英语四级考试语法结构总复习.doc

英语四级考试语法结构总复习大纲要求1“词汇与结构”内容与时间安排大学英语四级考试大纲规定：四级考试的第三部分为“词语和语法结构”（Part Vocabulary and Structure）,共30题，考试时间为20分钟。题目中约60%为词和短语的用法，约40% 为语法结构。要求学生从每题四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。考试范围包括教学大纲词汇表及语法结构表一级至四级的全部内容。本题满分为15分，每小题0.5分。2“词汇与结构”对能力的要求最新大学英语教学大纲（1999）对四级语法的要求是：“巩固和加深基本语法知识，提高在语篇水平上运用语法知识的能力。” 大纲对四级词汇的要求是：“领会式掌握4200单词（其中复用式掌握的单词为2500），以及由这些词构成的常用词组1600条（中学所掌握的词和词组均包括在内），并且有按照基本构词法识别生词的能力。” 这部分测试的目的是考查学生运用词汇，短语以及语法结构的能力。二、“词汇和结构”部分的出题规律与预测首先，我们对近几年来英语四级试题中“词汇与结构”部分语法项目与词汇的测试频率进行统计：词 类9869919960010060012016021总题数动词(短语)7775879656形容词(短语)2114433321名词(短语)4124223725副词21111129介词(短语)366214119连词31112311非谓语动词2242232421时态、语态1113222113虚拟语气232 5312220各类从句3122523220省略与倒装1113一致关系11特定句型22232112其他222从上表可以看出，五年来对词汇的考查主要集中在动词及动词短语、形容词、名词及介词上，它们约占全部测试词汇的60%。我们知道，在词汇方面，动词、名词和形容词是使用频率最高的三大词类。尤其是动词，它的使用机会最多，词汇题的动词出现的频率最高也是与这一事实相符合的。预计今后的词汇题中动词及短语动词的出现次数还会呈遥遥领先之势。语法的考查主要集中在非谓语动词、时态和语态、虚拟语气及各类从句上，近年来考题中的新趋势为：若干考点混合出现；一些交际用语也时常出现在考题中。三、四级语法结构与词汇考查内容 四级考试对语法词汇的考查与大纲要求是十分一致的。综观近年来的四级考试题，我们不难发现四级考试语法词汇部分是这样体现大纲的。1语法考题的涉及面宽 近年考题曾经考到：几乎所有词类，三种动词的非谓语形式，名词从句，形容词从句，副词从句，独立主格，一致，倒装，强调等基本语法知识。2语法考试的重点突出 语法考试的重点为内容庞杂较难掌握的项目，这些项目还反复出现如：虚拟语气，状语从句，定语从句，独立主格，情态动词。 3具体考查重点为以上项目中的特殊用法和不常用的情况 1）虚拟语气的考点为： would ratherthat从句一般过去时： It is vitalnecessaryimportanturgentimperativedesirableadvisablenaturalessentialthat动词原形； It is timeabout timehigh timethat一般过去时： proposalsuggestionthat动词原形； lestthatshould动词原形； if onlythatwould动词原形。2）状语从句的考点为：非if引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多用 at times，provided，so long as，in case，once等来替代if；由even ifso，now that，for all等引导的让步状语从句；just hardlywhen引导的时间状语从句；more than，asas，not so much as，the same as，as much as等引导的比较状语从句。 3）独立主格结构多以逻辑主语分词的形式出现。 4）情态动词多与完成时形式连用。5）定语从句重点考查介词关系代词（which）和as作为关系代词。 4词汇的考查重点为 1）动词，名词与介词的搭配如：popularpatientwith； yieldsolutionadapt transferaccess to；accuse requireof；chargefor；underdiscussion等等。 2）习惯用法如：confess toset aboutbe used todoing； be supposed tohavemake sbdo 等。 3）由同一动词构成的短语如：come，go，set，break等构成的短语。 4）单个的动词，抽象名词，形容词和副词多以近义词、同义词的形式出现。 5）介词短语在句中作状语如：in terms of；with the exception of；in vain等，另外还应注意rather than，other than，such as，nonenothingbut等词在考题中的出现。 5近年来考题中的新趋势为：若干考点混合出现：一些交际用语也时常出现在考题中。四、复习思路 1全面掌握基本语法点2掌握常用习惯用法和词组 3注意在阅读中培养语感，因为在语篇层次上培养的语感往往可直接帮助答题 4研究以往考试试题，适当做些练习记住典型题例 I. 时 态常见考点：1过去完成时 （had + done）1） 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已完成了的动作。这个过去的时间可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示。The factory had fulfilled its yearly plan of production by last November.We had not thought of the solution until they gave some hints.2） 过去完成时可以表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作，常和for（有时可省去）或since构成的短语或since引导的从句连用。It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.3) 过去完成时常用于以下固定句型： hardly / scarcely / barely + 过去完成时（倒装形式）+ when + 过去时；Hardly had I arrived when I had a new problem to cope with. no sooner +过去完成时（倒装形式）+ than +过去时；No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent. by (the end of ) + 过去时间，主句谓语动词用过去完成时。By the end of that year, Jack had collected more than a thousand foreign stamps.2将来完成时： （will/shall + have done） 表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有by (the time/the end of) + 表示将来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) + 表示将来时间的短语和句子；when, after等 + 将来动作的句子 By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.When you come tonight at eight oclock, I shall have written my report.3完成进行时态：（has/have + been doing） (had been + doing) 表示动作在现在或过去某一时间以前开始，并延续到那个现在或过去的时间，而且可能还要继续进行下去。 It has been raining for three hours.He told me he had been waiting for me for two hours.4在由 after, as, as soon as, before, once, until, when, while 引导的时间状语从句和由as long as, if, unless 等引导的条件状语从句中，若主句用将来时，则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。