有机化合物中英文命名-2.ppt

朱金丽 专业英语 有机化合物的命名 朱金丽 NomenclatureofOrganicCompounds 非官能团化合物NonfunctionalCompounds1烃类 烷烃 Alkane 烯烃 Alkene 炔烃 Alkyne 2单环化合物 Monocycliccompounds 3 官能团化合物Functionalcompounds 有机化合物的命名 有机化合物的命名 系统命名IUPACnames systematicnames 俗名法trivialnames popularnames 国际理论和应用化学联合会IUPAC InternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry 官能团化合物 卤代烃 Alkylhalides醇 Alcohols硫醇 Thiols醇盐 Thesaltsofalcohols ROM 硫醇盐 Thesaltsofthiols RSM 醚 Ethers R1 O R2 官能团化合物 环氧化合物 Epoxides硫化物 SulfidesR1 S R2 胺 Amines醛 Aldehydes酮 Ketones羧酸 Carboxylicacids 官能团化合物 酰胺 Amides酯 Ester羧酸盐 Thesaltsofacids酸酐 Carboxylicanhydrides酰氯 Acylhalides腈 Nitriles 官能团化合物 内酯和内酰胺 Lactonesandlactams缩醛和缩酮 Acetalsandketals亚胺 Imines氢过氧化物 Hydroperoxides过氧化二乙醚 Etherperoxides ROOR 过氧酸 Acidperoxides 1 卤代烃 Alkylhalides 命名规则halo thenameofalkane halo 烷烃的名称Thenameofalkylgroup halide 烷基 halide卤素 halogen halo卤化物 halide 1 卤代烃 Alkylhalides 卤族元素 卤素取代基 halo fluoro chloro bromo iodo 卤化物 Halide fluoride chloride bromide iodide 取代基substituents SomeFunctionalGroupsNamedasPrefixes methoxy ethoxy etc dependingupontheRgroup 1 卤代烃 Alkylhalides Systematicname prefix halo fluoro chloro bromo iodo thenameofalkane系统命名法 卤素取代基 halo fluoro chloro bromo iodo 烷烃名Trivialname C1 C4 thenameofalkylgroup fluoride chloride bromide iodide俗名法 烷基取代基 Halide fluoride chloride bromide iodide 1 卤代烃 Alkylhalides 异丙基氯化物叔丁基氯化物 2 iodopropaneisopropyliodide 2 bromoisohexane 1 卤代烃 Alkylhalides Somespecialnamesforalkylhalides CHX3chloroformbromoformiodoformCH2Cl2methylenechlorideCCl4carbontetrachlorideCl3C CCl3perchloroethane 1 一些卤代烃的专用名称 2 醇 Alcohols Rule Thenameofalcoholaregivenbyreplacingthefinalletter e ofthenameofalkane Alkene Alkyne withthesuffix ol 规则 去掉烃名称Alkane Alkene Alkyne的最后一个字母e 加上后缀 ol 2 醇 Alcohols Systematicname SelectthelongestcontinuouschaintowhichtheOHgroupisdirectlyattached andgivetheOHgroupthepossiblelowerpositionnumber 2 醇 Alcohols Trivialname C1 C4 thenameofalkylgroup alcohol 2 醇 Alcohols AlcoholscontainingmorethanoneOHgroupSystematicname suffix diol triol Trivialname glycol 乙二醇 glycerol 丙三醇 2 propanolisopropanol 2 醇 Alcohols 5 methyl 3 propyl 2 hexanol 2 醇 Alcohols 3 4 dichloro 2 butanol 2 cyclopentenol 2 醇 Alcohols 2 methyl 1 4 cyclohexanediol 3 硫醇 Thiols SH Systematicname thenameofalkane thiol系统命名法 烷烃名称alkane加上后缀 thiol 1 propanethiol0 mercaptotoluenemercapto含巯基的 含硫氢基的 3 硫醇 Thiols SH 3 硫醇 Thiols SH Trivialname thenameofalkylgroup mercaptan 4 醇盐 Thesaltsofalcohols ROM Systematicname Thenameofcation thenameofRgroup oxide规则 阳离子名称 取代基R名称 oxide 4 醇盐 Thesaltsofalcohols ROM potassiumisopentyloxide ammoniumcyclohexyloxide 5 硫醇盐Thesaltsofthiols RSM Systematicname thenameofcation thenameofthiol ateTrivialname thenameofcation thenameofRgroup sulfide规则 系统命名法 阳离子名称 硫醇名称 后缀ate俗名法 阳离子名称 取代基R sulfide 5 硫醇盐Thesaltsofthiols RSM lithiumtert butylsulfidelithiumtert butanethiolatelithium2 methylpropane 2 thiolate 6 醚 Ethers R1 O R2 Systematicname namethesimpleORgroupasasubstituent