公文写作_学术论文与写作讲义

学术论文与写作 主讲人 徐剑平 Requirementsforyou BeinghereontimeNoabsencewithoutgoodreasonsBeresponsibleforyourassignments nofinalexam nofinalscore Finalscore Dailyperformanceaccountsfor30 A yourpresentationB yourassignmentC impressionThescoreofthefinalpaperaccountsfor70 Thesignificanceofthetranslationandwriting Importanceinourresearch canyoufinishyourresearchpaperinEnglish Importanceinourfuturecareer canyouspeakEnglishfluentlyinyourfuturejob Canyoucommunicatewithforeigners Importanceintheimprovingthestandardofliving Areyouabletobeagoodtranslatororinterpreter Importanceinourresearch 某研究生今天论文接收了 与大家交流一点经验 第一次编辑的拒稿信 Dear Reviewers commentsonyourworkhavenowbeenreceived Youwillseethattheyareadvisingagainstpublicationofyourwork ThereforeImustrejectit 我的回复 DearEditor Thankyouforyourkindattentiontoconsiderourworkin Iamterriblysorryforsuchaterribleconclusionmadebythereviewerbecauseofourminorfaultabout atyourearliestconvenience whenyouarethemostco得 so that itseemsthatformerresearchissocomprehensivethatwecannotfurtherTheresultsshowthat carriesgreatimplicationsforanunderstandingof Affect hasaneffecton lookat havealookat Thankyouforyourpatienceandkindattention Mayyouhaveaniceday BestRegardsYoursSincerely 编辑的回信Dear IunderstandyourexplanationthatyoumadeasimplemistakeinFig 1b Ifyouwishtosubmityourrevisedpaper Iwillsendittoanotherreviewer 今天收到的论文接收信 投稿两周 Dear Iampleasedtoconfirmthatyourpaper The hasbeenacceptedforpublicationin CommentsfromtheEditorandReviewerscanbefoundbelow Thankyouforsubmittingyourworktothisjournal Withkindregards Editor Importanceinourcareer ThosewhohaveagoodcommandofEnglishmusthaveabrightfuture Importanceintheimprovingthestandardofliving Areyouableenoughtobeagoodtranslatororinterpreter WhatdoestheEnglishwork helpusinthestudyofourmajors Namely whatistheproperrelationshipbetweentheEnglishlearningandourmajors SuggestionsforlearningEnglish 1 listeningVOAorBBC2 watchingaEnglishmovieeveryweek3 Readingnewspapereveryday TeachingTask 1 Tellingstudentshowtotranslatewell2 Introducingthepracticalinformationtostudents3 Teachingstudentshowtowriteagoodwriting practicalwriting 4 Internationalconference lettersforacademiccommunication academicwriting languagepoints eachpartshoulditsspecialusagesandsentences forexample 1 introduction Theliteraturereviewaboveisagoodevidencethatlittlereseachabout hasbeendoneoverthepastyears Fewresearchershavefocusedon 2 Result Thefindingscarrygreatimplicationsforanunderstandingof Itwillbefoundintheresearchthat ItcanbeseenfromthisthatItwasfoundintheresearchthat Contrastbetweentwolanguages subject 学习外语离不开一本好词典Agooddictionaryisindispensableforlearningaforeignlanguage Beanabsolutenecessityfor verb 电视是通过无线电来传播和接受移动物体信号的TVisthetransmissionandreceptionofsignalsofmovingobjectsbyradio object Sourcesforconferenceinformation Theinternetandtheworld1 InternetSearchEnginesintheworldwideweb 2 Meta searchTools 元搜索引擎 即可搜索相关搜索引擎 3 Websfortranslatinga tw b Learningtoperceive nottojudge 1 英汉句子结构最主要区别在于英语重形合 hypotaxis 汉语重意合 parataxis 由于距离远 又缺乏交通工具 使农村社会与外界隔绝 而这种隔绝 又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重 