ARM微处理器外文翻译.docx

学号 24072200001南湖学院机械与电子工程系2011届毕业设计外文文献翻译文献名称：ARM microprocessorARM微处理器学生姓名：曹诗章指导教师：邓己媛完成时间：2011年5月5日1 The introduction and development of microprocessor1.1 The history of the MicroprocessorThe first microprocessor was originally developed for a calculator, and revolutionary for its time, it contained 2,300 transistors on a 4-bit microprocessor that could perform only 60,000 operations per second. The first 8-bit microprocessor was the Intel 8008, developed in 1972 to run computer terminals. The Intel 8008 contained 3,300 transistors. The first truly general-purpose microprocessor, developed in 1974, was the 8-bit Intel 8080 (see Microprocessor, 8080), which contained 4,500 transistors and could execute 200,000 instructions per second. Modern Microprocessors have much greater capacity and speed. They include the Intel Pentium Pro, containing 5.5 million transistors.1.2 The future Technology of the MicroprocessorThe technology of microprocessors and integrated-circuit is developing rapidly. Currently, the most sophisticated microprocessors contain about ten million transistors. By the year 2000, advanced microprocessors are expected to contain more than 50 million transistors, and about 800 million by 2010.Lithographic techniques will also require improvements. By the year 2000, minimum element size is less than 0.2 micros. At these dimensions, even short-wave-length ultraviolet light may not reach the necessary resolution. Alternative possibilities include using very narrow beams of electrons and ions or replacing optical lithography with lithography that uses X rays of extremely short wavelength. Using these technologies, clock speeds could increase to more than 1,000 MHz by 2010. It is expected that the limiting factor in microprocessor performance will be the behavior of the electrons themselves as they are propelled through the transistors. At extremely small dimensions, quantum effects due to the wavelike nature of electrons could dominate the behavior of transistors and circuits. New devices and circuit designs may be necessary as microprocessors approach atomic dimensions. Techniques including molecular-beam epitaxy, in which semiconductors are layered one atom at a time in an ultra-high-vacuum chamber, and scanning tunneling microscopy, whereby single atoms can be viewed and even moved with atomic precision, may be the tools needed to produce future generations of microprocessors. 1.3 The introduction of the MicroprocessorThe microprocessor is one type of ultra-large-scale integrated circuit. Integrated circuits, also known as microchips or chips, are complex electronic circuits consisting of extremely tiny components formed on a single, thin, flat piece of material known as a semiconductor. Modern microprocessors incorporate as many as ten million transistors (which act as electronic amplifiers, oscillators, or, most commonly, switches), in addition to other components such as resistors, diodes, capacitors, and wires, all packed into an area about the size of a postage stamp. A microprocessor consists of several different sections: the arithmetic/logic unit （ALU）performs calculations on numbers and makes logical decisions; the registers are special memory locations for storing temporary information much as a scratch pad does; the control unit deciphers programs; bused carry digital information throughout the chip and computer; and local memory supports on-chip computation. More complex microprocessors often contain other sections-such as sections of specialized memory, called cache memory ,to spend up access external data-storage devices. Modern microprocessors operate with bus widths of 64 bits （binary digits, or units of information represented as 1s and 0s）,meaning that 64 bits of data can be transferred at the same time. A crystal oscillator in the computer provides a clock signal to coordinate all activities of the microprocessor. The clock speed of the most advanced microprocessors is about 300 megahertz (MHz) about 300 million cycles per secondallowing about a billion computer instructions to be executed every second.Microprocessors functions is the central processing unit of a computer, providing computational control. Microprocessors are also used in other advanced electronic systems, such as computer printers, automobiles, and jet airlines.1.4 MicrocontrollerA microprocessor is not a complete computer. It does not contain large amounts of memory or have the ability to communicate with input devices-such as keyboards, joy-sticks, and mice-or with output devices, such as monitors and printers. A different kind of integrated circuit, a microcontroller, is a complete computer on a chip, containing all of the elements of the basic microprocessor along with other specialized functions. Microcontrollers are used in video games, videocassette recorders (VCRs), automobiles, and other machines.1.5 Construction of MicroprocessorThe first step in producing a microprocessor is the creation of an ultrapure silicon substrate, a silicon slice in the shape of a round wafer that is polished to a mirror like smoothness. At present, the largest wafers used in industry are 200 mm (8 in) in diameter.In the oxidation step, an electrically nonconducting layer, called a dielectric, is placed between each conductive layer on the wafer. The most important type of dielectric is silicon, which is grown by exposing the silicon wafer to oxygen in a furnace at about 1000 (about 1800). The oxygen combines with the silicon to form a thin layer of oxide about 75 angstroms deep (an angstrom is one ten-billionth of a meter).Microprocessor are fabricated using techniques similar to those used for other integrated circuits, such as memory chips. Microprocessors generally have a more complex structure than do other chips, and their manufacture requires extremely precise techniques. Economical manufacturing of