1.3.5.7 与虚拟语气.doc

通信地址: 扬州大学荷花池校区 扬大外国语学院 225009 徐国堂 1 3 5 7 与虚拟语气扬州大学外国语学院 徐国堂 考查学生虚拟语气方面知识与用法，无论高考、四六级及研究生英语试题中均有此类内容，为了让学生尽快掌握这方面的信息，我们结合自己的教学实践，现把虚拟语气的各种用法概括为1，3，5，7点，具体内容如下：一 1 为一句顺口溜: “Rap Rap Disco”为了帮助学生记忆，姑且说成：“来吧，来吧，跳迪斯科”R: require request A: advise askP: prefer proposeDisco : demand insist suggest command order以上仅是几个代表性的词，事实上，表示命令,建议,要求这三大类动词后面接的宾语从句中, 谓语动词用should + 动词原形,should 可以省略. 例如: 1) It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 oclock at night. 2) Mikes uncle insists that he (should) not stay in this hotel.3) He suggested that we (should) leave early.4) The judge ordered that the prisoner (should) be remanded.5) They demanded that the aggressor troops (should) be withdrawn immediately.6) I propose that we (should) set a deadline for handing in the plans.7) He asked that he (should) be given an opportunity to try.8) She advised that he (should) write and accept the post.以上动词改为名词后接同位语从句或表语从句，其后接从句中谓语动词同样是should+动词原形，should 可以省略. 例如:1） He rejected my suggestion that we (should) appoint Roger.2） My suggestion is that we (should) leave early.二. 3 大模块 用于非真实条件句中的虚拟语气有3大模块,列表如下:条件从句结果主句与现在事实相反If I (we, you, he, they)+动词过去式(be 的过去式用were)I (we) shouldYou wouldHe wouldThey would+ 动词原形与过去事实相反If I (we, you, he, they)+ had动词过去分词I (we) shouldYou wouldHe wouldThey would+ have +动词过去分词与将来事实相反If I (we, you, he, they)+should +动词原形(were to+动词原形) I (we) shouldYou wouldHe wouldThey would+ 动词原形分别举例: 与现在事实相反: If we left now, we should arrive in good time.与过去事实相反: We should have dropped by if we had had time.与将来事实相反: If he should come, what would you say to him?三. 5 大句型 非真实条件句中的条件从句除用if 引导外还有别的句型, 常用的5大句型有:1) Its time that 在该从句中，谓语动词多数用过去式e.g. It is time that we left.2) As if e.g. Ive loved you as if you were my son. They talked as if they had been friends for years.3) I would rather e.g. I would rather I were not at the site of the accident. I would rather you had gone there too.在As if和I would rather 这两个句型中两种情况居多，即：与现在事实相反用过去式，与过去事实相反用过去完成式。4) If only e.g. If only he knew how we miss him! If only she hadnt told him about it, everything would have been all right.If only the letter would arrive in time!5) I wish e.g. I wish the test were that simple!I wish I had paid more attention to my pronunciation.I wish he would try again!在If only和I wish句型中，三种情况均有，即：与现在事实相反用过去式，与过去事实相反用过去完成式，与将来事实相反用过去将来式。四. 7 大注意点1) 混合,注意混合状态,即条件从句与结果主句所表示的时间不一致, 称为 “错综时间条件句”, 此时虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整. e.g. I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now.( 假如昨天我对他说了,现在我就知道该怎么办了). You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. (假如你接受了我的意见,你现在就会好多了).2) 倒装,在省去连词的虚拟条件句中,习惯用倒装语序. E.g. Had you come earlier(=If you had come earlier), you would have seen the match.3) 否定,非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来,只暗含在上下文中,常用否定意思的短语, 如: But for e.g. But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment.4) 主语从句，It is(was) important(necessary, desirable, imperative, advisable，etc)that中. E.g. It is important that we (should) speak politely5) 状语从句For fear that, Lest，等句型中,也用虚拟. E.g. He burned all the important documents for fear that they should fall into the enemys hands.6) Insist 和suggest , 这两个词引导的宾语从句中并不全用虚拟语气.Insist: 表示 “坚决要求”,用虚拟 e.g. I insisted that he (should) go.(我坚决要求他走) 表示 “坚持说”, 不用虚拟 e.g. He still insists that he wasnt there at the time.(他坚持说那时他不在那里).Suggest: 表示 “建议”,用虚拟 e.g. He suggests that we (should) all go to see the film.( 他建议我们去都去看电影). 表示 “暗示,间接表明”, 不用虚拟 e.g. Her expression suggested that she was very angry.(她的表情暗示出她是非常的生气).7) 简单句，即没有人称，时态，数的变化： e.g. Long live the Communist Party of China! God bless me!总之，掌握好英语中某一语法现象绝不是一个简单的事情，但如果摸索出某一规律，也就迎刃而解了。Inform.of.Remindof.Convince.of.Accuse.of.Depriveof.Warnof.Cure.of.