05. 于老师 非谓语动词专题.doc

非谓语动词专题1. 动词不定式的构成动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to。动词不定式保留有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语，从而构成动词不定式短语，如：He tried to work out the problem in five minutes. 不定式有不同的时态和语态。时态形式主动语态被动语态一般式to doto be done进行式to be doing完成式to have doneto have been done完成进行式to have been doing考点1 不定式的一般式、进行式和完成式1. 不定式的一般式表示动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生。 She appears to be satisfied. Our headmaster is going to Shanghai to attend a meeting.2. 不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行 They seem to be getting along quite well.3. 不定式的完成式表示过去已完成的动作，还可表示过去没有实现的愿望。 You appear to have known about it. I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot. (=I had meant to telephone)4. 不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语动词的动作之前就已经发生，并一直延续着。 The boy was happy to have been staying with his uncle.考点2 不定式的被动形式 不定式有两种形式的被动式：to be done 和 to have been done。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者时， 不定式一般用被动形式。如果不定式的逻辑主语是动作的执行者，不定式用主动式。 I wish to be loved and respected by all. This novel is said to have been translated into English.考点3 不定式的否定式 动词不定式的否定式是在动词不定式前加not 或never构成的。So as to do sth 和in order to do sth 的否定式是将否定词置于不定式符号to之前。 He pretended not to have seen me when I passed by. Mr. Smith warned his daughter never to drive after drinking. He studies hard in order not to fall behind the other classmates.达标训练一、单项选择1. With Fathers Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank _ presents for my dad. A buy B to buy C buying D to have bought2. _ as an Olympic event, a sport must be played in at least 75 countries on at least 4 continents. A To accept B Having accepted C To be accepted D Accepting3. Due to the heavy rain and flooding, ten million people have been forced _ their homes. A leaving B to leave C to be left D being left4. I feel greatly honored _ into their society. A to welcome B welcoming C to be welcomed D welcomed5. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. A to see B to be seen C seeing D seen6. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. A to have studied B to study C to be studying D to have been studying7. When mother came in, Little Tom pretended _ in his study. A to read B to have read C to be reading D to be read8. I dont now whether you happen _, but Im going to study in the USA this September. A to be heard B to be hearing C to hear D to have heard9. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears _ everything. A to tell B to be told C to be telling D to have been told10. To fetch water before breakfast seemed to me a rule _. A to never break B never to be broken C never to have broken D never to be breaking二、词语填空：用动词的适当形式填空1. You were silly not _ (lock)your car.2. We looked everywhere for the keys, but they are nowhere _(find)3. His first book _(publish) next month is based on a true story.4. _(complete) the project in time, the staff were working at weekends.5. -Is Bob still performing? -Im afraid not. He is said _(leave)the stage already as he has become an official.6. The flu is believed _(cause)by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.三、完成句子：用不定式的适当形式完成下列句子1. 我们的校长要去上海参加一个会议。Our headmaster is going to Shanghai _2. 我希望受到大家的爱戴和尊敬I wish _ and respected by all.3. 怀特先生警告他的女儿放学后绝不要在学校逗留。Mr. White told his daughter _ after school4. 据说这个城市发展成了一个现代艺术中心。The city is said _ into a modern arts center.5. 据说这部小说已经译成了英语。This novel is said _ into English.2. 动词不定式的句法功能 不定式具有名词、形容词、副词的功能，在句中可用作除谓语以外的所有句子成分， 包括主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语，有时还可用作插入语，但不能用作谓语。考点1 不定式做主语：不定式可以直接做主语。为了避免头重脚轻，通常将作主语的不定式置于句子后部，而在句首的主语位置使用形式主语it. To travel to the moon by spaceship is my dream. It is my great honor to be invited to your birthday party.考点2 不定式作表语：不定式作表语常用来说明主语的具体内容或表示目的。有三种情况： 1）用seem, appear, prove, turn out等系动词之后的不定式 She seems to be very happy these days. 2) 主语与表语“等价”的情形：My job is to sweep the floor. 3) 情态将来“应该，必须”表示义务、命令、想法、约定、可能性等。You are not to smoke in this room.考点3 不定式作宾语：不定式可以充当及物动词的宾语。也可做个别介词（but, except）的宾语。 He agreed to go there with me after school. He has nothing to do but/except watch TV. I find t difficult to learn Japanese well.考点4 不定式作宾补：动词不定式可以在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾补”句型中充当宾语补足语。 What caused him to change his mind? We are waiting for the doctor to arrive. The doctors made him give up smoking.考点5 不定式作定语：不定式作定语时，须放在其修饰的名词或代词之后，与其所修饰的名词或代词之间存在着一定得逻辑关系（主谓关系、动宾关系、修饰关系） Hes always the first person to come and the last to leave. He s a pleasant fellow to work with. I have a strong wish to go to college.考点6 不定式作状语：不定式作状语可以表示多种关系（如：目的、结果、原因、条件）。动词不定式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。 I went to France to learn French. (表目的，不能有逗号) He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feel.（出人意料） I am very happy to have passed the examination. （在情绪形容词后，作原因状语）考点7 不定式作插入语：用作独立成分，表明说话人的态度。 