经贸学院辅修-外文翻译.doc

Abstract: The potential job seeker will find information related to the currentemploymentpicture for China - includingemploymentforecasts, unemployment levels, and advice on which industries offer the best or worst job prospects.GeneralEmploymentTrendsChina is a large country, covering over 9.6 million square kilometers, with a population of 1.3 billion. As China has transitioned from a planned to a market-driven economy and industry has become the engine for growth, there has been a steady migration of agricultural workers from the interior provinces to the manufacturing centers, located primarily on the coasts. In March 2005 the Ministry of Labor and Social Security estimated that 160 to 180 million farmers will settle in towns and cities over the period 2001-2010 - which translates into 14.93 - 16.62 million rural residents relocating to urban areas every year.摘要: 潜在的求职者总会找到关于中国的就业形势预测、失业率的信息，并且提供关于行业发展前景的建议。总体就业趋势 中国是一个大的国家, 占地面积为九百六十万平方公里, 人口总数超过了十三亿。 当中国已经成功由计划经济转向市场经济、经济增长重点由农业转向工业，现已有固定人数的农民工从内部省份到工业城市尤其是沿海城市就业。2005 年三月中华人民共和国劳动和社会保障部预测，在2001-2012年间将会有一亿六千万到一亿八千万个农民进城打工，这也意味着每年将有一千四百九十三万到一千六百六十二万农村居民进城定居。In 2004, Chinese cities created a total of 9.8 million new job positions, and urban unemployment dropped for the first time in five years (it stands at about the same rate as the countrys unemployment - 4.2 percent.) The Ministry of Labor and Social security expects about nine million more jobs this year, including 5-6 million which will result from economic growth. But it may not be easy to sustain job creation at this level over the years. One reason why is that the Chinese economy can hardly keep surging as it has in the past two years - excessive investment growth has put an almost unbearable strain on the countrys supply of energy and resources. To continue the countrys long-term growth story, the Chinese government must rein in unsustainable short-term growth. The tough measures the central authorities have adopted in some overheating sectors have proved necessary and effective, but not sufficient, and these efforts are likely to increase in 2005. Thus, economic expansion in itself is unlikely to contribute toemploymentgrowth as strongly as it has in the past.2004年，中国的城市共创造了9.8万个新的就业岗位，城镇失业率在五年内第一次下降（下降比率与4.2的国家失业率几乎相同）。劳动和社会保障部预计今年将产生900万多个就业岗位，其中有5-6亿个岗位将会促进经济增长。然而近几年的经济形势很难保证就业岗位的增加，原因之一是，中国经济也难以保持澎湃，因为它在过去两年投资增长过快，导致几乎难以保证能源和资源的供应。若要继续该国经济的长期增长，中国政府必须遏制不可持续的短期增长。虽然中央已在一些过热行业采取了强硬措施并被证明为有必要和有效的，但这些措施还远远不够，相信2005年中央将会采取更多必要举措。总而言之，经济增长对就业的促进作用并没有以前那么强烈了。While painful restructuring through job losses since the late 1990s has finally turned the loss-making State sector into a cash cow generating annual profits of 500 billion yuan (US$ 60.4 billion), most of the job creation is expected from the booming non-State sector. Historically 2/3 of the countrys banking funds have gone to State-owned enterprises (SOLs), which have been laying off massive numbers of people as they seek to reform bloated, inefficent operations. To absorb the excess labor created by these layoffs, Chinas government has createdemploymentcenters throughout the country, while providing financial assistance to laid off state workers who register. Now the financial resources of the country must be diverted to the private sector, where economic growth is booming, to further expand the economy and absorb the unused labor force.自上世纪90年代末失业重组把亏损的国有部门变成摇钱树后每年产生五千亿人民币（约合604亿美元）的利润，人们对非国有机构寄予厚望，希望能创造出大量的的就业机会。然而，历史上该国银行业资金的2/3去了国有企业（溶胶），因为国有企业寻求改革以及低效率的工作导致大量裁员。为了吸收这些裁员造成的劳动力过剩，中国政府在全国各地创造了就业服务中心，为登记在案的国有企业下岗职工提供财政援助。