I will tell him if he comes.5 由This (That, It) is (was) the first (second) time 引导的that从句往往用完成时态。This is the first time (that) Ive drunk Californian champagne.There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.6. 一般将来时的替代形式：1) be going to do sth. 在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或即将发生的事情；Im going to buy a new house when we save enough money.2) be to do sth. 表示计划安排将要做的事；There is to be a rail strike on July 18th.3) be about to do sth. 表示即将发生的事情；We are about to start.4) be due to do sth. 表示预先确定了的、必定要发生的事；His book is due to be published in October.5) be on the point / verge of doing sth. 强调即将发生的某种事态；The country is on the verge of civil war. 6) be going/ coming/ leaving/ starting/ arriving/ returning等动词的进行时可表示计划或安排即将要发生的事情。They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.Examples:1. If she doesnt tell him the truth now, hell simply keep on asking her until she _. (98.6)A. does B. has done C. will do D. would do2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _ and perfected now. (96.1)A. developed B have developed C. are being developed D. will have been developed3. Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university _. (98.1)A. has been accepted B. have been accepted C.was accepted D. were accepted4. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _ advertisements showing happy, balanced families. (95.6)A. are often B. often see C. will often see D. have often see5. While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television _ the newspaper completely. (95.6)A. replaced B. have replaced C. replace D. will replace6. Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection _ to the nation. (96.6)A. has left B. is to leave C. leaves D. is to be left7. Its reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory _ by about 10%. (96.1)A. will have risen B. has risen C. will be rising D. has been rising8. The conference _ a full week by the time it ends. (97.1)A. must have lasted B. will have lasted C. would last D. has lasted9. My train arrives in New York at eight oclock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there _ by then. (99.1)A. will have left B. would leave C. had left D. has left10. I figure that when you return from your five years study abroad all these old houses _ down. (92.1)A. will have been pulled B. B. will have pulled C. will be pulling D. D. will be pulled11. Before the first non-stop（直航） flight made in 1949, it _ necessary for all planes to land for refueling. (96.6)A. would be B. has been C. had been D. would have been12. Until then, his family _ from him for six months. (97.1)A. didnt hear B. B. hasnt been hearing C. C. hasnt heard D. D. hadnt heard13. A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces of wax, found on his clothes, _ from the sort of candles used only in churches. (99.6)A. had come B. coming C. come D. that came14. He came back late, _ which time all the guests had already left. (99.6)A. after B. by C. at D. during15. She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she _ too long. (00.1)A. has been reading B. had read C. is reading D. reading16. That was the first time the old lady _ her sufferings to others.A. was telling B. had told C. tell D. told17. By the time he arrives in Beijing, we _ here for two days. (01.6)A. have been staying B. have stayed C. shall stay D. will have stayed18. By the time you get to New York, I _ for London. (02.1)A. am leaving B. shall have left C. have already left D. would be leavingII. 虚 拟 语 气语气(mood) 是种动词形式，表示讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度，语气分三种：1 直陈语气：表示讲话人认为他所说的话是一个事实。2 祈使语气：表示讲话人对对方的请求或命令。3 虚拟语气：表示讲话人所说的话不是一个事实，而只是一种愿望、假设、怀疑、建议、可能或纯粹的空想。常见考点：1 一般虚拟 一般虚拟也就是由if引起的虚拟。按照不同的时间，主、从句中动词的形式为： 时 间 从 句（If） 主 句现在过去did/were (一、三人称可用was)had donewould/should/could/might dowould/should/could/might have done将来did/were to do/should dowould/should/could/might do 注：1）当条件句中含有were，had或should时，可省略if并倒装。 