10.languageChange.ppt

ReviewQuestions Oncethenotionof wastakenintoconsideration semanticsspilledintopragmatics A meaningB contextC formD content actistheactresultingfromsayingsomething A AlocutionaryB AnillocutionaryC AperlocutionaryD Aspeech lfredkyninghate gretanW rfer biscephiswordumlufliceondfreondliceond ecy anhate tmecomswi eoftongemynd hwelcewiotaniuw rongiondAngelcynn g ergegodcundrahadageworuldcundra ondhuges lilicatida aw rongiondAngelcynn HistoricalLinguistics byHerbertSchendl Excerptfrom CanterburyTales Bifelthat inthatsesononaday InSouthwerk attheTabard asIlayRedytowendenonmypilgrimageToCanterburywithfuldevoutcorage GeoffreyChaucer 乔叟 英国诗人 1340 1400 LanguageChange 语言的变化 TEM8SampleTest Thewordholidayoriginallymeantholyday butnowthewordsignifiesanydayonwhichwedon thavetowork Thisisanexampleof A meaningshiftB wideningofmeaningC narrowingofmeaningD lossofmeaning ThreeperiodsoftheEnglishLanguage OldEnglish 450AD 1100AD whenthefirstGermanictribesbegantosettleinEngland MiddleEnglish 1100 1475 duringtheNormanConquest ModernEnglish 1475 Beowulf writteninOldEnglishsometimebeforethetenthcenturyA D describestheadventuresofagreatScandinavianwarriorofthesixthcentury GeoffreyChaucer born1340 44 died1400 isrememberedastheauthorofTheCanterburyTales whichranksasoneofthegreatestepicworksofworldliterature ChaucermadeacrucialcontributiontoEnglishliteratureinusingEnglishatatimewhenmuchcourtpoetrywasstillwritteninAnglo NormanorLatin WilliamShakespeare 1564 1616 wasaplaywrightinEngland Alllanguageschangewithtime SoundchangeMorphologicalandsyntacticchangeVocabularychange SoundChange Soundchangestendtobesystematic P 96 Itispossibletoseearegularpatternofpronunciationchangethroughoutthelanguage Somerecentchangeinsound Insomewords theunstressed i isoftenomitted Medicine medsin insteadof medisin Criminal krimn l Discipline displi n Promising pr msi Triphthongstendtobeclosertopurevowel NearthetowerIgottaronmytyre a progressiveRP Morphologicalandsyntacticchange Changein agreement ruleChangeinnegationruleChangeingenderandcasesystems simplification Lossofinflection Changein agreement rule WhanthatAprillewithhisshouressooth whenthatAprilwithhisshowerssweet From TheCanterburyTales InmodernEnglish it isusedtoreferto April his onlyreferstoananimatemasculinenoun Changeinnegationrule Forget me notTheylovetheenot Hesawyounot Modernversion Don tforgetme Theydon tloveyou Hedidnotseeyou Changeingenderandcasesystems OldEnglishhadanumberofcaseandgenderdistinctionswhichwerelostduringtheMiddleEnglishperiod 5casesfornouns thenominativecase 主格 thegenitivecase 所有格 thedativecase 与格 theaccusativecase 宾格 andtheinstrumentalcase 工具格 4casesforadjectives thenominativecase 主格 thegenitivecase 所有格 thedativecase 与格 andtheaccusativecase 宾格 Grammaticalgendersnotbasedonnaturaldivisionofgender Lossofinflection InflectionstillremainsinmodernEnglish go wentman menfish fishwoman women Vocabularychange AdditionofnewwordsLossofwordsChangesinthemeaningofwords Additionofnewwords Coinage anewwordcanbecoinedtofitacertainpurpose Example dacron 涤纶 kodak 相机 xerox 复印 quiz awordcoinedbysomeoneatfirstwithoutmeaning thenpeopleregardeditasmeaning practicaljoke makefunof lateritmeansakindoftest Additionofnewwords Clippedwords 缩略词 gym zoo fridge prof discoBlending混成词 缩合词smog motel brunch flurry flutter hurry 慌张 忙乱 Acronyms首字母缩拼词UNESCO NASA CIA FBI WTO YTV Blending dumb confound dumfoundvt 惊得发呆pulse star pulsarn 脉冲星Oxford Cambridge Oxbridgen 牛津剑桥式 Additionofnewwords back formation逆构词edit editorfunctionalshift词性转换nountoverb toknee tobug 装窃听器 verbtonoun ahold 支撑点 支撑物 监狱 aflyby 飞越 borrowing借用词dimsum typhoon Zen禅宗 佛教派别之一 以专修禅定为主 禅定 指安静而止息杂虑 佛教的修行方法 InaJunecommencementaddressatMIT PresidentClintonfirmlyemphasizedtheneedtoeliminatethedigitaldivide Borrowing 来自汉语 coolie苦力lichee荔枝typhoon台风来自日语 judo柔道kimono和服来自法语 bureau柜子 官僚prairie大草原violin来自芬兰语 sauna桑拿浴来自德语 hamburger汉堡包seminar讨论会来自意大利 spaghetti意大利式细面条macaroni通心粉 Lossofwords Beseem tobesuitableWot toknowSoapflakesWashboard Changesinthewordmeaning Tail horsetail tailofanyanimalHospital usedtorefertoakindofpoorhousethatacceptsthepoor thesick thenitreferredtoinstitutionsthattakecareoftheoldandthesick finallyitgotthemeaningof aninstitutionfortreatmentofthesickandinjured Wideningofmeaning Narrowingofmeaning Changesinthewordmeaning Silly happyNice ignorantImmoral notcustomary Meaningshift Movingtowardsgreaterinformality WhichofthefollowingislikelytoappearinaLondonbusnow Passengersarerequirednottocommunicatewiththedriverwhilethevehicleisinmotion Pleasedonotspeaktothedriverwhileheisdriving TheinfluenceofAmericanEnglish Inwhichbookdoesthesentenceappear Atthesametime anumberofteenagersclimbedontothedishandheldalittlepartyoftheirown NewConceptEnglishTeenagerusedtobeusedonlyinAmericanEnglish Theinfluenceofscienceandtechnology Environmental friendlyproductsUser friendlyHomepageInternetInput outputSpacesuitSplash downE commerceEnvironment friendly Somerecenttrends MovingtowardsgreaterinformalityTheinfluenceofAmericanEnglishTheinfluenceofscienceandtechnology WhydoLanguagesChange SocialandscientificdevelopmentGenerationdifference oldergenerationusevariablerules youngergenerationuseinformalofthem Grammarsimplification linguisticlaziness the theoryofleasteffort regularizationofexceptionalpluralruleslanguagecontact Socialandscientificdevelopment Newthings newwords Laserprinter Euro laptop hacker Hotline shuttlediplomacy hotlineSocialphenomenon Chairperson policeofficer firefighterMajorsocialeventssuchaswar Influenceofmajorsocialevents Blitz blitzkrieg Ger meaninglightningwar 闪电战 闪击战 投入大量飞机和坦克的 突然袭击 猛烈的空袭 1940纳粹德国对伦敦的空袭B