现在该国的财政资源已经转移到了经济蓬勃发展的私有机构，以进一步提升该国的经济实力，吸纳闲置劳动力。Efforts continue to reform State banks and State enterprises to channel the monies in that direction. And foreign investment (through the expansion of foreign-invested enterprises - FIEs) plays a large role in that effort.中国政府将继续深化改革使得国有银行和国有企业把更多的资金投入到私有机构，而外国资金注入私有机构(通过壮大外资企业)将会起到很大的作用。 中国的劳动力市场是不均衡的，并且具有区域特征。它是一个典型的“两层经济”：许多沿海城市的经济正在蓬勃发展，但失业率在广袤的内陆仍然是一个很大的问题。在北京或上海你很容易就能找到拥有工程或技术学位的员工和会讲英语的大学毕业生。但是，你可能很难找到具备专业技术技能或经过会计、金融、市场营销、质量控制、零售和人事管理培训的专业人才。不论是在上海、北京，还是在其他新兴城市如成都、杭州、苏州和天津，具备财务知识且接受过管理培训的熟手仍旧十分短缺。在外资公司云集的一线城市，有经验的本地管理人员仍旧处于供不应求的局面，而且跳槽现象层出不穷。以上海为例，大部分的就业机会和就业意向集中在黄浦、卢湾、静安、长宁、徐汇等城区，导致这些区域的就业竞争太过激烈、人才过剩。平均算来，约五到六人竞争同一个岗位。而上海就业前景相对较好的地区则包括闸北、虹口、杨浦、宝山区和崇明县的东北部。The Chinese labor market is uneven and local - with evidence of a two-tier economy in which the economies of many coastal cities are booming but unemployment in the vast interior continues to be a big problem. In Beijing or Shanghai, it is relatively easy to find employees with engineering or technical degrees and to selectcollege graduateswho speak English. However, it can be difficult to find people with specialized technical skills or with training in accounting, finance, marketing, quality control, retailing and personnel management. There is still a shortage of skilled workers with specific management and finance training, even in Shanghai and Beijing, as well as in other growing cities such as Chengdu, Hangzhou, Suzhou and Tianjin. In Chinas major cities, where foreign companies are concentrated, demand for experienced local managers continues to outstrip supply, and job-hopping remains a problem. In Shanghai, most of the jobs and job interest is focused on the city- at such locations as Huangpu, Luwan, Jingan, Changning and Xuhui districts - rather than in the local suburban districts. As a result competition is quite heated in those areas, and the ratio of job seekers to jobs is high. On average, for professional occupations, about five to six people apply for each available job. The best prospects for job hunting in Shanghai are the northeastern part of the city, including Zhabei, Hongkou, Yangpu and Baoshan districts and Chongming County.According to the ManpowerEmploymentOutlook Survey of 2,100 plus Chinese employers, job opportunities are quite positive, with over 1/3 of companies indicating hiring plans during the second quarter of 2005. Employers in all industry sectors surveyed are anticipating positive hiring trends for the next quarter, which reinforces the positive sentiment that appears to be present among employers in the labor market at the moment, said Eucille Wu, Managing Director for Manpower China. Currently, there are many labor market changes taking place within China that have positively affected employer business confidence. This, in turn, has reflected positively on theemploymentprospects in all the industry sectors for the period of April to June for this year. Buoyant hiring activity in this single quarter is forecast by employers in the Wholesale & Retail (36 percent); Finance/Insurance/Real Estate and Manufacturing (28 percent); Transportation & Utilities and Mining & Construction (26 percent) and Services (21 percent) sectors.依照 2,100 多个中国雇主的人力雇用景色调查，工作机会相当积极, 由于就在第二季期间指出雇用的计划的公司中的 1/3家2005.雇主在被审视的所有的工业部门中对于下四分之一正在预料积极的雇用趋势 , 加强此刻似乎在劳动中是在雇主之中的礼物市场的积极的情绪 , Eucille Wu 说, 对于人力中国的总经理。 现在, 有许多劳动市场变化在已经肯定地影响雇主商务信心的中国里面发生。 这, 依次, 已经为对六月的四月的时期在所有的工业部门中的雇用视野上肯定地反映今年。 有浮力的雇用活动在这一个独身者四分之一中在批发 & 零售 (36%) 中被雇主预测; 财务/保险/ 不动产和制造业 (28%); 运输 & 实效和采矿 & 建筑 (26%) 和服务 (21%) 部门。