省略句精讲.doc

高二英语上省略句精讲 省略句是英语的一种习惯用法。按照语法的分析，句子应该具备的成分，有时出于修辞上的需要，在句中并不出现，这种句子叫做省略句（elliptical sentences，这种语法现象称为“省略”（ellipsis or leaving words out。其特点是：虽然省去句子语法构造所需要的组成部分，但仍能表达其完整的意义。 省略形式多样，从单词、短语到分句，都可以省略，而且各有一定的衔接关系，不容臆断。“省略”不但是一种“以无为有”的最简便的表达方法，而且也是一种简便至极，“虽无胜有”的修辞手段。 如果弄不清一句中哪些部分省略了，就可以产生误解或歧义。 下面从翻译角度谈谈一些比较特殊的省略。 一、原文“空缺”，译文“增补” 两个主语不同的句子，谓语有相同部分，也有不同部分，如果用连词连接起来进行对比，则其相同部分在后面分句中可以省略，这样，后面分句中就出现“空缺”现象。“空缺”处通常被省略的是动词，或动词及其宾语、补足语等。汉译时不妨采用“补齐”的方法。例如： A sound must be heard，a colour seen，a flavour tasted，an odour inhaled，颜色必须目视，滋味必须口尝，气味必须鼻吸。（后三句省略 must be） Histories make men wise；mathematic logic and rhetoric able to contend；数学使人精细；逻辑和修辞使人善辩。（原文后两句省略make men） 二、英语状语从句中的省略部分可不译 than引出的比较从句中，套有when引导的时间从句或if引导的条件从句，而且该比较从句中的省略部分与整个句子的主要结构一致时则比较从句的省略部分可省略不译。例如： My uncle is better than when I wrote to我伯父的身体比我上次给你去信时好些了（than后面省略了he was） 三、对英语中一些特殊省略结构译法需灵活，指的是按正常语法规则分析，有的无法增补，有的要用不同的方式来增补，使之成为完全句。因此，汉译英时，视上下文加以灵活处理。 1“宾语主语谓语and 谓语”结构 其中and连接的，是用作不同成分的同一个词，这个词既是第一分句的宾语，又是第二分句的主语。此结构的特点是，把宾语提到句首，使之兼任后一分句的主语，达到简化句子结构的目的。汉译时，可仍先译宾语，不必改变原文的语序。例如： This substance we call water，and come next only to oxygen这种物质称为水，其重要性仅次于氧。（We call this substance water，and this substance comes next only to oxygen） 2以“Hence 名词”开头的结构 中国公务网 2004-5-27 22:19:28hence是表示结果意义的连接副词，hence前面的句子表示原因，hence后面则省略了类似 come的动词。它是倒装句。例如： Hence（comes）this instruction of the experiment因此，有这本实验说明书。 3某些常用词组引导的省略疑问句，通常不需要写出其省略部分。例如： How（is it）about the result？结果怎么样呢？ 4由习语组成的省略结构 So much is for the foundry processes工艺过程的内容就是这些。（Enough has been said or done about；That is all well say about.） Now for the sound-wave method现在谈谈风波方法。（And we will now talk about） The grinding machine you operate must be oiled，and that at once油，而且要马上上油。（and that是个加强语气的省略结构。that是指示代词，代替上文的全部，与and连用表示强调，后接状语。andmustbeoiledat可译为“而且”。） 四、介词（短语）的“无胜于有” 英语介词（短语）应用之频繁，简直到了“不可稍离”的地步。它是功能词中最积极、最活跃之一。但有时，为了用词简洁精练，在上下文意境清楚的前提下，介词常常省略。译文中也要采取相应的简洁表达手法。 1动名词-ing前，有时省略介词。 Most people just ruin scissors by）trying to sharpen them大多数人想把剪刀磨快，结果却磨坏了。 2在含有way，height，length，size，shape， ckness等惯用语前，有时省略介词。 Try to keep your letters on）this side of 500 words写信请勿超过五百字。 3在以next，this，one，every，each，some，等开头的时间状语前，有时省略介词。 Nine days（from）now will be May Day起再过九天，便是五一节。 4在“noun participle”，“noun and all”结构中，有时省略介词“with”。 He jumped into the water， (with his）clothes and all他和着衣服跳进水里。 5某些动词、名词、形容词习惯搭配中的介词（短语），在以what，when，how，whether，that出的从句或不定式短语之前，有时被省略。例如： I am not informed（as to）whether he went，why from我没听说他是否去了，为什么去，什么时候去，来自何地方。（省略与informed搭配的介词as to。） They are tempered to be careless (of）how they spend their time，because they imagine they have so much of it对于如何支配时间，他们总是漫不经心，因为他们认为时间多的是。（省略与形容词careless搭配的介词of。） 英语省略句用词简练，表意简练，往往收到一定的修饰效果，但省略必须根据习惯、语言内容和上下文而定。从上述各例句中可以看出，英语和汉语表达习惯不同。在很多上下文意境清楚的情况下，英语往往省略，而汉语能省略时才可省略，但往往不能省略的场合居多，需要重复。 1. When first _ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. (NMET 2004全国卷II) A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced 2. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when _ at the meeting by my boss. (NMET 2004全国卷IV) A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned 3. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _ whether he was going in the right direction. (NMET 2003 安徽春) A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see 4. Generally speaking, _ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. (NMET2003上海卷) A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken 5. Unless _ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. (NMET 2003上海春) A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited 6. When _ , the museum will be open to the public next year. (NMET 2002上海春) A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed 7. Though _ money, his parents man-aged to send him to university. (NMET 2002上海卷) A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in 8. The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it. (NMET 2002) A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun 二、在限定性定语从句中 作宾语的关系代词that，which,whom可以省略；在以the same. as和such. as引导的定语从句中，可以省略与主句相同的部分；the way后面的定语从句中，可以省略that，in which；在含被动语态的定语从句中，关系代词作主语时，可以省略关系代词和be,省略之后,变成过去分词短语作定语。 高考链接： 9. You re always working. Come on, lets go shopping. _ you ever want to do is going shopping. (NMET 2002北京、安徽、内蒙古春) A. Anything B. Something C. All D. That 10. Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?(NMET 2002上海春) A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained 11. What surprised me was not what he said but _ he said it. (NMET 2004湖北卷) A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which 12. It is easy to do the repair. _ you need is a hammer and some nails. (NMET 2004天津卷) A. Something B. All C. Both D. Everything 13. Thats an unpleasant thing to say about your father after _ hes done for you. (NMET 2004全国卷) A. something B. anything C. all D. that 14. As youve never been there before, Ill have someone _ you the way. (MET 1990上海卷) A. to show B. show C. showing D. showed 15. Ill be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat? Not at all, _ . (NMET 1995) A. I have no time B. Id rather not C. Id like it D. Id be happy to 16. Does your brother intend to study German? Yes, he intends _ . (NMET 1998上海卷) A. / B. to C. so D. that 17. Would you like to go to the Grand Theatre with me tonight? _ . (NMET 1999上海卷) A. Yes, Id like to go to the Grand Theatre B. Id like to, but I have an exam tomorrow C. No, I wont D. Thats right 18. You should have thanked her before you left. I meant _ , but when I was leaving I couldnt find her anywhere. (NMET 2000北京春招卷) A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing to 四、 在if引导的虚拟条件句中 在if引导的虚拟语气条件句中含有had，were，should时，可以把had，were，should放在句首，省略if。 高考链接： 19. _ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge. (NMET 1994上海卷) A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will 20. _ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often.