“The Minotaur” and Aeschylus Agame.ppt

Minotaur Labyrinth Circe sPalaceandGreekArchitecture WeekEleven 牛頭人 Minotaur 克里特島的國民米諾斯 Minos 可說是擁有極大權力的王者 在他統治之下的國家也顯得相當的和平 某天 海神波賽頓賜給他一隻極為美麗的白色公牛 而這是給諸神的獻禮 可是 米諾斯一時起了貪念 竟然把這頭公牛據為己有 震怒的波賽頓 於是下了一個強力的詛咒 祂讓米諾斯的皇后愛上白公牛 並且和牠生下了一個牛頭人身的怪物 Labyrinth 羞愧的米諾斯請希臘最強的工匠達德洛斯建造了一座巨大的迷宮 將這個怪物藏進這出不來的大迷宮中 Labyrinth 從此之後 每年米諾斯都要派出七名少年少女進入迷宮 試圖殺死 或有一說是獻祭 這頭怪物 但最後這些少年都因為迷失方向而成為牛頭人的食物 TheseusandAriadne 數年之間 克里特島的居民生活在恐懼中 惶惶不可終日 希臘的英雄賽修斯 Theseus 聽到這個傳聞之後 自願進入這座大迷宮 在公主愛瑞雅妮 Ariadne 的協助下 他帶著一卷線捲進入迷宮 殺死牛頭人之後靠著這條線一路走出迷宮 Ariadne sthread DaedalusanAthenianarchitect andthefirstinventorofimages Daedalusflyingmachines Minos把Daedalus關在迷宮裡 或是因為迷宮建得實在太複雜了 Daedalus和其子Icarius被丟進去連自己都出不來 他心想這樣不行 難道就得如此被關在這裡老死嗎 既然無法自己走出去 那就用飛得好了 Minos kingofCrete Daedalus thefirstrulertocontroltheMediterraneanSea whichheriddedofpirates Hehadwithhimafamedcraftsman DaedalustheAthenian whowasinexilefromAthensbecausehehadmurderedhisnephewTalos Daedalus 神話傳說中的希臘建築師 雕刻家 設計大師 MinoanCivilization MinosandMinotaur TheseuskillstheMinotaurasAriadnelookson PhaistosPalace Circe Aeaea AeaeaorE a Greek Aiaia wasamythologicalislandsaidtobethehomeofthesorceressCirce OdysseustellsAlcinousthathestayedhereforayearonhiswayhometoIthaca Greektragedyandtheater Artsandarchitecture AliceY Chang 19 Theclassicalperiod ThethreemajorGreektragedians Aeschylus AgamemnonSophocles OedipustheKingEuripides Medea AESCHYLUS524 456B C ThistombhideththedustofAeschylus anAthenian Euphorion sson whodiedinwheat bearingGela hisgloriousvalourtheprecinctofMarathonmayproclaim andthelong hairedMedes whoknewitwell Aeschylus Fragment272 EpitaphofAeschylus GreekText thecreatoroftragedy TheearliestdocumentsinthehistoryoftheWesterntheaterarethesevenplaysofAeschylusthathavecomedowntousthroughthemorethantwothousandyearssincehisdeath WhenheproducedhisfirstplayintheopeningyearsofthefifthcenturyB C theperformancethatweknowasdramawasstilllessthanhalfacenturyold stillopentoinnovation andAeschylus infact madesuchsignificantcontributionstoitsdevelopmentthathehasbeencalled thecreatoroftragedy 490sBCE DionysiaFestival AfterthedefeatofthePersianinvaders 480 479B C asAthenswithitsfleetsandempiremovedtowardsupremacyintheGreekworld thisspringfestivalbecameasplendidoccasion TheDionysia asitwasnowcalled lastedforfourorfivedays duringwhichpublicbusiness exceptinemergencies wassuspendedandprisonerswerereleasedonbailforthedurationofthefestival Inanopen airtheaterthatcouldseatseventeenthousandspectators tragicandcomicpoetscompetedfortheprizesofferedbythecity anopen airtheater threetragediesandasatyrplay Poetsineachgenrehadbeenselectedbythemagistratesfortheyear Oneachofthreedaysofthefestival atragicpoetpresentedthreetragediesandasatyrplay aburlesqueonamythictheme andacomicpoetproducedonecomedy Thethreetragediescoulddealwithquiteseparatestoriesor asinthecaseofAeschylus sOresteia withthesuccessivestagesofoneextendedaction Bythetimethistrilogywasproduced 458B C thenumberofactorshadbeenraisedtothree thespokenpartoftheperformancebecamesteadilymoreimportant trilogy Thefirstplay Agamemnon wasfollowedatitsperformancebytwomoreplays