The Hudson survey of 575 executives in the first quarter of 2005 reported a similarly optimistic business environemnt, with 57 percent of companies planning to increase headcount. Theemploymentoutlook in the Consumer sector is very bright, at 65 percent. This suggests that companies in this sector expect Chinas economic boom to continue boosting demand for a wide range of consumer goods and services. Respondents in the Media/PR/Advertising sector are also very optimistic. Many consumer goods companies are increasing their marketing budgets, leading to greater demand for advertising professionals. In the manufacturing sector, unlike the situation in many Western countries, almost 59 percent of companies plan to increase headcount to keep pace with growing demand. A growing number of overseas banks are expanding their business in China, creating substantial demand for middle management and operational staff - so much demand that half of the banking and professional services companies indicated hiring plans. The weakest segments for hiring in the first quarter of 2005 seem to be in the healthcare/pharmaceutical and in IT/telecommunications sectors. Planned headcount in the latter sector, though positive has decreased substantially over previous periods. However hiring plans in this sector are still relatively higher than in other markets in the region (such as Hong Kong and Singapore).在第一季中的 575个主管的美国 New York 州东部的河流调查 2005 报告了同样乐观的商务 environemnt, 藉由计划增加点人头数的 57% 的公司。 在 65% 雇用景色在消费者部门中非常明亮。 这建议公司在这一个部门中期待中国的经济繁荣继续推进对一个各类型的生活消费品和服务的要求。 应答者在媒体/PR/广告部门中也是非常乐观的。 许多生活消费品公司正在增加他们的行销预算, 带领对对广告的专业人士的比较棒的要求。 在制造业的部门中，不像情形在许多西方国家中，几乎 59% 的公司计划增加点人头数赶上增加的要求。 愈来愈多的海外银行正在中国扩张他们的生意, 创造对中央的管理和操作的职员实质上的要求 - 如此很多的要求，因而一半的银行业和专业的服务公司指出了雇用计划。 在第一季中雇请的最弱的片段 2005 似乎在医疗中是/药学的和在资讯/电传视讯部门中。 在后者部门中的计划了的点人头数, 虽然实在已经减少实质上结束早先的期数。 然而雇用的计划在这一个部门中仍然相对地比较高超过在区域中的其他市场中.(像是香港和新加坡)The job category for which demand across industries was reported as highest in the Hudson report was Sales, with 25.8% of all new hires expected to be in this area. According to Hudson, in a period of rapid growth companies need to ensure that they have enough revenuegenerating staff to take advantage of all market opportunities. It is also the case that when companies in China plan to increase recruitment, they usually hire Sales staff first. Demand for Engineering, Operations and Technical Staff represents over 18% of new hires, driven largely by a growing trend for international companies to develop R&D centres and manufacturing facilities in China. There is also demand in Marketing/PR, with positions in this category accounting for 15.7% of anticipated new jobs. The PR industry is expanding rapidly, as companies start to focus on corporate image, branding and communications. Many PR agencies are now increasing headcount to position themselves to meet growing demand from clients. Other results include management (8.1%), accounting/finance (7.8%), logistics/supply chain (4.7%), IT professionals (3.5%) and banking (2.8%).工作种类哪一个横过工业的要求在美国 New York 州东部的河流报告中被报告如最高的是售卖, 由于被期望在这一个区域中的 25.8% 的全新租金。 依照美国 New York 州东部的河流,在一家时期的迅速生长公司中需要确定他们有充足的 revenuegenerating 职员利用所有ompanies 在中国计划增加招募,他们通常首先雇请售卖职员。 为工程学要求,操作和技术上的职员表现上面的 18% 的新租金,主要地被一个增加趋势驱使让国际的公司在中国发展 R&D 中心和生产设备。 也有在行销/PR 中要求, 在这一个种类会计中有位置为15.7% 的被预期的新工作。 PR 业正在快速地扩张, 因为公司开始把重心集中在企业的图像, 打上烙印和沟通。 许多 PR 代理现在正在增加点人头数放置他们自己符合来自客户的增加的要求。 