microprocessors requires mass production. Several hundred dies, or circuit patterns, are created on the surface of a silicon wafer simultaneously. Microprocessor s are constructed by a process of deposition and removal of conducting, insulating, and semiconducting materials, one thin layer at a time until, after hundreds of separate steps, a complex sandwich is constructed that contains all the interconnected circuitry of the microprocessor. Only the outer surface of the silicon wafer-a layer about 10 microns (about 0.01 mm/0.0004 in) thick (about one-tenth the thickness of a human hair)is used for the electronic circuit. The processing steps include substrate creation, oxidation, lithography, etching, ion implantation, and film deposition.Nearly every layer that is deposited on the wafer must be patterned accurately into the shape of the transistors and other electronic elements. Usually this is done in process known as photolithography, which is analogous to transforming the wafer into a piece of photographic film and projecting a picture of the circuit on it. A coating on the surface of the wafer, called the photoresist or resist, changes when exposed to light, making it easy to dissolve in a developing solution. These patterns are as small as 0.25 microns in size. Because the shortest wavelength of visible light is about 0.5 microns, Short-wave-length ultraviolet light must be used to resolve the tiny details of the patterns. After photolithography, the wafer is etched-that is, the resist is removed from the wafer either by chemicals, in a special vacuum chamber.In the next step of the process, ion implantation, impurities such as boron and phosphorus are introduced into the silicon to alter its conductivity. This is accomplished by ionizing the boron or phosphorus atoms (stripping off one or two electrons) and propelling them at the wafer with an iron implanter at very high energies. The ions become embedded in the surface of the wafer.Microprocessor features are so small and precise that a single speck of dust can destroy an entire die. The rooms used for microprocessor creation are called clean rooms because the air in them is extremely well filtered and virtually free of dust. The purest of todays clean rooms are referred to as class 1, indicating the maximum number of allowed particles larger than 0.12 micron in one cubic foot of air. （For comparison, a typical home is class one million or so.）The thin layers used to build up a microprocessor are referred to as films. In the final step of the process, the films are deposited using sputterers in which thin films are grown in a plasma; by means of evaporation, whereby the material is melted and then evaporated coating the wafer; or by means of chemical-vapor deposition, whereby the material condenses from a gas at low or atmospheric pressure. In each case, the film must be of high purity and its thickness must be controlled within a small fraction of a micron.2 ARMAdvancedRISCMachinesARM- Advanced RISC Machines is thought to be a company name, can be considered to be a type known as the microprocessor, can be considered a technical name.ARM company was established in Cambridge in 1991, It mainly sales mandate of chip design technology. At present, the technology used ARM Intellectual Property (IP) Core microprocessors, that is, we usually refer to as the ARM microprocessor, which cover the industrial control, and consumer electronic products, communications systems, network systems, wireless systems and other products market, Based on the ARM microprocessor technology application was about a 32-bit RISC microprocessor 75% above the share of the market, ARM technology is gradually infiltrated into our lives in various areas.ARM company specializing in technology-based RISC chip design and development company, as a supplier of intellectual property rights, it should not be directly involved in the production of silicon chips Design permits through the assignment of cooperation from the production company of special chips, the worlds major semiconductor manufacturers from the company to buy its ARM microprocessor design nuclear, According to different application areas, to add appropriate external circuit, thereby forming its own ARM microprocessor chip market. Currently, there are dozens of the worlds largest semiconductor companies are using mandate of ARM, So not only makes ARM technology to get more third-party tools, manufacture, the support of the software, so that the whole system can reduce costs, make our products more easily enter the market to be acceptable by consumers and more competitive.3 ARM microprocessor application areas and features3.1 ARM microprocessor application areasSo far, the ARM microprocessor technology and the application almost went to various areas :1. Industrial control areas : as a 32 bit RISC structure, ARM-based microcontroller chips will occupy the high-end micro-controller market most of the market share. also gradually to the low-end micro-controller applications expansion, ARM microcontroller with low power consumption, high performance-cost ratio. And give a challenge to traditional 8 / 16 Microcontrollers.2. The wireless communications field : At present, more than 85% of wireless communications equipment used ARM technology, ARM with high performance and low cost in the area of the increasing consolidation.3. Network applications : As the technology promotion, ARM technology using ADSL chip is gradually gaining competitive advantage. In addition, the ARM in voice and video processing uplink optimization, and is widely supported, DSP is also the right application areas posed a challenge.4. Consumer electronics products : ARM technology in the popular digital audio player, Digital Set-Top-Box and games were used extensively.5. Imaging and security products : the now popular digital cameras and printers used most