Becausethereisagreatdistanceandtherearenotenoughtransportfacilities theruralworldisisolated Thisisolationhasbecomemoreseriousbecausetherearenotenoughinformationmedia Theisolationoftheruralworld becauseofdistanceandthelackoftransportfacilities iscompoundedbythepaucityoftheinformationmedia 2 英语句子中 名词与介词占优势农民缺乏训练 许多农场生产率很低 这就使得大多数农民处于贫穷的困境Inadequatetrainingforfarmersandthelowproductivityofmanyfarmsplacethemajorityofcountrydwellersinadisadvantageouspositionintheirowncountries 3 英汉句子重心比较学习外语离不开一本好词典Agooddictionaryisindispensableforlearningaforeignlanguage自我们别后没发生什么事情 Nothinghashappenedsinceweparted 他身体很弱不能动手术 Hecannotbeoperateduponasheisveryweak 4 英语句子中 There be结构与虚词it的结构用得比较广泛碰巧屋里没有人 Therehappenedtobenoneintheroom 5 英汉语态比较附上新的通知及回信信封 Arenewalnoticeandreturnenvelopeareenclosedforyourconvenience 应该理解 犯错误是人之常情 Itshouldbeunderstoodthattoerrishuman 中文以下三种情况应该用被动语态1 中文句式里动作执行者省略了2 中文句式里主语是泛指3 中文句式里宾语比主语更重要时 想突出宾语时 英汉句子翻译英汉句子结构对比 英语主语突出常用无灵主语叙述多呈静态组句多焦点透视句式呈树式结构思维重逻辑句式严谨规范 汉语主题突出有灵主语叙述多呈动态组句多散点透视句式呈竹状结构思维重语感句式灵活多变 科技论文语言特征 科技文章文体的特点是 清晰 准确 精练 严密 那么 科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理 这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题 现分述如下 一 大量使用名词化结构 当代英语语法 AGrammarofContemporaryEnglish 在论述科技英语时提出 大量使用名词化结构 Nominalization 是科技英语的特点之一 因为科技文体要求行文简洁 表达客观 内容确切 信息量大 强调存在的事实 而非某一行为 Carbondioxideretentionisamajorrestrictiontotheuseofsedatives tranquilizers ornarcoticsinheartfailure 二氧化碳蓄积是对心力衰竭限制使用镇静 安定或麻醉等药物的主要原因 Therotationoftheearthonitsownaxiscausesthechangefromdaytonight 地球绕轴自转 引起昼夜的变化 火箭是用来探索宇宙的Rocketshavefoundapplicationfortheexplorationoftheuniverse 本篇论文着重强调 Inthestudy thereisalotofemphasison 这些小工厂大量消耗了和浪费了许多原材料Thesesmallfactoriesarealsolavishconsumerandwasterofrawmaterials 仔细研究原文会翻译得更好Acarefulstudyoftheoriginaltextwillgiveyouabettertranslation Socialsupportconsistsoftheexchangeofresourcesamongpeoplebasedontheirinterpersonalties 电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象 Televisionisthetransmissionandreceptionofimagesofmovingobjectsbyradiowaves 二 广泛使用被动语句 根据英国利兹大学JohnSwales的统计 科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动语态 这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理 强调客观准确 第一 二人称使用过多 会造成主观臆断的印象 因此尽量使用第三人称叙述 采用被动语态 应当注意机器的工作温度 Attentionmustbepaidtotheworkingtemperatureofthemachine 而很少说 Youmustpayattentiontotheworkingtemperatureofthemachine 你们必须注意机器的工作温度 此外 如前所述 科技文章将主要信息前置 放在主语部份 这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因 试观察并比较下列短文的主语 Wecanstoreelectricalenergyintwometalplatesseparatedbyaninsulatingmedium Wecallsuchadeviceacapacitor oracondenser anditsabilitytostoreelectricalenergycapacitance Itismeasuredinfarads 电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内 这样的装置称之为电容器 其储存电能的能力称为电容 电容的测量单位是法拉 这一段短文中各句的主语分别为 ElectricalenergySuchadeviceItsabilitytostoreelectricalenergyIt Capacitance 它们都包含了较多的信息 并且处于句首的位置 非常醒目 四个主语完全不同 避免了单调重复 前后连贯 自然流畅 足见被动结构可收简洁客观之效 大量地运用被动语态 是因为 第一 被动结构比主动结构更少主观色彩 k科技论文注重客观事实 正需要这种特性 第二 被动结构更能突出要论证 说明的对象 把它放在句子主语的地位 就能吸引人的注意 第三 在很多情况下被动结构比主动结构更简短 三 非限定动词 如前所述 科技文章要求行文简练 结构紧凑 为此 往往使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句 使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句 