TheLibationBearersandTheEumenides whichcarriedonitsstoryandthemetoaconclusion TheOresteia DeathofAgamemnon OresteskillingAigisthos anequilibrium concerto IntheOresteiaanequilibriumbetweenthetwoelementsoftheperformancehasbeenestablished Theactors withtheirspeeches createthedramaticsituationanditsmovement theplot thechorus whilecontributingtodramaticsuspenseandillusion rangesfreeoftheimmediatesituationinitsodes whichextendandamplifythesignificanceoftheaction justice Thethemeofthetrilogyisjustice anditsstory likethatofalmostallGreektragedies isalegendthatwasalreadywellknowntotheaudiencethatsawthefirstperformanceoftheplay Tribe polis ThelegendpreservesthememoryofanimportanthistoricalprocessthroughwhichtheGreekshadpassed thetransitionfromtribalinstitutionsofjusticetocommunaljustice fromatraditionthatdemandedthatamurderedperson snextofkinavengethedeathtoasystemrequiringsettlementoftheprivatequarrelbyacourtoflaw thetypicalinstitutionofthecity state whichreplacedtheprimitivetribe Avenge WhenAgamemnonreturnsvictoriousfromTroy heiskilledbyhiswife Clytemnestra andherlover Aegisthus whoisAgamemnon scousin ClytemnestrakillsherhusbandtoavengeherdaughterIphigenia whomAgamemnonsacrificedtothegoddessArtemiswhenhehadtochoosebetweenhisdaughter slifeandhisambitiontoconquerTroy Aegisthusavengesthecrimeofapreviousgeneration thehideousmurderofhisbrothersbyAgamemnon sfather Atreus standardsoftheoldsystem justice ThekillingofAgamemnonis bythestandardsoftheoldsystem justice butitisthenatureofthisjusticethattheprocesscanneverbearrested thatoneactofviolencemustgiverisetoanother TheLibationBearerspresentstherevengetakenonClytemnestraandAegisthusbyOrestes Agamemnon sson Thisred figurecrater c470BCE showsOrestesstrikingdownAegisthusasClytemnestratriestointervenewithanaxe Electrastandsatfarright urginghimon Thisred figurecrater Agamemnon smurdermustbeavengedtoo asitisinthesecondplayofthetrilogybyOresteshasactedjustlyaccordingtothecodeoftribalsocietybasedonbloodrelationship butindoingsohehasviolatedthemostsacredbloodrelationshipofall thebondbetweenmotherandson Theoldsystemofjusticehasproducedaninsolubledilemma insolubledilemma Theendingofthesecondplay AttheendofthesecondplaytheyareonlyavisioninOrestes mind Youcan tseethem hesaystothechorus Ican theydrivemeon Imustmoveon Butinthefinalplayweseethemtoo theyarethechorus andtheyhavepursuedOrestestothegreatshrineofApolloatDelphiwherehehascometoseekrefuge TheFuries AttheendofTheLibationBearers OrestesseesavisionoftheFuries Theyareserpent hairedfemalehunters theavengersofblood Agamemnonhadasontoavengehim butforClytemnestratherewasnoonetoexactpayment female chthonicdeitiesofvengeanceorsupernaturalpersonificationsoftheangerofthedead Theyrepresentregenerationandthepotencyofcreation whichbothconsumesandempowers AformulaicoathintheIliad iii 278ff xix 260ff invokesthemas thosewhobeneaththeearthpunishwhosoeverhasswornafalseoath Furies Erinyes Eumendies TheRemorseofOrestes 1862 byWilliamFredericBouguereau 1825 1905 ThistaskistakenupbytheFuries whoaretheguardiansoftheancienttribalsanctities theyenforcetheolddispensationwhennoearthlyagentisathandtodoso