其他的结果包括管理 (8.1%), 会计/财务 (7.8%), 物流管理/ 供应链 (4.7%), 资讯专业人士 (3.5%) 和银行业 (2.8%).Despite these optimistic employer plans, Chinas 2005 university graduating class is concerned about its job prospects, with many students chopping their wage expectations by more than half. The reason? According to the Ministry of Education, 3.38 million people willgraduatefrom university in 2005, an increase of 580,000 or 20.7 per cent, over 2004, substantially effecting the odds of finding a job in the desired province. In November in Guangzhou, more than 10,000 prospectivegraduatesstormed a government-sponsored recruitment fair where 200 jobs were listed. Only half of the students even managed to even squeeze into the building. In Guangzhou, 40 medium-sized to large companies in the information technology, telecommunications and rapid transit industries were seeking to hire three to fourgraduateseach. Some students with bachelors degrees said they were ready to settle for wages of 1,000-1,500 yuan per month (1500 yuan is about US$ 180). Holders of masters degrees said they hoped to command about 3,000 yuan. In both cases, that is roughly 2,000 yuan per month less than they would have expected two years ago.不在乎这些乐观的雇主计划，毕业班级的中国 2005 大学关心它的工作视野, 藉由截断多于一半的他们薪水期待的许多学生。 理由? 依照教育部,三百三十八万个人将会在 2005 年毕业于大学,580,000 的增加或20.7%, 超过 2004, 实质上产生在被需要的省中发现一个工作的机会。 在十一月在广州，超过10,000 预期的毕业生狂怒咆哮了一个 200个工作被列出的政府赞助的招募展览会。 只有一半的学生甚至设法甚至进入建筑物之内紧握。 在广州,40 中型的到在信息科技中的大公司，电传视讯和迅速的经过业正在寻求每个雇请三到四个毕业生。 由于学士学位的一些学生说了他们准备好为每月 1,000-1,500个日圆的薪水安顿 (1500个日圆是有关美金的事$180). 硕士学位的持有人说了他们希望命令大约 3,000个日圆。 在两者的情况, 那是概略地每月 2,000个日圆较少的比较他们会在二年以前已经期望。The odds looked better at a Beijing recruitment fair, but even there, the ratio was more than 20,000 candidates to 8,776 jobs. In Beijing, which already has a ratio of two job seekers per job, the situation may be about to get worse. A total of 360,000graduates(33 per cent more than last year) will invade the capitals job market next year. Most say they expect salaries of 3,000 yuan a month (about US$ 360). However, one indication of just how choosy employers feel they can be, was the Beijing City Commercial Bank announcement that it would not consider any applications fromgraduatesover the age of 28.机会在一个北京招募展览会看得更好，但是甚至在那里，比是 8,776个工作的超过20,000 候选人。 在北京, 已经有每工作二个工作搜索者的比, 情形可能要更坏地拿。 总数为 360,000个毕业生 (33% 长达去年) 将会侵入首都的工作在明年在市场上销售。 他们期待每月 3,000个日圆的薪水的大多数的发言权 (有关美金的事$360). 然而, 指示究竟慎重选择的雇主如何感觉他们能是, 是北京市商业广告银行公告它不考虑在年龄上的来自毕业生的任何的申请28.Anticipating a tight job market in South ChinasGuangdongProvince, officials have called oncollegestudents to shun positions in government and turn instead to small and mid-sized businesses for jobs. Said an official from theGuangdongprovincial government, who did not want to be named, we are declining to encouragecollege graduatesto compete for civil servant posts because competition foremploymentin local government departments and organizations has been extremely fierce. This year, less than 10 per cent of thecollege graduateshave become civil servants. And in some hot government departments, including customs and foreign affairs, merely 2 per cent of the candidates have been recruited. Sources from theGuangdongProvincial Personnel Bureau revealed that there will be more than 170,000 university students, postgraduates and doctorate-degree holders who willgraduateand have to find jobs inGuangdongProvince in 2005 (an increase of 24 per cent over the previous year). Furthermore, more than 80,000Guangdong collegestudents who are now studying in other regions of the country will alsograduateand return home to find jobs in the province.在中国南部的广东省中预料一个紧的工作市场,官员已经要求学院学生改为对小的和中型生意为工作在政府和旋转中避开位置。 来自广东省政府的一位官员说, 没有想要被命名,因为对于地方政府部门和组织的雇用的竞争已经很凶猛，所以我们正在衰退鼓励学院毕业生为公务员职位竞争。 今年，少于学院毕业生中的 10%个已经成为公务员。 