytriangularshape 35 Madeupof4coccygeal 尾椎的 vertebrae TheCoccyx尾椎 Roughlytri angularshape 36 Theribs肋骨 Theribstructure costalhead肋骨头costalneck肋骨颈costalshaft肋骨体 Ribs 12pairsCostalcartilage 7pairs Theribstructure 37 Ribs肋骨 Costalcartilage肋软骨 Theribsandcostalcartilage 38 neck Tubercle costalgroove shaft head Theribparts肋骨分部 Tubercle 结节 小瘤 Costalgroove 肋沟 39 Theribsmaybeclassifiedintofollowingtypes Theribclassification Falseribs 8 12pairs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 Floating Trueribs 1 7pairs Floatingribs 11 12pairs 40 Jugularnotch胸骨上切迹Clavicularnotch锁骨切迹 Thesternum胸骨 SternalParts Manubrium胸骨柄Sternalbody胸骨体Xiphoidprocess剑突 41 ThegeneralfeaturesoftheskullThebonesofthecerebralcraniumThebonesofthefacialcraniumThegeneralcharactersoftheskullatbirth 3Theskull 42 Totallythereare23theskullboneswhichmaybedividedinto2parts Thegeneralfeaturesoftheskull Cerebralcranium脑颅Facialcranium面颅 Theskullbones 43 Thecerebralcranium脑颅 Thecerebralcranium madeupof8cranialbones formsthecranialcavityenclosing 圈起 andprotectingthebrain 44 Frontalbone额骨 Frontalbone额骨 Frontalbone额骨颅前上部的一对膜化骨 后方紧接着一对顶骨 在人类头上联合形成单个骨 形成额与眶的上部 45 Ethmoidbone筛骨位于额骨与蝶骨之间 此骨有空泡小孔 是含气骨 Ethmoidbone筛骨 Ethmoidbone筛骨 46 Sphenoidbone蝶骨形如蝴蝶 位于前方的额骨 筛骨和后方的颞骨 枕骨之间 横向伸展于颅底部 蝶骨分为体 小翼 大翼和翼突四个部分 Sphenoidbone蝶骨 Sphenoidbone蝶骨 47 Occipitalbone枕骨是颅骨的一部分 俗称 后脑勺 是平卧位时头部与枕头相接触的部位 故称之为枕骨 位于顶骨之后 并延伸至颅底 在枕骨的下面中央有一个大孔 叫枕骨大孔 脑和脊髓在此处相续 Occipitalbone枕骨 Occipitalbone枕骨 48 Parietalbone顶骨 Parietalbone顶骨 Parietalbone顶骨位于额 枕骨之间 具左 右两块顶骨 49 Temporalbone颞骨位于颅骨两侧 并延至颅底 参与构成颅底和颅腔的侧部 形状不规则 以外耳门为中心可分为颞鳞 鼓部和岩部3部分 周围与顶骨 枕骨及蝶骨相接 Temporalbone颞骨 Temporalbone颞骨 50 Thefacialcraniumformsthebonyframeworkoftheface theorbit 眼眶 thenasalcavity 鼻腔 andtheroofandlateralwallofthemouth Facialcranium面颅 51 Mandible下颌骨为面颅骨最大者 分为体部及升支部 两侧体部在正中联合为一体 Mandible下颌骨 52 Maxilla上颌骨位于人体面颅中央的上颌部的骨骼 成对分布 即左 右两块上颌骨在正中线相连结 上颌骨由1个骨体和4个突起组成 Maxilla上颌骨 53 Zygomaticbone颧骨成对 位于上颌骨的外上方 具有两个突起 额突和颞突 Zygomaticbone颧骨 54 Hyoidbone舌骨位于下颌骨的后方 呈马蹄铁形 系于舌根 司舌之活动 与吞咽和发音有关 Hyoidbone舌骨 舌骨体 小角 大角 55 Nasalbone鼻骨位于面颅中央 两眶之间 左右成对 构成鼻背 Nasalbone鼻骨 Nasalbone 56 Lacrimalbone泪骨成对 位于两眶内侧壁的前部 为一小而薄的骨片 Lacrimalbone泪骨 57 Inferiornasalconcha下鼻甲为一对卷曲的薄骨片 呈水平位附于鼻腔的外侧壁 Inferiornasalconcha下鼻甲 58 Frontalbone Zygomaticbone Nasalbone Maxilla Mandible Sphenoidbone Parietalbone Temporalbone Occipitalbone Theskullbones 59 Thegeneralcharactersoftheskullatbirth Theskullatbirthislargeinproportiontorestoftheskeleton 1 4 adult1 7 Manybonesconsistofmorethanonepiece 60 Thefacialportionequalsaboutoneeightthatofthecraniuminsize whereasinadultitisonequarter 1 4 Thefacialcraniumportion 61 Thereareseveralcranialfrontanelles Thecranialfrontanelles脑颅囟 Anteriorfrontanelle closedduringmiddleofthe2ndyearPosteriorfrontanelle closedbytheendofthe2ndmonthafterbirthMastoid 乳突的 fontanelleSphenoidal 蝶骨的 fontanelle Frontanelle unossifiedmembranebetweenthebonesattheanglesofparietalbones 62 Thecranialfrontanelles 脑颅囟 view 63 4复习 提问 总结 Question1 Whatarethegeneralfeaturesofbones PropershapeHardandresilientAbundantinbloodandnervesupplyMetabolismandgrowthRepairing修复Regeneration再生Reconstruction再造 64 Bonesubstance骨质Periosteum骨膜Bonemarrow骨髓NervousfibersBloodvessels Livi