使用不定式短语代替各种从句 介词十动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句 这样可缩短句子 又比较醒目 试比较下列各组句子 直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流 Adirectcurrentisacurrentflowingalwaysalongthesamedirection 热量由地球辐射出来时 使得气流上升 Radiatingfromtheearth heatcausesaircurrentstorise Abodycanmoveuniformlyandinastraightline therebeingnocausetochangethatmotion 如果没有改变物体运动的原因 那么物体将作匀速直线运动 Vibratingobjectsproducesoundwaves eachvibrationproducingonesoundwave 振动着的物体产生声波 每一次振动产生一个声波 四 后置定语 大量使用后置定语也是科技文章的特点之一 常见的结构不以下五种 1 介词短语由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力 Theforcesduetofrictionarecalledfrictionalforces Acallforpaperisnowbeingissued 征集论文的通知现正陆续发出 2 形容词及形容词短语 该厂唯一可用的燃料是煤Inthisfactorytheonlyfuelavailableiscoal Inradiation thermalenergyistransformedintoradiantenergy similarinnaturetolight 热能在辐射时 转换成性质与光相似的辐射能 3 副词向上的力与向下的力相等 所以气球就保持在这一高度 Theforceupwardequalstheforcedownwardsothattheballoonstaysatthelevel 4 单个分词 但仍保持较强的动词意义 Theresultsobtainedmustbechecked 获得的结果必须加以校核产生的热量等于浪费了的电能 Theheatproducedisequaltotheelectricalenergywasted5 定语从句Duringconstruction problemsoftenarisewhichrequiredesignchanges 在施工过程中 常会出现需要改变设计的问 分子相互间都存在着力的作用 该力的大小取决于它们之间的距离Themoleculesexertforcesuponeachother whichdependuponthedistancebetweenthem 我们几乎没有注意的很奇异的物质变化每天都在眼前发生Verywonderfulchangesinmattertakeplacebeforeoureyeseverydaytowhichwepaylittleattention 定语从句towhichwepaylittleattention修饰的是changes 这是一种分隔定语从句 五 常用句型 科技文章中经常使用若干特定的句型 从而形成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志 例如It that 结构句型 被动态结构句型 结构句型 分词短语结构句型 省略句结构句型等 显然 润滑好的轴承 比不润滑的轴承容易转动 Itisevidentthatawelllubricatedbearingturnsmoreeasilythanadryone 看来这两个科学分支是相互依存 相互作用的Itseemsthatthesetwobranchesofsciencearemutuallydependentandinteracting 已经证明 感应电压使电流的方向与产生电流的磁场力方向相反 Ithasbeenprovedthatinducedvoltagecausesacurrenttoflowinoppositiontotheforceproducingit 直到十九世纪人们才认识到热是能量的一种形式 Itwasnotuntilthe19thcenturythatheatwasconsideredasaformofenergy 善于使用非谓语结构氧与氢比较 重量大约是它的十六倍 Comparedwithhydrogen oxygenisnearly16timesasheavy 由于电阻 resistance 很大 电路中通过的电流就小 Theresistancebeingveryhigh thecurrentinthecircuitwaslow 冰在溶化时 其温度保持不变 Icekeepsthesametemperaturewhilemelting 物体一旦运动 就会因惯性而持续运动Anobject onceinmotion willkeeponmovingbecauseofitsinertia 一切物质 不论是气态 液态 还是固态 都由原子组成 Allsubstances whethergas liquidorsolid aremadeofatoms 六 长句 为了表述一个复杂概念 使之逻辑严密 结构紧凑 科技文章中往往出现许多长句 Theeffortsthathavebeenmadetoexplainopticalphenomenabymeansofthehypothesisofamediumhavingthesamephysicalcharacterasanelasticsolidbodyled inthefirstinstance totheunderstandingofaconcreteexampleofamediumwhichcantransmittransversevibrations andatalaterstagetothedefiniteconclusionthatthereisnoluminiferousmediumhavingthephysicalcharacterassumedinthehypothesis 为了解释光学现象 人们曾试图假定有一种具有与弹性固体相同的物理性质的介质 这种子尝试的结果 最初曾使人们了解到一种能传输横向振动的具有上述假定所以认为的那种物理性质的发光介质 SummaryforcontrastbetweenCandE 英汉句子结构对比 英语主语突出常用无灵主语叙述多呈静态组句多焦点透视句式呈树式结构思维重逻辑句式严谨规范 汉语主题突出有灵主语叙述多呈动态组句多散点透视句式呈竹状结构思维重语感句式灵活多变 3动态与静态表示动作意义时 汉语多用动词 英语多用名词 特别是抽象名次 和介词短语 同时使用形容词 副词及表示状态的弱式动词 be have become grow feel go come get do等 和虚化动词 havealook takeawalk makeanattempt payavisit doharmtosb doshopping dosomereading等 