语言学Chapter 1.ppt

Chapter1 Introduction Contents 1 1Whatislinguistics1 2Whatislanguage 1 1WhatisLinguistics 1 1 1Definition Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage 1 languagecf alanguage languages2 studyc f learn3 scientific data hypothesis theory 1 1 2Thescopeoflinguistics 1 General specificlinguistics2 Branches音 phonetics phonology形 morphology syntax义 semantics pragmatics用 appliedlinguistics second languageacquisition 交 sociolinguistics psycholinguistics neurolinguistics 1 1 3Developmentoflinguistics 1 traditionalgrammar2 linguistics historicallinguisticsstructurallinguisticsgenerativegrammarsystemicfunctionalgrammar 1 1 4Distinctioninlinguistics 1 Traditionalgrammar 传统语法1 writtenvs spokenlanguage2 prescriptivevs descriptive 规定性 描写性 Traditionalgrammarianspaidmoreattentiontothewrittenformofthelanguage Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasthenaturalortheprimarymediumofhumanlanguage Ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor correctandstandard behaviorinusinglanguage i e totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay itissaidtobeprescriptive Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse itissaidtobedescriptive 2 Historicallinguistics 历史语言学diachronicvs synchronic 历时 共时 Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy orhistoricalstudy Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy 3 Structurallinguistics 结构主义语言学1 Saussure2 languevs parole 语言 言语 Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity Parolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse 4 Generativegrammar 生成语法1 Chomsky2 competenceandperformance Competenceisdefinedastheidealuser sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage Performanceastheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication 1 2Whatislanguage 1 2 1Definitionsoflanguage 1 StructuralapproachLanguageisasetofrules Chess 2 FunctionalapproachLanguageisatoolforhumancommunication handkerchief 3 ComprehensiveapproachLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication 1 2 2Designfeatures Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyothersystemofcommunication 1 DualityLanguageisasystemconsistingoftwolevels soundsandmeaning meaningsound 2 ArbitrarinessThereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds a Languageisarbitraryinnature book 书women 我们b Certainwordsaremotivated 理据 Onomatopoeia bang 布谷 3 ProductivityLanguageuserscanproducenewsentencesorunderstandthemwithoutanydifficulty This thegirl woman lady femaleisprobably certainly surely Ithink Ibelieve wethink webelieveagorgeous lovely pretty beautiful cute ravishingone girl woman lady female26words 1680sentences soundsoundsequence word sequence 48500 000 4 DisplacementLanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingsa whicharerealorimaginedmatters e g Everybodywillhaveafreelunchtoday b whicharepresentornot intimeorplace e g Long longago 在那遥远的地方 有个好姑娘 5 Culturaltransmission1 Humancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis Onlyhumanbeingscanlearnlanguage Noanimalcanmasterlanguage Ifdamagedonthehead onecan tspeakorunderstandlanguage 2 Languageispassedonbyteachingandlearning ratherbyinstinct 1 2 3Functionsoflanguage 1 Phatic 寒暄 tomaintainsocialcontacte g greetingsfarewellscommentsonweather 2 Directive 指令 togetthehearerdosth e g Handsup 3 Performative 行为 helpthespeakerdothingse g Ipromise 4 Informative 信息 totelltheinformatione g Iwilltellyouasecret 5 Interrogative 问讯 toaskfortheinformatione g Doyouknowhersecret Howareyoutoday Verybad Mysonisbeaten mywifeismissingandIlosemyjob Haveyoueaten Notyet I dliketogowithyou 6 Expressive 表情 torevealone sfeelingse g Iloveyou motherland 7 Evocative 唤情 tocreatefeelingsinthehearere g Comrades Supplementaryreading 1 M A K Halliday Systemicfunctionalgrammar ideational 概念 interpersonal 人际 textual 语篇 2 Jakobsonemotive 情感referential 指示poetic 诗意phatic 寒暄metalinguistic 元语言 Applicationintranslati