语法规则(7)-连词.doc

连 词课标考点定位初步掌握并列连词在并列句的用法。初步掌握从属连词在复合句中的基本用法。课标知识梳理连词是连接词与词，短语与短语以及句子与句子的词。连词是虚词，在句子中不能单独充当句子成分。一、连词的分类按本身的含义及其所连接的成分的性质，连词可分为并列连词和从属连词两类。1、并列连词并列连词是连接两个并列关系的词、短语或句子的连词。根据其意义，并列连词又可分为表示关联、转折、选择和因果等四种关系的连词。如：and, but, or, for, so, not onlybut also, eitheror,bothand,neithernor等。2、从属连词从属连词是引导状语从句、宾语从句及其他从句的连词，引导状语从句的从属连词。有after, when, while,before, as soon as, because, since, until, if, (al)though, so that等。引导宾语从句及其他从句的从属连词有that, if, whether, what等。二、常用并列连词的用法（一）表示关联的连词表示关联关系的并列连词有：and, bothand, neithernor,not onlybut also,as well as等。其用法如下：1、and的用法（1）and用于肯定的并列。如：I am a student and he is a teacher. 我是学生，他是老师。He and I are good friends. 他和我是好朋友。She started to shout and cry. 她开始大哭大叫。（2）and用在动词come, go run, stay, stop等不及物动词之后代替to，与另一个动词连接，此时第二个动词表示目的。如：Go and buy a pencil for me. 去给我买支铅笔。（3）用于“祈使句+and+句子”结构中，祈使句表示条件，后面的句子表示结果。如：Study hard and youll pass the exam. 努力学习你就会通过这次考试。Use your head and find a way. 动动脑子你就会有法。2、bothand的用法bothand与and的作用基本相同，但不能并列连接两个句子，其语气也比and强。如：The film is both interesting and instructive. 这部电影不但有趣，而且有教育意义。He has both courage and perseverance. 他既有勇气又有毅力。3、neithernor的用法neithernor为bothand的否定形式，其用法也大致相同。如：Neither I nor he has seen the film. 我和他都没看过那部电影。I neither smoke nor drink. 我既不吸烟也不喝酒。4、not onlybut also和as well as的用法not onlybut also和as well as的用法与and相似，只是各自的侧重点不同，用not onlybut also时，侧重点在but also后面的部分，用as well as侧重点在as well as前面部分。试比较：She has not only knowledge but also experience. 她既有知识，又有经验。She has knowledge as well as experience. 她既有经验，又有知识。She is not only clever but (also) beautiful. 她不但聪明而且美丽。She is clever as well as beautiful . 她不仅美丽而且聪明。（二）表示选择的连词表示选择关系的并列连词有：or, eitheror, whetheror,ratherthan, or else, otherwise等。1、or的用法（1）在陈述句中，连接两个通常在内容上相互排斥的部分。如：The book will cost $8 or $9. 这本书的价钱为8或9美元。Tom or I am to be blame. 不是汤姆，就是我该受责备。（2）在否定句或否定结构中，表示并列的两个部分都是否定。如：He cant speak English or Chinese. 他不会说英语，也不会说汉语。He studied for one whole day, without any food or rest. 他学了整整一天，既不吃饭也不休息。（3）or还有“否则”的意思。如：Take this bus or you wont get there in time. 搭这辆公共汽车吧，否则你无法及时到达那里。2、eitheror的用法eitheror和or一样可表选择意义，但选择的意义较or强。如：You can either stay at home or go fishing. 你可以呆在家里，或是去钓鱼。I want to visit either Paris or London. 我想去巴黎或者伦敦。Either Tom or I am to be blame. 不是汤姆，就是我该受责备。3、whetheror的用法Whether he drives or takes the bus, hell be here on time.不管他是开车去还是坐公交车去，他都会准时到。4、rather than的用法He went rather than stay as an unwelcome guest. 他走了，不愿待着做个不受欢迎的人。5、or else与otherwise的用法or else,otherwise通常接在祈使句的后面。如：Hurry up or else/otherwise youll be late. 赶快，否则你会迟到的。Seize the chance, or else/otherwise you will regret it. 抓住机会，否则你会后悔的。（三）表示转折的连词表示转折关系的并列连词有：but, while, still, yet, however。转折连词表示委婉的转折，或表示情况相反，形成鲜明对照。如：She is very busy, but she always finds time for homework. 尽管她很忙，她还是找时间做家务。Wang works hard, while Li doesnt. 小王学习很用功，而小李不行。He was ill, still she kept on working. 尽管他有病，但是他还是坚持工作。They did their best, yet they were defeated. 他们尽了力，却还是失败了。He apologized, however, I wont forgive him. 他道歉了，然而我不会原谅他。（四）表示因果的连词表示因果关系的并列连词有for, so, therefore, thus等。1、for（因为）作并列连词，表示原因时，只能用在表示结果的句子之后，且用逗号隔开，通常用来对前面的句子进行说明解释或提供证据。如：He will surely succeed, for he works hard. 他一定会成功，因为他工作很努力。It is morning, for the birds are singing. 是早晨了，因为鸟叫了。2、so（所以），therefore（因此），thus（因而）等副词常可放在表示结果的句子之前，表示结果。如：It was late, so we went home. 天色已晚，所以我们回家了。He was busy, therefore he could not come. 他忙，所以不能来。His car broke down, thus he was late for work. 他的车坏了，因而他上班迟到了。三、从属连词的用法（一）引导名词性从句的从属连词引导名词性从句的从属连词有连接代词who, whose, whom, whoever, whatever, what, which等，它们在句中可作状语；连接词主要有that, if, whether, as if, as though等，它们在句中不充当任何句子成分。如：Who wrote the novel is unknown. 谁写小说还不清楚。What we need is more time. 我们需要的是更多的时间。Which team will win the championship is uncertain. 哪一个队会得冠军还说不准。Whenever you act like that is against the law. 无论什么时候你那么做都是违法的。Wherever you go is your own business. 