1. to tell the truth to be honest to begin with to be exact to be frank with you达标训练一、单项选择1. We were astonished _ the temple still in its original condition. A finding B to find C find D to be found2. The doctor thought _would be good for you to have a holiday. A this B that C one d it3. _, the pay isnt attractive enough, though the job itself is quite interesting. A Generally speaking B On the contrary C In particular D To be honest4. The purpose of the exchange program is _ the understanding between the two countries. A to promote B to have promoted C to promoting D promoted5. The message is very important, so it is supposed _ as soon as possible. A to be sent B to send C being sent D sending6. Im going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything _? A to be buying B to buy C for buying D bought7. -Did the book give the information you needed? -Yes. But _it, I had to read the entire book. A to find B find C to finding D finding8. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _ whether he was going in the right direction. A seeing B having seen C to have seen D to see9. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. A to see B to be seen C seeing D seen10. Is _- necessary to complete the design before National Day? A this B that C it D he11. The chairman thought _ necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting. A that B it C this D him12. There are five pairs _, but Im at a loss which to buy. A to be chosen B to choose from C to choose D for choosing13. The fact that she was foreign made _ difficult for her to get a job in that country. A so B much C that D it 二、词语填空：用动词的适当形式填空。1. I have a lot of readings _(complete) before the end of this term.2. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _(tell)the film stars had left.3. All these gifts must be mailed immediately so as to _(receive) in time for Christmas.4. _(tell)you the truth, Helen was not the last _(leave) the office.5. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role _ (play)in making the earth a better place to live.三、完成句子：用不定式的适当形式完成下列句子1. There is nothing _.(没有什么可担心的)2. I saw him _(把你的字典拿走了)3. You should not miss any chance _(你不应该错过任何练习英语的机会)4. We agreed _but so far she hasnt turned up yet. (我们同意在此见面的，但到现在她都没露面。)5. _, people might take you for an American. (要是听到你说英语的话，人们还会误以为你是美国人呢。)3. “疑问词+不定式”和不定式的复合结构考点1 “疑问词+不定式”结构不定式可以和疑问代词who, whom, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how以及连词whether 等连用，在句中一起作主语、表语、宾语和同位语，可扩展为相应的名词性从句。When and where to build the house hasnt been decided yet?Marx gave us some advice on how to learn a foreign language.The question is which way to take.考点2 动词不定式的复合结构 动词不定式的逻辑主语有时需要明确表示，这时可用介词for 或of引出逻辑主语，构成for sb to do sth./for sth to be done和of sb to do sth 结构。这就是不定式的复合结构。这种结构在句中作主语、表语、定语或状语等 It is easy for a girl not to remember what she doesnt want to remember. I sent him some pictures for him to see what Paris is like. Its very nice of you to make us feel at home soon after we moved here. It is typical of him to take hard jobs.考点3 多变的不定式符号“to”1）不定式符号“to”的单独使用：为了避免重复，可以用不定式符号“to”来代替不定式结构，省去不定式中和句子前后重复的部分。注意：不定式的完成式一般保留“to have”；to be 结构中的be 不能省略。-Will you join us in a talk? -Yes, Ill be glad to. I saw him riding his bicycle in the park and I told him not to.China is no longer what it used to be.2）不定式符号“to”的省略：make/have/let sb do; see/hear/watch/ notice/ observe sb do; had better/ would rather/why not do; cannot help but/other than do3）并列不定式省略“to”的情况：当前后两个不定式有对比或对照关系时，不可省略toIt is easier to persuade people than to force them. They came not to save us, but to conquer us.达标训练一、单项选择1. -Its no use having ideas only. -Dont worry. Peter can show you _ to turn an idea into an act. A how B who C what D where2. He told us whether _ a picture was still under discussion. A to have B having C have D had3. Last summer I took a course on _. A how to make dresses B how dresses he make C how to be made dresses D how dresses to be made4. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows _. A it what to do with B what to do it with C what to do with it D to do what with it5. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job. A expected B to expect C to be expecting D expects6. The mother didnt know who _ for the broken glass as it happened while she was out. A blamed B to be blamed C to blame D would blame7. We all think it most foolish _ this mistake. A for you making B of you to make C you to make D for you to make8. It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness _. A to make B to be made C making D being made9. Nowadays people something separate their waste to make it easier for it _. A reusing B reused C reuses D to be reused10. -My mother is preparing my favorite dishes. Go with me and have a taste, okay?