植物学及园艺学英文版 botany and horticulture (30).ppt

Chapter10 TheNeolithicTransition TheDomesticationofPlantsandAnimals ChapterPreview WhenandWhereDidtheChangefromFoodForagingtoFoodProductionBegin WhyDidtheChangeTakePlace WhatWeretheConsequencesoftheNeolithicTransition WhenandWhereDidtheChangefromFoodForagingtoFoodProductionBegin MesolithicRootsofFarmingandPastoralism ReferstotheMiddleStoneAgeofEuropeandSouthwestAsia beganabout12 000yearsago ThetermArchaicculturesisusedtorefertoMesolithicculturesintheAmericas MesolithicRootsofFarmingandPastoralism AftertheextinctionofIceAgemegafauna huntersandgatherersexpandedtheirrepertoireoffoods broadspectrumrevolutionThisbroadeningofthedietcouldnothavebeenaccomplishedwithoutthetechnologicalchangesassociatedwithmicroliths Microliths Asmallbladeofflintorsimilarstone severalofwhichwerehaftedtogetherinwoodenhandlestomaketools AlthoughamicrolithictraditionexistedinCentralAfricabyabout40 000yearsago suchtoolsdidnotbecomecommonelsewhereuntiltheMesolithic Microliths Microlithscouldbeattachedtoarroworothertoolshaftsbyusingmeltedresinasabinder TheMesolithicpeoplescouldmakesickles harpoons arrows knives anddaggersbyfittingmicrolithsintoslotsinwood bone orantlerhandles Natufians TheNatufiansfromSouthwestAsiaweretheearliestMesolithicpeopleknowntohavestoredplantfoods Basin shapeddepressionsarepreservedintherocksoutsideoftheirhomes Natufians Livedatatimeofdramaticallychangingclimatesintheregion Shallowlakesdriedup leavingjustthreeintheJordanRiverValley Theplantsbestadaptedtoinstabilityandseasonalariditywereannuals includingwildcerealgrainsandlegumes Natufians Natufiansmodifiedtheirsubsistencepractices Regularlyfiredthelandscapetopromotebrowsingbyreddeerandgrazingbygazelles Placedgreateremphasisonthecollectionofwildseedsfromannualplantsthatcouldbestoredthroughthedryseason Neolithic TheNewStoneAge beganabout11 000yearsagoinSouthwestAsia TheNeolithicrevolutionreferstotheprofoundculturalchangeswhichfollowedthedomesticationofplantsandanimalsbypeopleswithstone basedtechnologies beginningabout10 000yearsago TheNeolithicandCulturalChange TheculturalchangesassociatedwiththeNeolithictookthousandsofyearstodevelop Noteveryonechangedatthesamerateoratthesametime TheNeolithicandCulturalChange Thesourceofallthesechangeswasinnovation anewidea method ordevicethatgainswidespreadacceptanceinsociety 1 primaryinnovation thechancecreation invention ordiscoveryofacompletelynewidea method ordevice 2 secondaryinnovation thedeliberateapplicationormodificationofanexistingidea method ordevice Domestication Anevolutionaryprocesswherebyhumansmodify intentionallyorunintentionally thegeneticmakeupofplantsoranimals sometimestotheextentthatmembersofthepopulationareunabletosurviveand orreproducewithouthumanassistance Analysisofplantandanimalremainsatasitewillindicatewhethertheoccupantswerefoodproducers EvidenceofEarlyPlantDomestication Domesticatedplantsgenerallydifferfromtheirwildancestorsinthefollowingways Increasedsizeofediblepartsreductionorlossofnaturalmeansofseeddispersalreductionorlossofprotectivedevicessuchashusksordistastefulchemicalcompoundsthatkeepanimalsfromeatingthemlossofdelayedseedgerminationdevelopmentofsimultaneousripeningoftheseedorfruit EvidenceofEarlyAnimalDomestication Domesticationalsoproducedchangesintheskeletalstructureofsomeanimals Mostdomesticatedfemalesheephavenohorns