无论你去哪都是你说了算。How vast the universe is passes human imagination. 宇宙有多辽阔超出了人类的想像。Do you know why he didnt attend the meeting. 你知道他为什么参加会议吗？It seems that he will not agree with us. 似乎他不同意我们的意见。Could you tell me if/whether his father works in this factory?你能告诉我他父亲是否在这个工厂工作吗？Whether he comes or not, we will begin our meeting on time. 不管他来还是不来，我们都将准时开会。She seems as if she had done a great thing. 她看起来好像做了一件大事似的。【特别提示】引导宾语从句的从属连词that在口语中往往被省略。在think, believe等动词引起的宾语从句中，有的谓语尽管具有否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将主句谓语think等动词变为否定形式。一般认为whether用来引导宾语从句，后面可加上or not，而在if引导的从句中则不加。（二）引导状语从句的从属连词1、引导时间状语从句的从属连词如：when, while, as, after, before, since, until/till, as soon as, once等。I went out for a walk when I met Joe. 我出去散步了，碰见了乔。We should strike while the iron is hot. 我们要趁热打铁。He song songs as he was taking a bath. 他一边洗澡一边唱歌。I played video games after I finished my homework. 做完功课后，我玩电子游戏。Look before you leap. 三思而后行。Its just a week since we arrived here. 我们到这里刚一个星期。It was not until he told me that I knew it. 直到他告诉我，我才知道。We will send you the goods as soon as we receive your cheque. 我们一收到支票就发货。Once you begin, you must go on. 你一开了头，就应该继续下去。【特别提示】一般说来，状语从句在主句之前，要用逗号使之与主句隔开，而状语从句后置则不用。2、引导原因状语从句的从属连词。如：because, as, since等。He went to bed early because he was tired. 他因为疲倦所以早睡。As I had a fever, I was absent from school. 因为发烧了，所以我没去上课。Since everybody is here, lets begin. 既然大家都在，我们开始吧。3、引导地点状语从句的从属连词。如：where, wherever. Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。Wherever I may be, I will be happy. 无论在哪里，我都会快乐。4、引导条件状语从句的从属连词。如：if, ever if, in case, unless, so/as long as等。What shall we do if it rains tomorrow. 如果明天下雨，我们该怎么办。I wont lose heart ever if I fail again. 即使我又失败，我也不会灰心。In case there is amy difficulty, ask him to help you. 如果有困难，就叫他帮你。He will not come unless he is invited. 除非被邀请否则他是不会来的。You may use the room as long as you keep it clean. 只要你保持清洁，你可以用这房间。5、引导让步状语从句的从属连词。如：though/although, as, even if/even though, wherever, however, whatever, whoever, no matter how/what/which等。Though /Although he is old, he still works hard. 虽然他老了，他还是努力工作。Much as I would like to help, I have other work to do. 虽然我很想帮助你，但是我有其他事情要做。Even if you were here yesterday, you couldnt help him. 即使明天你在这儿，你也帮不了他。Wherever he goes, he is happy to help others. 无论他走到哪里，他都乐于助人。Whoever you may be, yo have no right to do such a thing. 无论你是谁，你也无权做这样的事。6、引导目的状语从句的从属连词。如：that, so that, in order that, lest等。We climbed high that we might get a better view. 为了开阔视野，我们爬得很高。Come round to the window I can see you. 绕到窗子前面去，好让我看到你们。He got up early in order that he could catch the first bus. 他起得很早，为的是能赶上第一趟公交车。Be careful lest you fail from that tree. 你要小心免得从树上掉下来。7、引导结果状语从句的从属连词。如：so that, sothat, suchthat, that等。It was very cold, so that the water in the bowl froze. 天气很冷，碗里的水都结冰了。She was so moved that tears came to her eyes. 她感动得热泪盈眶。He told us such a funny story that we all laughed. 他给我们讲的故事很滑稽，我们都笑了。8、引导方式状语从句的从属连词。如：as, as if , as though等。Why didnt you do as I told you to do? 你为什么不照我说的去做呢？Lucy cried as if her heart would break. 露茜哭得好像心要碎了。9、引导比较状语从句的从属连词。如：as, asas, not soas, morethan等。He is as kind as his brother (is). 他和他兄弟一样善良。Bob is more clever than John. 鲍伯比约翰更聪明。英语连词用法练习题(附详解)1. Oh, I failed againDont lose heart. One more effort, _ you will succeed. A. so that B. therefore C. however D. and2. _ a difficult situation, so you should send him a message and give him some advice.A. As he is in B. He is in C. Being in D. He being in3. She said she would work it out herself, _ ask me for help. A. and not to B. but not C. and prefer not D. rather than4. _ enough time, but I couldnt do it better. A. I was given B. Given C. To be given D. Though I was given 5. How can I wake up so early? Set the alarm at 5 oclock, _ youll make it.A. but B. or C. and