-_. And Ill be glad to meet your parents. A I think so B Id love to C Im sure D I hope so11. -Whats the matter with Della? -Well, her parents wouldnt allow her to go to the party, but she will _. A hopes to B hopes so C hopes not D hopes for12. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A not to B not to do C not do it D do not to13. -Would you like to come for a walk with me? -Id prefer _-; thank you. A not to B to not C not D cant 14. China has promised to revise its existing regulations and _ new policies according to WTO requirements. A forming B to form C to be forming D have formed15. It is the greatest happiness on earth _. A loving and to be loved B to love and being loved C to love and to be loved D to love and be loved二、完成句子：用不定式的适当形式完成下列句子1. This is _(这由你来决定)2. It was silly _ like that. (吉姆那样做事，真是太棒了)3. _is not known yet. (在哪里开会还不知道呢。)4. They will teach us _. (他们将教我们怎样使用这台机器)5. Though I didnt _, I was persuaded to go there.(我本不想去那里，但经不住别人劝说还是去了)6. -Are you an engineer? -No, but I _. (不，可我想成为工程师)4. 动词ing形式的构成考点1动词ing形式的构成 动词ing形式保留动词的基本特征，可以带有自己的宾语和状语（系动词还可带表语），构成动词ing形式短语 动词ing形式有时态和语态的变化。它有一般式和完成式两种时态形式，并有被动的形式时态 语态主动形式被动形式肯定式否定式肯定式否定式一般式doingnot doingbeing donenot being done完成式having donenot having donehaving been donenot having been done1. 动词ing形式的一般式：表示一般性的动作，或表示于谓语动作几乎同时发生。 Working hard will produce good results. “Cant you read?” Mary said angrily pointing to the notice.2. 动词ing形式的完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，强调动作已经完成。 Having watered the vegetables, we began to dig the ground.3. 动词ing形式的被动式：当动词ing形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，用其被动形式。 I appreciate being invited to your home. Having been criticized by the teacher, Wang Ming gave up smoking.4. 动词ing形式的否定式：在其前加 not等否定词 Im sorry for not being present at the meeting in time. Not having been informed of the change in the meeting time, Mike arrived late.考点2 动词ing形式的复合结构当动词ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语时， 一般在ing前加形容词性物主代词或名词所有格。这种带有自己的逻辑主语的ing形式称作动词ing形式的复合结构。此结构在句子中可以作主语、宾语或表语。1）此结构用作宾语时，所有格可以用宾格和名词普通格代替。 Would you mind my/me turning up the radio a little? She insisted on Peters/Peter going there first/2）此结构作主语或作表语时，通常只用名词所有格形式作其逻辑主语。 Toms marrying Mary made his parents very angry.3）当动词ing形式的逻辑主语是无生命的东西时，通常不用物主代词或名词所有格。 I look forward to it getting warmer in spring. 一句话：his/Toms doing结构可做主语、宾语或表语；him/Tom doing 只可做宾语。达标训练一、单项选择1. The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and _less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat. A being weighed B to weigh C weighed D weighing2. _ many times, he finally understood it. A Told B Telling C Having told D Having been told3. _ in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car. A Waiting B To wait C Having waited D To have waited4. _ that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest. A Not realized B Not to realize C Not realizing D Not to have realized5. _ around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games. A Having shown B To be shown C Having been shown D To show6. I would appreciate _ back this afternoon. A you to call B you call C your calling D youre calling7. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _ could be heard outside the classroom. A opened and closed B to be opened and closed C being opened and closed D to open and close8. _ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. A The president will attend B The president to attend C The president attended D The presidents attending9. Victor apologized for _ to inform me of the change in the plan. A his being not able B him not to be able C his not being able D him to be not able10. The lawyer listened with full attention, _ to miss any point. A not trying B trying not C to try not D not to try二、词语填空：用动词的适当形式填空。1. “You cant catch me!”Jennet shouted, _(run )away.2. _(not know)her address, we couldnt get in touch with her.3. _(not complete) the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.4. _(separate) from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.5. The discovery of new evidence led to the thief _(catch)三、完成句子：用动词的适当形式完成下列句子1. I appreciate _ to your home. (我对被邀请去你家做客表示谢意)2. Would you mind _ your telephone? (我用用你的电话介意么？)3. Im sorry for _ at the meeting in time. (我很抱歉没能按时赴会)4. _ the vegetables, we began to dig the ground. (我们浇过菜之后，就开始挖地)5. _by the teacher, Wang Ming gave up smoking. (受到老师批评后，王明戒烟了)。5. 动词ing形式的句法功能 动词ing形式具有名词、形容词、副词的功能，在句中可用作除谓语以外的所有句子成分，包括主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语，有时还可以用作独立成分考点1动词ing形式作主语 It is no use trying to persuade him. Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.提示：Being done 作主语时，being不可省略，因为过去分词done不能作主语 Being lost can be a terrifying experience.考点2动词ing形式作表语，说明主语的具体内容。这样表语与主语“等价” His job is delivering newspapers.提示：有些动词ing形式作表语，可以说明主语的性质特征“令人.的” The news was very disappointing.考点3动词ing形式作宾语，动词ing形式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语，也可以充当介词的宾语。 Many stude