英语中有大量合成词，多数由“名词+名词”构成，其中有：*可数的合成名词，如：alarm clock闹钟 assembly line装配线baby-sitter看孩子的人 blood donor献血者burglar alarm小偷警铃 can opener开罐器compact disc激光唱盘 contact lens隐形眼镜credit card信用卡 dining room餐厅driving licence驾驶证 estate agent地产经纪人fairy tale童话 film star电影明星*不可数的合成名词，如：air-conditioning空调 birth control控制生育blood pressure血压 capital punishment体罚central heating集中供暖 chewing gum口香糖*通常用于单数的合成名词，如：arm race军备竞赛 brain drain人才流失cost of living生活费用 diplomatic corps外交使团fire brigade消防队 general public一般公众*只用于复数形式的合成名词，如：armed forces武装部队 civil rights公民权利current affairs时事 French fries炸土豆条grass roats基层 human rights人权还有一些其他形式的合成名词，如：a. hotchpotch (US hodgepodge)大杂烩 hanky-panky阴谋诡计b. make-up 窗体顶端窗体底端化妆品，脂粉 turnover营业额c. income收入 outcome结果d. forget-me-not勿忘我(植物) touch-me-not凤仙花另外在下面这些地理名称前都加the：the Netherlands(荷兰)，the Vatican(梵蒂冈)，the Balkans(巴尔干半岛各国)，the Middle East(中东)，the Hague(海牙)，the Ukraine( 窗体顶端窗体底端乌克兰)，the Caucasus(高加索)，the Crimea(克里米亚半岛)，the Sudan(苏丹)，the Sahara(Desert)(撒哈拉大沙漠)不定代词用法一览表例 词含义作 用例 句both后接复数名词表示两个人或事物主语Both are teachers. 两个都是教师。宾语The teacher wanted both of us to go.老师要我们两个人都去。定语Both questions are easy.两个问题都很容易。同位语They both did it well.他们两个人都干得不错。注: 1. both与定冠词、指示代词、物主代词连用时，应放在这些词的前面。2. both在否定句中用作主语时，表示部分否定。如： Both of you wont go. 你们两个不需要都走。neither后接单数名词(与both反义)表示两个人或事物都不主语Neither is mine.两个都不是我的。宾语I want neither of the books.那两本书我都不要。定语Neither sentence is correct.两个句子都不对。注: Neither在句子中作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Neither在句子中作主语时表示全部否定。如: Neither of you is Japanese.你们两个都不是日本人。You cant eat either of them=You can eat neither of them.either后接单数名词两个人或物中任一个主语Either will be all right.两个中哪一个都行。宾语He looked at the two pens, but didnt buy either(=bought neither).他看了两支笔，但一支也没有买。定语You may take either book (=take one of the two books).=You cant take both of the two books.两本书你可以任选一本。all最少表示三个以上(肯定)主语All of them are workers.他们都是工人。宾语The teacher asked us all about the matter.老师问了我们所有的事。表语Thats all for today.今天就到这。定语All men are mortal.人总是要死的。状语He was all covered with mud.他浑身是泥。同位语They all came here.他们都到了。注: 1. all与定冠词、指示代词、物主代词连用时要放在它们的前面。例如: Do you see all the birds in the tree?你看到树上所有的鸟了吗？ 2. all用作状语时，应放在实义动词之前，助动词之后。例如： The books were all sold out.所有的书都卖完了。 3. not与all连用时表示部分否定。none(与all反义，与no one, not any同义)最少表示三个(否定)主语None of them have come back yet.他们一个都还没有回来。宾语She chose none but the best.她只挑了最好的东西。表语Its none of your business.没你的事。同位语We none of us send anything to our teacher.我们谁也没有给老师送东西。注: none用在表示最少三个以上的否定。None指不可数名词时，其谓语用单数;指可数名词时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数。一般来说，从整体上来看，应用复数。例如：None of the money is mine. 这些钱都不是我的。None of the answers is(are) correct. 这些答案都不对。manymuchmany+可数名词，much+不可数名词主语Did many oppose it? 有许多人反对它吗？There is much milk in my cup. And there is not much in yours.我的杯里有许多奶，而你的杯里没有多少了。宾语I have as many as my sister has. 我和妹妹拥有的一样多。Eat as much as you like. 你尽量地吃吧。定语We have many friends. 我们有许多朋友。There is much water left.还剩下许多水。someanysome用于肯定句，any用于否定句，疑问句和条件句中。主语Some of us were late for school.我们中有些人上学迟到了。宾语I want to eat some of the cakes.我想吃些蛋糕。定语I have some questions to ask. 我有些问题要问。Do you have any questions to ask? 你还有问题要问吗？注: some有时可以用于表示“请求”的疑问句中，例如： Will you please give me some tea? 给我来些茶好吗？fewa few用于修饰可数名词。a few表示肯定，few表示否定。主语Few of us study English. 我们中很少有人学习英语。A few of the girls are tall. 女孩中有几个个子高。宾语We have few of books. 我们几乎没有书。定语He is a man of few words. 他是个沉默寡言的人。littlea little用于修饰不可数名词。a little表示肯定，little表示否定。主语There is little left. 所剩无几。宾语He has done little for us. 他很少为我们做事。定语I have a little money with me. 我身上带着一点钱。eacheveryone(each指两个以上，every指三个以上)Each强调个性，every强调共性，one表示某个主语Each has his own work. 每个人都有自己的工作。One must do ones duty. 人尽其量。宾语We must help each of the students. 我们必须帮助每位同学。定语Every one of us must study hard.我们中每位都必须努力学习。同位语They each had b