而且在一些热的政府部门中, 包括关税和外交, 只候选人中的 2%位已经被恢复。 来自广东的来源省的人员局显示了将会有超过170,000 大学学生, 研究生和将会毕业而且必须在 2005(在前一年上的 24% 的增加) 年在广东省中找工作的博士头衔-学位的持有人。 此外，超过80,000 现在也正在其他国家的区域中学习的广东学院学生将会毕业而且返回家在省中找工作。Things look different in Chinas manufacturing companies. Recently the worlds most populous nation, which has powered its stunning economic rise with a cheap and supposedly bottomless pool of labor, is experiencing labor shortages. In the provinces at the heart of Chinas export-driven economy,Guangdongand Fujian, shortages are estimated at about two million workers. In August 2004 in the booming city of Dongguan inGuangdongprovince, a local labor bureau employee told news agency Xinhua, that nearly 90% of the factories in Dongguan are in dire need of workers. Factories are actively recruiting within Chinas interior for workers.事物在中国的制造业的公司中看起来不同。 最近已经用一个劳动的廉宜和据称无底部池使有力量它的足以使人晕倒经济的上升世界最人口稠密的国家正在经历劳动不足。 在中国的输出品驱动的经济的心, 广东和福建的省中，不足在大约二百万个工人被估计。 在 2004 年八月在广东省中的急速发展东莞市, 地方劳动局职员告诉了新闻机构新华社，那 将近 90% 的工厂在东莞是在工人的可怕需要方面 。 工厂在中国的内部里面对于工人正在积极地恢复。In this climate of employer desperation, young workers who typically migrate from interior vocational schools are beginning to respond with demands for more pay and better working conditions. Its not the end of the great China manufacturing story, said Jonathan Anderson, economist for the Swiss bankUBS. But youre no longer going to be talking about China having labor so radically cheap that it will capture all the investment flows. This is an opening for Vietnam, its an opening for India and Cambodia. The shift towards higher pay and benefits, which experts say will unfold over time, began last year. It is a result of being one of the most rapidly aging countries in the world due to strict family planning measures. The number of people in the labor force is going to be going down for the next 15 years, said Dali Yang, a professor of political science at theUniversity of Chicago. This is a shift in demographics that is really good, not just for salaries but for work conditions.在雇主沮丧的这气候中，典型地从内部的职业学校移动的年轻的工人正在开始以对较多的薪资和比较好的工作情况的要求回应。 它不是很棒中国的结束制造业的故事, 乔纳森安德逊说, 对于瑞士的银行瑞士联合银行的经济学者。 但是你不再将要谈论有劳动如此根本廉宜，它将会取得所有的投资流程的中国。 这是越南的一个开始,它是印度和高棉的一个开始。 对于更高的薪资变化和利益, 专家说的将会随着时间的过去展开, 去年开始。 由于计划措施的严厉的家庭它是那最快速地变老全球的国家是一的结果。 劳动力量的人数将要下降未来的 15 年, 达利杨说, 在芝加哥的大学的一位政治上科学的教授。 这是变化在人口统计学的那真的好,不仅仅对于薪水要不是工作情况。China remains a country where migrant workers from the interior regions are routinely exploited. But last year, factory workers rioted inGuangdong. Other workers simply left the region, because economic growth in other regions has created increasing competition for workers. Many are leavingGuangdongfor the rival Yangtze River Delta region near Shanghai, where many factories offer higher salaries. Others are starting to find work in larger cities in interior provinces. Some are simply returning to the farm. Wages, long stagnant, are beginning to respond to these pressures. Officials in differentGuangdongcities, as well as the adjacent special economic zone of Shenzhen, are competing with one another to raise their local minimum monthly wage. In early March, Shenzhen announced that it would raise its minimum to $83 a month from $74.中国保持一个来自内部的区域的移居的工人通常被开发的国家。 但是去年，工厂工人在广东叁加暴动。 因为经济成长在其他的区域中已经为工人产生逐渐增加的竞争，所以其他的工人只是离开了区域。 多数正在离开广东前往在上海,许多工厂提供更高的薪水附近的竞争的长江三角州区域。 其它开始在内部的省中更大的城市中找工作。 一些正在只是回到农场。 薪水, 渴望不流动的, 正在开始回应这些压力。 官员在不同的广东市, 连同深圳的毗连特别经济地域中正在和彼此竞争提高他们的地方最小量每月的薪水。 在三月初, 深圳宣布了它会升起它的最小量到每月 $83 从 $74.本质上有二个劳动市场在中国里面操作: 一为国内的企业和另一个为咄.(和中国合伙人的与外国的企业合伙的, 也知道如 JVs) 理论上，工人在国内的部门中一定获得来自他们的工作单位 (danwei) 的许可离开他们的工作。 在练习中，虽然，许多地方职