Femalethemselves theyasserttheclaimofthemotheragainstthesonwhokilledhertoavengehisfather ThetaskoftheFuries Thetrial Theargumentsemployedinthetrialmaynotstrikeusascompelling andmayappeardisappointingasananswertotheproblemsofguiltandjusticeraisedbythetrilogy Accordingtothisargument thefactofthecourt sestablishmentismoreimportantthantheparticularjudgmentinOrestes case Thisistheendofanolderaandthebeginningofanew Thecourtinstitutesasystemofcommunaljustice whichpunishesimpersonallyandhasatlastreplacedtheinconclusiveanarchyofindividualrevenge Theestablishmentofthecourt Humaninstitutions Besides thetrilogynotonlyisconcernedwiththehistoryofhumaninstitutionsbutalsomakesareligiousstatement Thesequenceofmurderousactsandcounter actsoverthreegenerations leadingtoanimportantadvanceinhumanunderstandingandcivilization canbeseenastheworkingoutofthewillofZeus Atheniandemocracy TheendingoftheEumenides then whentheFuriescallblessingsdownonAthens givesavisionofacityruledbylawandlivinginharmonywithitslandanditsgods Inthisstoryofprogresspainfullywon AeschylusoffersAtheniandemocracyitschartermythjustasitisenteringtheeraofitsgreatestachievementsanditsgreatestrisks ThegeographyofGreece alandofmountainbarriersandscatteredislands encouragedthisfragmentation 53 AliceY Chang THECITY STATESOFGREECE AliceY Chang 54 StartingwithcoloniesatIschiaandCumaearoundtheBayofNaplesinc 750BCE theGreeksfoundedcitiesallaroundtheMediterranean fromthesouthofFrancetoNaucratisinEgyptianDelta tosolveproblemsofover populationathome 55 AliceY Chang TheexpansionofGreece750 580BCE AliceY Chang 56 Athenswasatthistimeademocracy thefirstinWesternhistory Itwasadirect notarepresentative democracy forthenumberoffreecitizenswassmallenoughtopermittheexerciseofpowerbyameetingofthecitizensasabodyinassembly 57 AliceY Chang Athens AliceY Chang 58 TheAthenianAcropolis Athensisthesymboloffreedom art anddemocracyintheconscienceofthecivilizedworld ThecapitalofGreecetookitsnamefromthegoddessAthena thegoddessofwisdomandknowledge 59 AliceY Chang Athena AliceY Chang 60 ResortedplanoftheAgorain400BCE Sparta ontheotherhand wasrigidlyconservativeingovernmentandpolicy Becausetheindividualcitizenwasrearedandtrainedbythestateforthestate sbusiness war theSpartanlandarmywassuperiortoanyotherinGreece andtheSpartanscontrolled bydirectruleorbyalliance amajorityofthecity statesofthePeloponnese 61 AliceY Chang Sparta Thesetwocities alliesforthewarofliberationagainstPersia becameenemieswhentheexternaldangerwaseliminated Themiddleyearsofthefifthcenturyweredisturbedbyindecisivehostilitiesbetweenthemandhauntedbytheprobabilityoffull scalewartocome Astheyearswentby thiswarcametobeacceptedas inevitable bybothsides andin431B C itbegan Itwastoendin404B C withthetotaldefeatofAthens 62 AliceY Chang PersianWarandPeloponnesianWar AliceY Chang 63 Beforethebeginningofthisdisastrouswar knownasthePeloponnesianWar Atheniandemocracyprovideditscitizenswithaculturalandpoliticalenvironmentthatwaswithoutprecedentintheancientworld TheinstitutionsofAthensencouragedthemaximumdevelopmentoftheindividual