thelongchainasaparentbody规则 简单的烷氧基作为取代基 长碳链作为主链CH3O C C O C C C O C C C C O methoxyethoxypropoxybutoxyC5H11O C6H13O suffix yloxypentyloxyhexyloxy 6 醚 Ethers R1 O R2 Systematicname 6 醚 Ethers R1 O R2 Trivialname listthenamesofbothgroupsthatattachedtotheoxygeninanalphabeticorder ether俗名法 按照字母顺序列出和氧原子相连的两个烷基 ether sec butylmethylether仲丁基2 methoxybutane ethylisopropylether 6 醚 Ethers R1 O R2 di ethylether Trivialname 冠醚 crownethers规则 碳原子个数 crown 氧原子个数 8 crown 412 crown 6 6 醚 Ethers R1 O R2 1 chloro 1 2 epoxypropane 7 环氧化合物Epoxides Systematicname epoxy thenameofalkane规则 epoxy 烷烃名称 2 methylthio butane 8 硫醚SulfidesR1 S R2 thioethers sulfides RSR 硫醚 SR alkylthio 烷基硫基Systematicname namethesimpleSRgroupasasubstituent thelongchainasaparentbody Thenameofsmallalkylthio thenameofalkane规则 简单的烷基硫基作为取代基 长碳链作为主链 8 硫醚SulfidesR1 S R2 Trivivalname thenameofR1 thenameofR2 sulfide规则 按照字母顺序列出和硫原子相连的两个烷基 sulfide sec butylmethylsulfide仲丁基 p ethylthio benzoicacidp ethyl thio benzoicacid 8 硫醚SulfidesR1 S R2 Inordertoavoidtheconfusionof SRand SHgroupsinsamecases parenthesismustbecorrectlyused 8 硫醚SulfidesR1 S R2 8 硫醚SulfidesR1 S R2 RNH2primary伯胺RR NHsecondary仲胺RR R Ntertiary叔胺 9 胺AminesRNH2 Quarternaryammonium季铵盐AmmoniaAmine 9 胺AminesRNH2 Systematicname listthenamesofsmallalkylgroups thenameofparentchain amine Replacethefinalletter e inthenameofalkane amine系统命名法 列出取代基 主链 amineTrivialname listthenamesofalkylgroupsthatareattachedtothenitrogeninanalphabeticorder amine 俗名法 按照字母顺序列出所有和N原子相连的取代基 amine 1 Simpleamines 9 胺AminesRNH2 Systematicname Replacethefinalletter e inthenameofalkane amine N ethyl 3 methyl 2 pentanamine3 ethylamino 2 methylcyclohexanolN ethyl 2 methyl 3 hydroxycyclohexanamine 9 胺AminesRNH2 2 butylaminebis 2 chloroethyl amineN N dimethylpentanamine1 dimethylaminopentane 9 胺AminesRNH2 9 胺AminesRNH2 2 AmineswithlargealkylgroupsorwithotherfunctionalgroupsinthemoleculesTrivialname 氨基作为取代基 9 胺AminesRNH2 3 ethylamino 2 methylcyclohexanolN ethyl 2 methyl 3 hydroxycyclohexanamine 9 胺AminesRNH2 9 胺AminesRNH2 3 Heterocyclicamines 吡啶吡咯喹啉 tertramethylammoniumhydroxidecyclohexylammoniumchloride 9 胺AminesRNH2 10 醛Aldehydes Systematicname Replacethefinalletter e ofalkanewith al or carb ox aldehyde 系统命名法 去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母 加上后缀 al 或者 carb ox aldehydeAsasubstitute CHO formyl 10 醛Aldehydes 10 醛Aldehydes Trivialnamesarewidelyusedforaldehydeswith1 5carbonatoms Formaldehyde 甲醛 Formyl 甲酰基 AcetaldehydeAcetylPropionaldehydePropionylButyraldehydeButyrylValeraldehydeValeryl 10 醛Aldehydes 4 ethyl 4 pentenalpropanedial2 methylcyclohexane carbaldehyde benzaldehyde 1 2 5 pentanetricarbaldehyde3 formylheptanedial 10 醛Aldehydes 11 酮ketones Systematicname replacethefinalletter e inthenameofalkanewith one 系统命名法 去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母 e 加上后缀 one Asasubstitute C O oxo 11 酮ketones Trivialname writethenamesofthegroupsRandR followedbytheword ketone 俗名法 写出取代基 R R 的名字 ketone 3 pentanone4 methyl 4 hexen 2 