Thesizeofananimaloritspartscanvarywithdomesticationasseeninthesmallersizeofcertainteethofdomesticatedpigscomparedtothoseofwildones DomesticationofMaize Teosinte A comparedto5 500 year oldmaize B andmodernmaize C Teosinte thewildgrassfromhighlandMexicofromwhichmaizeoriginated isfarlessproductiveanddoesn ttasteverygood Domesticationtransformeditintosomethinghighlydesirable WhyDidtheChangeTakePlace BeginningsofDomestication Foodproductionwasnottheresultofnewdiscoveriesaboutplanting peoplewereveryknowledgeableaboutplantsandanimals Theswitchtofoodproductiondidnotfreepeoplefromhardwork Foodproductionisnotnecessarilyamoresecuremeansofsubsistencethanforaging OasisTheory Domesticationbeganbecausetheoasisattractedhungryanimals Theanimalsweretoothintoeat sopeoplebegantofattenthemup Theoryfelloutoffavorasstudiesoftheoriginsofdomesticationwerebeguninthelate1940s TheFertileCrescent TheFertileCrescent DomesticationbeganintheFertileCrescent Archaeologicaldatasuggestthedomesticationofryeasearlyas13 000yearsagobypeoplelivingatasite AbuHureyra eastofAleppo Syria althoughwildplantsandanimalscontinuedtobetheirmajorfoodsources Overthenextseveralmillenniatheybecamefull fledgedfarmers cultivatingryeandwheat By10 300yearsago othersintheregionwerealsogrowingcrops DomesticationofSheep Domesticationofsheepresultedinevolutionarychangesthatcreatedmorewool AreasofEarlyPlantandAnimalDomestication Domesticationalsotookplaceinthefollowingareas SoutheastAsiapartsoftheAmericas CentralAmerica theAndeanhighlands thetropicalforestsofSouthAmerica andeasternNorthAmerica northernChinaAfrica AreasofEarlyPlantandAnimalDomestication SoutheastAsiaisknowforearlyricecultivationandvegeculture thecultivationofdomesticatedrootcrops suchasyamsandtaroAsplantdomesticationincreased sodidsocietiesbasedhorticulture cultivationofcropscarriedoutwithsimplehandtoolssuchasdiggingsticksorhoes AreasofEarlyPlantandAnimalDomestication DomesticationtookplaceinsuchwidelyscatteredareasasSouthwestAsia A1 CentralAfrica A2 China B1 SoutheastAsia B2 Mesoamerica C1 SouthAmerica C2 andNorthAmerica C3 NonedibleDomesticatesinPeru IncoastalPeru theearliestdomesticateswerethenon ediblebottlegourd liketheoneshowntotheleft andcotton Theywereusedtomakenetsandfloatstocatchfish whichwasanimportantsourceoffood SubsistenceTrendsinMexico sTehuacanValley ChiliPeppersinMexico InMexico chilipeppershavebeenapartofthedietformillennia esp asaflavorenhancer Thisillustrationfroma16th centuryAztecmanuscriptshowsawomanthreateningherchildwithpunishmentbybeingexposedtosmokefromchilipeppers Chilismokewasalsousedasakindofchemicalweaponinwarfare DomesticationToday Whenfirstbegun domesticationwastheoutcomeoftraditionalfood foragingactivities Todaygeneticallyengineeredcropsarebeingcreatedtosurvivemassiveapplicationsofherbicidesandpesticidesandnottoproduceviableseeds WhatWeretheConsequencesoftheNeolithicTransition ConsequencesofDomestication Cropsbecomemoreproductiveandmorevulnerable Periodicallypopulationoutstripsfoodsuppliesandpeopleareapttomoveintonewregions Inthisway farminghasoftenspreadfromoneregiontoanother asintoEuropefromSouthwestAsia TheSpreadofFoodProduction Althoughdomesticationincreasesproductivity italsoincreasesinstability Varietieswiththehighestyieldsbecomethefocusofhumanattention whileothervarietiesarelessvaluedandultimatelyignored Farmersbecomedependentonarathernarrowrangeofresources