scapacitiesandatthesametimeinspiredthemaximumdevotiontotheinterestsofthecommunity 64 AliceY Chang TheAthenianEmpire AliceY Chang 65 TheroleoftheassemblyAfter500BCEtheAssemblymetattheHillofthePnyx onwhichstoodaplinth 66 AliceY Chang TotalDemocracy AthenianDemocracyinaction 67 AliceY Chang Athena maidengoddessofwisdomandthecrafts wasveryaptlythespecialdeityofAthens acityAristotlelatercalledthecityhallofwisdom AliceY Chang 68 AncientGreekArchitecture 古希臘建築 古希臘建築的結構屬樑柱體系 早期主要建築都用石料 限於材料性能 石梁跨度一般是4 5米 最大不過7 8米 石柱以鼓狀砌塊壘疊而成 砌塊之間有榫卯或金屬銷子連接 牆體也用石砌塊壘成 砌塊平整精細 砌縫嚴密 不用膠結材料 雖然古希臘建築形式變化較少 內部空間封閉簡單 但後世許多流派的建築師 都從古希臘建築中得到借鑒 古風時期 公元前8 前6世紀 希臘建築逐步形成相對穩定的形式 愛奧尼亞人城邦形成了愛奧尼式建築 風格端莊秀雅 多立安人城邦形成了多立克式建築 風格雄健有力 到公元前6世紀 這兩種建築都有了系統的做法 稱為 柱式 見古典柱式 柱式體系是古希臘人在建築藝術上的創造 古典時期 公元前5 前4世紀 是古希臘繁榮興盛時期 創造了很多建築珍品 主要建築類型有衛城 神廟 露天劇場 柱廊 廣場等 不僅在一組建築群中同時存在上述兩種柱式的建築物 就是在同一單體建築中也往往運用兩種柱式 雅典衛城建築群和該衛城的帕提農神廟是古典時期的著名實例 古典時期在伯羅奔尼撒半島的科林斯城形成一種新的建築柱式 科林斯柱式 風格華美富麗 到羅馬時代廣泛流行 希臘化時期 公元前4世紀後期到公元前1世紀 是古希臘歷史的後期 馬其頓王亞歷山大遠征 把希臘文化傳播到西亞和北非 稱為希臘化時期 希臘建築風格向東方擴展 同時受到當地原有建築風格的影響 形成了不同的地方特點 Doricorder TheMainElementsoftheDoricOrder TempleoftheDioscouriatAgrigento TheflutedcolumnsofthetempleofApolloEpicurusatBassaebearastrikingresemblancetothestemofangelica angelicasylvestris 圓當歸 WildAngelicahttp en wikipedia org wiki File Illustration Angelica silvestris0 jpg Ioniccolumnandthefrondofbracken pteridiumaquilinum 蕨菜 愛奧尼亞式 ionicorder 的柱頭 利用黃金分割比例連續製作愈來愈大的正方形 以弧形連接每一個正方形的對角 可以形成一個螺旋狀的曲線 將這個曲線運用在希臘建築柱頭的設計 就形成愛奧尼亞式 ionicorder 的柱頭 theratioofgoldenmean 古希臘人把 黃金分割比例 認為是最完美的比例 而靈活運用在各種造型中 它的基本方法是 把一條線分割成大小兩段 小線段和大線段的長度比 等於大線段和全部線段的長度比 以下圖為例 X1 X 黃金分割比例A C B A 0 61803C A A B 1 61803 古典的 想 接著 到ClassicalIdeal古典的 想 孕育希 古典主義的社會及 史背景是一個充滿衝突和爭戰的時代 如果我們把 史背景與文化創造的作品比較起 會發現它們是矛盾的 希 古典主義的 想非常好 但是希 人在現實上都做 到 因此將 想表現再文學和藝術上 實際上混 的時代的人就容 認同這種合諧以及規 的 想 古典 想 ClassicalIdeal 的特色就是balance和order Martin ThomasR AncientGreece FromPrehistorictoHellenisticTimes NewHaven YaleUP 1996 Publicrevenues Athensreceivedsubstantialpublicrevenuesformharborfees salestaxes andthetributeoftheallies BuildingspaidforbypublicfundsfromthesesourcesconstitutedthemostconspicuousarchitectureinthecityoftheClassicalperiodofthefifthandfourthcenturies Agoraandcouncil Thescaleofthesepublicbuildingswasusuallynogreaterthanthesizerequiredtofulfilltheirfunction suchasthecomplexofbuildingsontheagora swesternedgeinwhichthecounciloffivehundredhelditsmeetingsandthepublicarchiveswerekept TheAcropolis447BCE Sincetheassemblyconvenedintheopenaironahillsideabovetheagora itrequirednobuildingatallexceptforaspeaker splatform In447B C however atPericles instigation agreatprojectbeganatoptheAcropolis themesa likepromontoryatthecenterofthecity whichtoweredovertheagora Parthenon MostconspicuousofallwereamammothgatebuildingwithcolumnsstraddlingthebroadentrancetotheacropolisatitswesternendandanewAthenatemple theParthenon tohouseatoweringimageofthegoddess Video NOVA OpticalTricksoftheParthenon PBS Expensiveconstructionprogram Thesebuildingsalonecosteasilymorethantheequivalentofabilliondollarsinmodernterms aphenomenalsumforanancientGreekcity state TheprogramwassoexpensivethatthepoliticalenemiesofPericlesrailedathimforsquanderingpubli