one 11 酮ketones 11 酮ketones 1 3 cyclopentanedioneacetophenonemethylphenylketone3 phenylcyclopentanone 5 methyl 2 cyclohexen 1 one 2 propionylfuran2 propanoylfuranethyl2 furylketone 1 2 4 triacetylbenzene 11 酮ketones 11 酮ketones 4 4 oxohexyl 1 benzoicacid4 methyl 3 penten 2 one5 isobutyl 3 cycloheptenone 12 羧酸Carboxylicacids Systematicname Replacethefinalletter e inthenameofthehydrocarbonwith o icacid or carboxylicacid 系统命名法 去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母 e 加上后缀 o icacid 或者 carboxylicacid 12 羧酸Carboxylicacids 3 butynoicacid2 isohexenoicacid butanoicacidbutyricacid 12 羧酸Carboxylicacids 2 chlorocyclopentane 1 carboxylicacid Z 4 4 dichloro 2 pentenoicacid 2 ethyl 4 carboxymethyl hexanedioicacid 12 羧酸Carboxylicacids Sometrivialnamesforacidswithlowmolecularweight formicacidaceticacidpropionicacidbutyricacidvalericacidmaleicacid 马来酸 顺丁烯二酸 fumaricacid 富马酸 反丁烯二酸 13 酰胺Amides Systematicname Omitthefinalletter e inthenameofalkane andthenaddthesuffix amide orcarboxyamidetotheendofthename 系统命名法 去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母 e 加上后缀 amide 或者 carboxyamide 13 酰胺Amides TrivialnamesforamidescontainingC1 C5carbonatoms formamideacetamidepropionamidebutyramidevaleramide 13 酰胺Amides N N dimethylformamide butanamide N ethyl 4 methyl 2 5 hexadienamide cyclopropanecarboxyamide 13 酰胺Amides 13 酰胺Amides N N dimethylbenamidep acetamidobenzoicacid 14 酯Ester Systematicname Omitthefinalletter e inthenameofalkane andthenaddthesuffix o ate or carboxylate totheendofthename 系统命名法 去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母 e 加上后缀 o ate 或者 carboxyate 14 酯Ester ethylbutanoateisopropylbenzoate ethylcyclopentanecarboxylate cyclopentyl4 methylpentanoate 2 methylbutyl 3 methylcyclohexanecarboxylate 14 酯Ester 15 羧酸盐Thesaltsofacids Carboxylatesalts Systematicname Thenameofcation alkane o ate or carboxylate potassiumisohexanoatelithiumcyclopentanecarboxylate sodiumacetate 15 羧酸盐Thesaltsofacids Carboxylatesalts 16 酸酐Carboxylicanhydrides Systematicname Thename s oftheAlkane o ic anhydride butyricpropionicanhydridebutanoicpropanoicanhydride butyricanhydridebutanoicanhydride rule carboxylicacids carboxylicanhydride benzoicanhydride cyclohexanecarboxylicanhydride butanedioicanhydride 16 酸酐Carboxylicanhydrides 17 酰氯Acylhalides Systematicname Omitthefinalletter e inthenameofalkane andthenaddthesuffix oylhalide totheendofthename butanoylchloride benzoylfluoride 3 pentenoylbromide 17 酰氯Acylhalides 18 腈Nitriles Systematicname Addthesuffix o nitrile or carbonitriletotheendofthenameofthehydrocarbon TrivialnamesofnitrilescontainingC1 C5carbonatoms hydrocyanicacidacetonitrilepropiononitrilebutyronitrilevaleronitrile 18 腈Nitriles 3 pentynenitrilecyclopentanecarbonitrile1 3 5 hexanetricarbonnitrile1 3 5 tricyanohexane 19 内酯和内酰胺Lactonesandlactams Systematicname Addthesuffix o lactone or o lactam totheendofthenameofthehydrocarbon 4 butanelactone4 butyrolactone 5 petanelactone5 valerolactone 5 heptanelacton