等各种手段表示动作意义 另外 英语句子的谓语动词在句中一般只有一个 其他的动词通常变成非谓语形式 或名词化等使整个叙述呈现静态 1 isthepre eminentsupplierofequipmenttoaglobalindustrywithsome1billionusers2 EveryonerecognizestheimportanceofspeakingEnglishwell InschooloneofthechiefthingstolearnandtopracticemaybethereadingandwritingofEnglish butineverydaylifeweconveyourthoughtstootherpeoplebyspeakingfarmoreoftenthanbywriting 1 物称表达法Itcanbeconcludedthattheexperimentwasafailure 2 大量使用名词化结构 3 广泛使用被动句 a Thedirectionalmotionofvehicleiscontrolledbyasteeringsystem b Attentionmustbepaidtotheworkingtemperatureoftheelectricmachine 1 语言结构特点 4 后置定语很常见 5 名词连用puterprogrammingteachingdevicemanual 6 使用复合句与缩略词 7 经常使用长难句 Anautomobilebodyisasheetmetalshellwithwindows doors ahood andatrunkdeckbuiltintoit 可能就是因为这种态度 所以美国才在提高生产力方面落后日本 Itisquiteplausible possiblethatitisbecauseofthisattitudethattheUnitedStatescontinuestolagbehindJapaninimprovingproductivity 8 用图标和公式等非语言因素表达思想 9 有时采用日常用语 Aparadoxofmanufacturingpartsisthatthefasterthepartsaremade thelessaccuratetheyare andviceversa Unit1GeneralIntroduction 1 1 classificationofprofessionalpapers researchpaper coursepaper thesispaper or librarypaper Aprofessionalpapercanneverbewritteninarandomformat ratheritshouldbewritteninaspecificone1 ReportPaperThereportpapersummarizesandreportsthefindingsofauthor s onaparticularsubject 2 ResearchPaperAresearchpapercanbeintelligent well informed interesting andoriginalinitsconclusions 3 CoursePaperacoursepapermainlyreferstothepaperwrittenafteraspecificcourseislearnedorattheendoftheterm 4 ThesisPaper Dissertation AthesispaperisusuallywrittenandsubmittedinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsforthedegreeofMA MasterofEngineeringorMS orPh D inaspecificdiscipline 1 2GeneralCharacteristicsofEnglishAcademicWritingStyleiscomplexSpokenWheneverI dvisitedtherebefore I dendedupfeelingthatitwouldbefutileifItriedtodoanythingmore WrittenEverypreviousvisithadleftmewithasenseofthefutilityoffurtheractiononmypart SpokenBecausethetechnologyhasimproveditslessriskythanitusedtobewhenyouinstallthematthesametime anditdoesn tcostsomucheither WrittenImprovementsintechnologyhavereducedtherisksandhighcostsassociatedwithsimultaneousinstallation 2 2FormalityAcademicwritingisrelativelyformal Formalwritingdoesn tusecontractions orcolloquialisms 口语化 andslang Ingeneralthismeansthatinanessayyoushouldavoidcolloquialwordsandexpressions Forinstance youshouldavoid colloquialwordsandexpressions stuff alotof thing abbreviatedforms can t doesn t shouldn t ContractionUncontractedphraseisn tisnotit llbecompleteditwillbecompletedthey vetheyhaveSlangorcolloquialwordsorphrasesokayprettyreliabledeadeasyreallydifficult benoeasytask 2 3ObjectivityWrittenlanguageisingeneralobjectiveratherthanpersonal Whichismoreobjective Ingeneral avoidwordslike I me myself Don twrite Inmyopinion thisisaveryinterestingstudy Write Thisisaveryinterestingstudy Avoid you torefertothereaderorpeopleingeneral Don twrite Youcaneasilyforgethowdifferentlifewas50yearsago Write Itiseasytoforgethowdifferentlifewas50yearsago 2 4ExplicitnessAcademicwritingisexplicitabouttherelationshipsinthetextifyouwanttotellyourreaderthatyourlineofargumentisgoingtochange