政治心理学复习.doc

政治心理学期末复习一、选择题1、Perception: it is through our senses that our minds make contact with the world around it. Some psychologists have posited a mental capacity for the brief storage of sensory information as it is processed, usually a quarter of a second in duration. However, our senses take in vastly more information than the mind is ever capable of processing. If we label those sensory inputs perception, than we perceive more than we notice.通过我们的感官，我们的思想与周围的世界接触。 一些心理学家在处理感官信息时，通常持续时间为四分之一秒，因此提出了精神能力。 然而，我们的感官获取的信息远远超过大脑能够处理的信息。 如果我们标记那些感官输入感知，那么我们比我们注意到的更多。2、Cognition: the mind apparently builds a “filter” that helps it decide which sensory inputs are worthy of more detailed processing, which processing we would call cognition.头脑显然建立了一个“过滤器”，帮助它决定哪些感官输入值得更详细的处理，我们称之为认知的处理。3、Filters: include stereotypes（模式化观念）, biases（偏见）, heuristics（启发式教学）4、Bounded rationality: 有限理性 stems from our inability to know everything, think everything, and understand everything. 有限理性：有限理性源于我们无法了解一切，思考一切，理解一切。5、Anchoring fallacy：先入为主the anchoring fallacy points out that when trying to make an estimation, humans usually begin at a starting point that may be relatively arbitrary.锚定谬误：先入为主锚定谬误指出，当试图做出估计时，人类通常从一个可能相对随意的起点开始。6、Attributions: Beliefs are often called attributions in the psychological literature. These are beliefs about causality in the world归因：信念通常被称为心理学文献中的归因。 这些是关于世界因果关系的信念.7、Values: Values refer to the relative ranking individuals use to justify preferring one thing over another.价值是指个人用来证明偏好一件事而不是另一件事的相对等级。8、More specifically, Huntington predicts that a Confucian-Islamic axis will oppose the West and its allies.更具体地说，亨廷顿预言儒家 - 伊斯兰轴心将反对西方及其盟友。9、Culture is an historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodied in symbols, a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic form by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes towards life.文化是符号所体现的一种历史传承的意义模式，是一种以符号形式表达的继承的概念体系，人们通过它来交流、延续和发展他们对生活的认识和态度。10、Gore had skillfully manipulated the core self-identity myths of Americans.戈尔巧妙地操纵了美国人的核心自我认同神话。11、Culture is not a reified concept ,but a dynamic force and an element of political power completion.文化不是一个具体化的概念，而是一股动力，是政治权力完成的一个要素。12、Culture itself confers a preferred structure and process to power politics.文化本身赋予了政治权力的首选结构和过程。13、One common approach to overcoming this problem is to bunch several items in long-term memory together, into a “schema”.克服这个问题的一个常见方法是将长期内存中的几个项聚集在一起，形成一个“模式”。14、holistic meaning the cockfight held for the community.整体意味着为社区举行的斗鸡。15、Taking off from Derridas “the missile is a missive,” Tunander sees these naval maneuvers as part of the body language of states. 从德里达的“导弹是一种传送带”起飞，图南德将这些海军演习视为国家肢体语言的一部分。16、In its more specific application, national role conception studies resemble more the dramaturgical-style studies of the next section.在更具体的应用中，国家角色概念研究更像是下一节的戏剧式研究。二、简答题1、个性与性格的差异The mental model is also shaped by the personality of the leader, with personality being the constellation of traits possessed by the leader. Though personality is undoubtedly shaped by ones experiences and background, it is also true that some elements of personality seem genetically determined; Character is relatively undercon-ceptualized in psychology, but most psychologists use the term to refer to some deep organizing principles of the human psyche.精神模式也是由领导者的人格塑造的，人格是领导者所拥有的一系列特质。虽然人格无疑是由一个人的经历和背景形成的，但也确实有一些人格因素似乎是由基因决定的；性格在心理学上是相对隐蔽的，但大多数心理学家使用这个词来指人类心灵的一些深层的组织原则。2、文化的三层含义Culture as the organization of meaning. Because meanings are shared through interpersonal expression, the study of such expression, whether it be art, writing, film, conversation, and so forth, is often the focus of such analysis; Culture as value preferences. This view of culture follows the lead of Weber. Parsons, and others in suggesting that culture tells us what to want, to prefer, to desire, and thus to value; Culture as templates for human strategy. 文化作为意义的组织。因为意义是通过人际表达来共享的，所以对这种表达方式的研究，无论是艺术、写作、电影、会话等等，往往都是这种分析的重点；文化作为价值偏好。这种文化观是以韦伯为先导的。帕森斯和其他人在暗示文化告诉我们想要什么，喜欢什么，想要什么，因此要重视什么；文化作为人类战略的模板.3、基本归因错误Fundamental attribution error, fundamental is meaning common to virtually all humans. Almost all of us attribute our behavior to situational necessity, but the behavior of others to free choice or disposition. Like North Korea feels it has no choice but to build nuclear weapons given U.S. policy; the U.S. believes that North Korea is building nuclear weapons not because it has to, but because it wants to.基本归因错误，基本是几乎所有人类共有的意思。几乎所有的人都把我们的行为归因于情境的必要性，而其他人的行为则归因于自由的选择或倾向。就像朝鲜认为，鉴于美国的政策，它别无选择，只能制造核武器；美国认为，朝鲜正在建造核武器，不是因为它必须这样做，而是因为它想要这样做。三、论述题国家角色概念Role conceptions: A national role conception includes the policymakers own definitions of the general kinds of decisions, commitments, rules and actions suitable to their state, and of the functions, if any, their state should perform on a continuing basis in the international system or in subordinate regional systems. In its broadest sense, the idea of “national role conception” describes a national syndrome with respect to the nations external relations.Like India think their role conception arefirst, they qualified India for a position of leadership on two levels: a regional leadership in Asia and a broader leadership position among the nonaligned and developing countries of the world; second, its colonial history committed India to a central role in the struggle against imperialism; third, Gandhian values and ideology, which rejected power plays and violence among individuals and nations; fourth, India saw itself as a political and economic model for other Third World nations.