D. so6. For a person with reading habits, a printed page contains not only words _ ideas, thoughts and feelings.A. yet B. and C. or D. but7. Information technology is taught in most schools, _ we have entered the information society.A. so B. while C. still D. for8. English is understood all over the world _ Turkey is spoken by only a few people outside Turkey itself.A. while B. when C. if D. as9. I was on the point of going to bed _ Mr. Zhang rang.A. as B. when C. while D. and10. I asked him whether he had done all the work himself _ whether he had had any assistance.A. and B. but C. nor D. or11. In some countries, _ are called “public schools” are not owned by the public.A. which B. as C. what D. that12. _ happens in the world makes us happy and sad by turns. A. That B. What C. Which D. Whether13. I read about this story in some book or other, does it matter _ it was?A. where B. what C. how D. which14. One of the men present held the view _ the book said was right. A. what that B. what C. that D. that what15. _ I had walked for six hours, I was tired out. A. After B. Before C. When D. As16. Tom make up his mind to get a seat for the football match _ it means standing in a queue all night. A. as if B. as though C. even if D. whatever17. The roof fell _ he had time to dash into the house to save his baby. A. as B. after C. until D. before18. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _ it comes to classroom tests. A. as B. since C. when D. after19. I have been keeping that photo _ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my college days. A. which B. where C. whether D. when20. You may borrow this book _ you promise to give it back. A. in case B. so long as C. as if D. even if 21. _ the man grew older, he lost interest in everything except gardening. A. With B. Since C. While D. As22. _ you understand this rule, youll have no further difficulty. A. Once B. Unless C. As D. Until23. I had no sooner got back to the kitchen _ the door-bell rang loud enough to wake the dead. A. when B. than C. as D. while24. I criticized him, you know, not _ I hate him but _ I love him. A. because; because B. because; for C. for; because D. for; for25. _ he studies hard, he will never pass the examination. A. If B. Unless C. Even if D. Even though26. She worked hard _ everything would be ready by the time he came back. A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless27. He waited _ the volcano became quiet and he was able to return two days later.A. when B. before C. as D. until28. May I go and play football with Dick this afternoon, Dad? No, you cant go out _ your work is being done. A. before B. until C. as D. after29. A warning news report from Qatar announces that a group of Islam will continue to kill Americans wherever they are _ they leave the Arab world forever. A. even though B. in case C. whenever D. until30. I was so familiar with her that I recognized her voice _ I picked up the phone. A. the moment B. after C. before D. while【答案解析】1. D. 考查“祈使句/名词+and+陈述句”句型。句意为：“再努力点，你就会成功的”。2. B. so(因此)是并列连词，引出一个表示结果的分句，前面应是一个表示原因的分句，而无需再用连词，排除A；C和D又不是句子，也错了。3. D. 因为rather than是对称连词，意为“而不” (from )。4. A. 因为but是并列连词，后面是个句子，前面也一定是个句子，而不是一个分词短语或不定式短语，更不能再用连词though，所以排除B、C和D。5. C. 考查“祈使句+and+陈述句”句型，意为“如果就”。虽然or也可用于此句型，但or是“否则、要不然”之意，如：Work hard, or youll fail. (努力学习，否则就会不及格。)6. D. 因为not onlybut (also)是固定搭配(from )。7. D. 因为句中的并列连词for表示原因，是对前面分句所述内容的解释或补充说明。8. A. 因为句中的并列连词while表示“对比或相反”。9. B. 因为句中的并列连词when = just at that time, 意为“这时(突然)”。10. D. 因为只有or才能表示选择，意为“(是) 还是”。11. C。本题考查what引导主语从句，并在主语从句中作主语。句意为“在许多国家，所谓的“公立学校”并非公众拥有。12. B。本题考查引导主语从句的连接词。that引导主语从句只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何成分，无意义，但不能省略。what除引导主语从句外, 还在从句中作成分。which指一定范围内的“哪一个”；whether意为“是否”。根据句意“世上的事喜忧交替”可知答案为B(from )。13. D。该题考查宾语从句。可以看作是does it