makeitclear Ifyouthinkthatonesentencegivesreasonsforsomethinginanothersentence makeitexplicit Ifyouthinktwoideasarealmostthesame sayso Ifyouintendyoursentencetogiveextrainformation makeitclear Ifyouaregivingexamples doitexplicitly 2 5AccuracyAcademicwritingusesvocabularyaccurately Choosethecorrectword forexample meeting assembly gathering or conference Ordistinguishfrom money cash currency capital or funds 3 WaysofPreparingProfessionalPapers 1 Searchingforgoodideas2 FindingTopics3 ConsideringAudiencePurpose4 MovingfromBrainstormingtoDrafting5 EditingandRefining Unit2 Title Author AffiliationandKeywords 标题 Title或Topic 作者的姓名 Author sName 论文作者的工作单位 Institution 论文摘要 Abstract或Summary 论文的内容目录 Contents 论文内容本身 Text 引言 Introduction 正文结论或结束语 Conclusion s 及建议等附录 Appendix 致谢 Acknowledgement s 作者简介 Biography 4 科技英语论文的组成部分 摘要的特点 篇幅短小语言精炼用词规范概括完整内容具体独立成文 文摘包括 研究目的 研究对象 研究方法 研究结果 所得结论 结论的使用范围等 Thesmartandlight numericaldesigningandmachining automationinperformancetestetc representsthedevelopmentorientationforautomobilestarters Inthispaper principleisintroducedforthestarterwithgearspeedreducerwhichleadsthemajorityinstarterproductsnowadays Thestateoftheartinresearchanddevelopmentforautomobilestartersbycomputer aidedengineeringtechnologyisoverviewed Newresearchtopicsarebroughtforthatlastfromourenterprisesrealities TitleAuthor s addressObjectives purpose hypotheses Methods materials procedures Results data observations discussion Conclusions 2 英文摘要的组成部分 a Thispaperisperformedtostudythefree vibrationcharacteristicsofenginecrankshaft b Mostalternativefuelsforinternalcombustionengineshavelowcetanenumbers 2 方法 methodsandmaterials Twodigitalstraingaugepressuretransducersmeasuredthevaporpressureoftheupstreamanddownstreamofthetesttube Thisexperimentwasperformedbytestingthevibrationofautomobilebody suspension 1 目的 objectives purposes Theseresultsappeartorefutetheoriginalassumptions 4 结论 conclusions Itwasconcludedthat Itcanbeconcludedthat ItisdeterminedthatItcanbeconcludedthatthenewdiagnosismethodisfeasiblethroughtheoryanalysisandexperimentson12V180typedieselengine 3 结果与简短讨论 resultsanddiscussions 1 采用正规的英语和标准的术语 2 谓语动词很简单而句子的其余成分却十分复杂 3 大量使用be和have的变化形式做谓语动词 4 使用不提及人的陈述句 5 描述自己的工作时态用过去时或完成时 但陈述理论或事实要用现在时 3 英文摘要的写作特点 4 撰写摘要的要点 1 英文文摘题目 Title 的第一个单词不得用The An或A 摘要的第一句不可与题目重复 2 取消或减少背景信息 3 尽量简化措辞 4 注意冠词用法 5 避免使用长系列形容词或名词来修饰名词 6 用重要的事实开头 尽量避免用辅助从句开头 Unit2 title author affiliationandkeywords GeneralfunctionsA GeneralizingtheTextAtitleshouldsummarizethecentralideaofthepaperconciselyandcorrectly Byglancingatthetitle thereaderwillimmediatelyknow incorporatingwiththeabstract whatismainlydealtwithinthepaper B AttractingtheReaderIfatitleisaccurate conciseanddistinct itwillattractreadersalotandstimulatereaderstoreadthewholetextC FacilitatingtheRetrievalAtitleservesasanimportantindexofinformationretrievaltomeettheneedsofextensivepapercommunicationandinformationdissemination Hepromotedthedisseminationofscientificideas 2LinguisticFeaturesA UsingMoreNouns NounPhrasesandGerundsThewordsorphrasesusedinatitleareveryoftennouns nounphrasesorgerunds