Were I in your position, I would go. 2）根据内容的不同需要，从句与主句可有不一致的错综时间。（混合虚拟） eg: If you had taken your medicine yesterday, you might be well now.If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him.If it rained tomorrow, I should/would stay at home.2 特殊虚拟情况： 虚拟条件有时不是通过if从句明显地表达出来,而是隐含在副词、介词短语或上下文中。经常表示这种含蓄条件的有：otherwise 或or/ with(如果有了)或without（如果没有）but for （要不是，倘若没有），相当于”if it were not for”(表示与现在事实相反)，或if it had not been for (表示与过去事实相反) I would have failed in the examination without your help. But for your timely rescue, the boy would have drowned. But for your guidance, we should/ would fail.情况： 情 况 动词形式 wish/ if only后的宾词从句 对将来发生的事情表示祝愿或愿望时，宾语从句谓语动词用would(could, might)+ 动词原形； 表示与现在事实相反的愿望时，宾语从句的谓语动词用一般过去时或过去进行时； 对过去发生的 事情表示遗憾或后悔时，宾语从句的谓语动词用过去完成时或could/ would have done； 在 Its (highly/ about) time ( that)从句中that从句中的动词常用一般过去时 would rather, would sooner, would just as soon后的句中常用一般过去时表示现在或将来 在suggest, demand, require, I insist等动词后的宾语从句 中坚持(insist) 命令（command, order，direct） 建议（advise, propose, suggest, move） 要求（demand, require, request, ask, urge） (should) + 动词原形 在与suggestion, proposal, motion（动议）, requirement, order, decision, request, demand, plan, recommendation 等词有关的表语从句和同位语从句中 在下列形容词、过去分词和名词作表语的“Itsthat”:important, crucial, vital, necessary, essential,advisable,reasonabeproper, impossible, strange, natural;suggested, requested, proposed, ordered, insisted, desired; a pity, a shame, no wonder的句型中 lest, for fear that, in case 引导的从句例句：Many congressmen seconded Jeffersons motion that a special committee (should) be set up to look into the problem.Franks visit to England made it necessary that his sister do more in the house.It is economically essential to make sure that this entire shipment of new cars get to the port on time.It is a pity that Peter should be so careless.Every attention must be paid to him, lest he feel that he is inferior to my other guests.Examples:1. Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often. (96.1)A. has to get B. were to get C. had got D. could have got2. _ right now, she would get there on Sunday. (96.6)A. Would she leave B. If she leaves C. Were she to leave D. If she had left3. _ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. (97.1)A. Had they arrived B. Would they arriveC. Were they arriving D. Were they to arrive4. _ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.A. Had it not been B. Were it not C. Be it not D. Should it not be5. We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we _ him. (95.6)A. would have telephoned B. must have telephoned C. would telephone D. had telephoned6. He must have had an accident, or he _ then. (90.1)A. would have been here B. had to be here C. should be there D. would be there7. _ the fog, we should have reached our destination in time.A. Because of B. In spite of C. In case of D. But for8. If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _ now. (99.1)A. couldnt have smiled B. wouldnt be smiling C. didnt smile D. wont smile9. Look at the terrible situation I am in ! If only I _ your advice. (93.6)A. follow B. had followed C. would follow D. have followed10. If only the committee _ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible. (97.1)A. approve B. will approve C. can approve D. would approve11. Im sure he is up to the job _ he would give his mind to it. (98.1)A. if only B. in case C. until D. unless12. Many a delegate was in favor of his proposal that a special committee _ to investigate the incident. (02.1)A.was set up B. were set up C. set up D.be set up 13. It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _ after 11 oclock at night. (96.1)A. were not played B. not to play C. not be played D. did not play14. Jack wishes that he _ business instead of history