of the ARM technology. The mobile phone SIM 32 smart cards are using ARM technology. In addition, the ARM microprocessor and technology has been applied to many different fields, and in the future will be more widely used.3.2 Features of the ARM microprocessorARM microprocessor using ARM RISC microprocessor architecture generally as Under characteristics :1. Small size, low power, low cost, high performance;2. Support Thumb (16) / ARM (32) - instruction set, Compatibility can be a very good 8 / 16 devices;3. The extensive use of registers, the directive is faster;4. Most data operations are completed by the middle of the Register;5. Addressable flexible simple, high efficiency;6. Fixed length instructions;3.3 ARM microprocessorARM microprocessor series currently includes the following several series, and other manufacturers based on the ARM architecture processors, in addition to ARM architecture a common feature, Every one of a series of ARM microprocessors have their own characteristics and application areas.- Series ARM7- Series ARM9- series ARM9E- ARM10E Series- SecurCore series- The X scale Inter- Strong ARM of InterARM7, ARM9, ARM9E, and ARM10 of four generic processor series, each series provides a unique set of comparative performance to meet the needs of different areas of application needs. SecurCore series of specialized security requirements for the application of high design. We can find out in detail the characteristics of various processors and application areas.3.3.1 The series of ARM7 microprocessor ARM7 series of low-power microprocessors for the 32 RISC processor, the most suitable for the right price and power consumption demand higher consumer applications. ARM7 microprocessor series has the following characteristics :- Embedded ICE-RT logic, developed to facilitate debugging. - Very low power consumption, suitable for higher power applications, such as portable products.- Able to provide the three pipeline structure by 0 .9 MIPS/MHz.- Code compatibility and high density of 16 Thumb instruction set. - Right to support a broad range of operating systems, including Windows CE, Linux, Palm OS, and so on.- Instruction System and ARM9 series, ARM9E and ARM10E series compatible series, user-friendly to the upgrading of products.- The frequency of up to 130 MIPS, high-speed computational processing capacity will rise to the majority of the complex application.ARM7 microprocessor series of the main application areas : industrial control, Internet equipment, network and modem equipment, mobile phones and other multimedia and embedded applications.ARM7 microprocessor series include several types of nuclear : ARM7TDMI, ARM7TDMI-S, ARM720T, ARM7EJ. Among them, ARM7TMDI is currently the most widely used 32-bit embedded RISC processor, ARM is a low-end processor core. TDMI the basic meaning :T : Support for 16 compression Thumb instruction set;D : Support on-chip Debug;M : Embedded hardware multiplier (Multiplier);I : Embedded ICE support on-chip breakpoints and debug.3.3.2 SecurCore microprocessorsSecurCore microprocessors E Series For safety needs, and provide a perfect 32-bit RISC technology security solutions, therefore, SecurCore addition to a series of ARM microprocessor architecture and low power consumption, high performance features, also has its unique advantage, namely to provide the right security solution for their support.SecurCore addition to a series of ARM microprocessor architecture major characteristics, Security also has the following characteristics :- With a flexible protective unit, to ensure that the operating system and application of data security.- Soft-core technology, to prevent its external scanning detection.- Users can be their own integrated security features and other coprocessor.SecurCore series microprocessors will be used in some of the higher security requirements of products and applications systems, such as e-commerce, e-government, e-banking business, network and certification systems, and other fields.SecurCore series contains SecurCore SC100 microprocessor, SecurCore SC110. SecurCore SC200 and SC210 SecurCore four types, applied to different applications.3.3.3 Strong ARM microprocessorInter Strong ARM SA -1100 ARM processor is used Architecture highly integrated 32-bit RISC microprocessor. It combines the Inter companies in the design and processing technology, and ARM Architecture power efficiency, use the software compatibility ARMv4 architecture, using Intel technology with the advantages of Architecture.Intel Strong ARM processor is a portable communications products and consumer electronics products the ideal choice, has been successfully applied to a number of companies in the handheld computer series products.3.3.4 Xscale processorXScale processor is based on the ARMv5TE Aggregate structure of the solution is one the whole performance, high cost performance, low-power processor. It supports 16 of the Thumb instructions and DSP instruction set, used in digital mobile phones, Personal Digital Assistant and networking products, and other occasions.Inter Xscale processor is currently one of the main promotional ARM microprocessor.4 Structure4.1 ARM RISC microprocessor architectureCISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer, complex instruction set computer) structure have inherent shortcomings, With the computer technology that is the development and introduction of new and complex instruction set to support these new directives, Computer architecture will be increasingly complex, but the CISC instruction set of instructions, their frequency of use is a difference of the poor, about 20% of the directive will be used repeatedly, the entire procedure for the 80% code. And the remaining 80% of the directive is not frequently used in the process is a mere 20%, it is clear that This structure is not very reasonable.Based on the above unreasonable,