comparedtothewiderangeutilizedbyfoodforagers TheSpreadofFoodProduction FromSouthwestAsia forinstance farmingspreadnorthwestwardeventuallytoallofEurope westwardtoNorthAfrica andeastwardtoIndia DomesticatedvariantsalsospreadfromChinaandSoutheastAsiawestward SorghumandotherdomesticatesalsospreadfromWestAfrica tothesoutheast creatingthemodernfar reachingdistributionofspeakersofBantulanguages TheSpreadofFoodProduction Thosewhobroughtcropstonewlocationsbroughtotherthingsaswell includinglanguages beliefs andnewallelesforhumangenepools NeolithicCulture Jericho ThebestknownNeolithicsiteisJericho afarmingcommunityintheJordanRiverValleyofPalestine Excavationsrevealedtheremainsofasizablefarmingcommunityinhabitedasearlyas10 350yearsago Cropscouldbegrownalmostcontinuously duetothepresenceofaspringandtherichsoilsofanIceAgelakethathaddriedupsome3 000yearsearlier Flood bornedepositsoriginatingintheJudeanhighlandstothewestregularlyrenewedsoilfertility NeolithicCulture Jericho Toprotectagainstfloods mudflows andinvaders thepeopleofJerichobuiltmassivewallsofstonearoundit Insidethewalls 61 2feetwideand12feethigh aswellasalargerock cutditch 27feetwideand9feetdeep anestimated400to900peoplelivedinhousesofmudbrickwithplasteredfloorsarrangedaroundcourtyards Astonetowerthatwouldhavetaken100people104daystobuildwaslocatedinsideonecornerofthewall NeolithicCulture Jericho Acemeteryreflectsthesedentarylifeoftheseearlypeople nomadicgroupsrarelyburiedtheirdeadinasinglecentrallocation ClosecontactbetweenfarmersofJerichoandothervillagesisindicatedbycommonfeaturesinart ritual useofprestigegoods andburialpractices OtherevidenceoftradeconsistsofobsidianandturquoisefromSinaiaswellasmarineshellsfromthecoast alldiscoveredinsidethewallsofJericho NeolithicMaterialCulture Technology Peopledevelopedscythes forks hoes andplowstoreplacetheirsimplediggingsticks Pestlesandmortarswereusedforpreparationofgrain Plowswereredesignedwhendomesticatedcattlebecameavailableforuseasdraftanimals NeolithicMaterialCulture Pottery Potteryvesselscouldbeusedforstoringsmallgrain seeds andothermaterials Potterywasalsousedforcooking pipes ladles lamps andotherobjects Someculturesusedlargevesselsfordisposalofthedead Widespreaduseofpotteryisagoodindicationofasedentarycommunity NeolithicMaterialculture Pottery ThispotteryvesselfromTurkeywasmadearound7 600yearsago Pigswereunderdomesticationasearlyas10 500to11 000yearsagoinsoutheasternTurkey NeolithicMaterialCulture Housing SomeNeolithicpeoplesconstructedhousesofwood whileothersbuiltelaboratesheltersmadeofstone sun driedbrick orpolesplasteredtogetherwithmudorclay Althoughpermanenthousingfrequentlygoesalongwithfoodproduction thereisevidencethathousingcouldexistwithoutfoodproduction OnthenorthwesterncoastofNorthAmerica peoplelivedinhousesmadeofheavyplankshewnfromcedarlogs yettheirfoodconsistedentirelyofwildplants NeolithicMaterialCulture Clothing Forthefirsttimeinhistory clothingwasmadeofwoventextiles Rawmaterialscamefrom flaxandcottonfromfarmingwoolfromdomesticatedsheepsilkfromsilkwormsspindleandloomfromthehumanmind NeolithicArchitecture Stonehenge SometimesNeolithicvillagescreatedcommunalworks Stonehenge England datesbacktoabout4 500yearsago Itsconstructionrelatestothenewattitudestowardtheearthandforcesofnatureassociatedwithfoodproduction NeolithicSocialStructure relativelyegalitarianwithminimaldivisi