nominalization whichusuallyarekeywordsforthepaper havingtheabilitytosumupthewholetext Eg 基于ANFIS的高速公路车辆跟驰模型与仿真FreewayCar followingModelandSimulationBasedonAdaptiveNeuro fuzzyInferenceSystem复杂结构振动响应预示的能量方法Vibrationresponsepredictionforthecomplexstructuresusingenergymethod 遗传算法在流体机械优化设计中的应用AReviewofGeneticAlgorithmsUsedintheOptimalDesignofFluid Machines B UsingIncompleteSentenceswhenthereisaneedtogiveatitleintheformofasentence itdoesnotneedtobeacompletesentence Acompletedeclarativesentenceusuallymakesatitlecontainingdeterminingimplication Meanwhile itappearslackingbrevityandclarity 3WritingRequirementsA ABCPrinciplesforTitlesAisforaccuracy BisforbrevityandCisforclarity Accuracymeansthatatitlecanappropriatelyexpressandfitintherealityofthepaper Brevityasksthewritertosummarizethenecessarycontentwiththemostlimitedwords Claritymeansatitleshouldclearlyreflectthedistinguishingfeaturesofthepaper B BeingBriefandConciseGenerally atitleiscomposedofnomorethantwentywords Ifthewriterfailstostatehisideaclearlyinafewwords hecanuseasubtitle Tobebriefandconcise professionalpapersseldomusesuchdecorativelocutionsas onthe regarding investigationon themethodof somethoughtson aresearchof andetc whichleadtoredundancy C BeingSpecificInpreparingthetitleofapaper ageneralandabstracttitleshouldbeavoided Forexample suchatitleasComputerSimulationsoftheMeasurementwillberegardedastoogeneralandglobal vagueandempty ComputerSimulationsoftheMeasurementofQuadraticElectro opticCoefficientsAssociatedwithRotationsofthePrincipalAxesoftheOpticalPermittivityTensor D AvoidingQuestionTitlesAquestiontitlemeansacompletesentenceinthequestionform Suchtitlesareusuallynotusedinanacademicpaper especiallyinnaturalsciences becausetheyalwaysincludesomeredundantquestionwordsandmarks forexample Isthere Whendoes Shouldthe Isit andsoon E BeingUnifiedTheparallelpartsofatitleshouldbegrammaticallysymmetrical Thatistosay nounsshouldbematchedwithnouns gerundswithgerunds etc Ingeneral nounsandgerundsshouldnotbemixedinagiventitleDigitalLaserMicrointerferometerandItsApplyingDigitalLaserMicrointerferometerandItsApplications F BeingStandardIngeneral nonstandardabbreviationsandsymbolsand oranytermsshouldbeavoidedPrepositionsusedintitlesshouldbecorrect Readerswillbeborediftheyfindmorethantwoof sappearinginonetitlesubsequently Ifpossible prepositionsonorforcanreplaceof Additionally withthedevelopmentoflanguage itiscommontouseanountomodifyanothernoun 4SomeOtherRequirementsforTitlesA Words NumberLimitationGenerally thenumberislimitedwithin10wordsandshouldn tbeoverthelimitationof15wordsB HowtoNameaTitleAtitleshouldgiveprominencetothecentralideaoftheresearchpaper Themostimportantkeywords whichshowthemainideaofapaper arenormallyfixedfirstinatitle Thatwilldrawreaders attention C AbbreviationsinTitles 1 LASER lightamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation 激光 2 DNA deoxyribonucleicacid 脱握拳核糖核酸 3 AIDS acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome 4 CT computerizedtomography 电子计算机断 5 NMR nuclearmagneticresonance 核磁共振 D WritingPatternsforTitlesWhetherallthefirstlettersoftheprincipalwordsinatitleshouldbe