when he was in university. (01.6)A. had studied B. study C. studied D. had been studying15. It is vital that enough money _ to fund the project. (97.1)A. be collected B. must be collected C. is collected D. can be collected16. It is essential that these application forms _ back as early as possible. (00.1)A. must be sent B. will be sent C. are sent D. be sent17. I dont think it advisable that Tim _ to the job since he has no experience. (97.6)A. is assigned B. will be assigned C. be assigned D. has been assigned18. The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _ himself. (98.1)A. injure B. had injured C. injured D. would injure19. We are all for your proposal that the discussion _. (98.6)A. be put off B. was put off C. should put off D. is to put off20. As Commander-in-chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures _ for our defense. (99.6)A. had been taken B. would be taken C. be taken D. to be taken21. Mikes uncle insists _ in this hotel. (00.1)A. staying not B. not to stay C. that he would not stay D. that he not stay22. You dont have to be in such a hurry. I would rather you _ on business first. (98.1)A. would go B. will go C. went D. have gone23. Id rather you _ make any comment on the issue for the time being. (98.6)A. dont B. wouldnt C. didnt D. shouldnt24. Frankly speaking, Id rather you _ anything about it for the time being. (99.1)A. have done B. havent done C. dont do D. didnt do25. Wouldnt you rather your child _ to bed early? (00.1)A. go B. went C. would go D. goes26. Sometimes I wish I _ in a different time and different place. (00.1)A. be living B. were living C. would live D. would have lived27. “You are very selfish. Its high time you _ that you are not the most important person in the world.” Edgar said to his boss angrily. (99.1)A. have realized B. should realize C. realize D. realized28. I wish I _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. (95.6)A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept29. The article suggests that when a person _ under unusual stress he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced diet.(02.1) A. be B. was C. is D. were30. It is important that the hotel receptionist _ that guests are registered correctly. (01.1) A. has made sure B. made sure C. must make sureD. make sureExercises:1. It was essential that the application forms _ back before the deadline.A) must be sentC) be sentB) would be sentD) were sent2. It was important that money _ for the cause.A) was collectedC) be collectedB) is collectedD) collect3. It is recommended that the project _ until all preparations have been made.A) not be startedC) is not startedB) will not be startedD) is not to be started4. The teacher asks that we _ a red pen.A) dont useC) not useB) mustnt useD) cant use5. We didnt know his telephone number, otherwise we _ him.A) had telephonedC) would telephoneB) must have telephonedD) would have telephoned6. It is of the utmost importance that you _ here on time.A) beC) are to beB) shall beD) must be7. Kathy wishes that she _ more English before arriving in the United States.A) studiedC) has studiedB) studiesD) had studied8. If they _ me, I would have given them my opinion.A) askedC) had askedB) have askedD) would ask9. Id sooner you _ until tomorrow.A) waitedC) will waitB) waitD) have waited10. The policeman ordered the suspect _ his hands from the handle of the door.A) to dont removeC) to not removeB) dont to removeD) do not remove11. Id rather that you _ with him.A) didnt interfereC) should not interfereB) dont interfereD) would not interfere12. The doctor suggested that she _.A) did not smokeC) will not smokeB) not smokeD) does not smoke13. It is necessary that you _ present at the meeting.A) could beC) beB) may beD) will be14. If the doctor had been available, the child _.