口腔专业英语.doc

UNIT-1dental plaque 牙菌斑S.sanguis 血链球菌S.mitis 轻链球菌S.mutans 变形链球菌aerobic 好氧的，氧气的；依靠氧气的anaerobic 没有空气而能生活得，厌氧的1. In contrast to mucosal surface,the surface of teeth are not constantly renewed by shedding of colonized epithelial cells.较之粘膜，牙面不能稳定地通过上皮脱落而更新。2. Selective manner in which bacteria attach to the tooth surface is thought to reflect the fact that bacteria on their surface contain a recognition system which enables components on the bacteria surface (adhesions) to blind to complementary molecules (receptors) in the pellicle.细菌附着与牙面的选择性方式反映了这一事实，即细菌表面具有识别系统，该系统能使细菌表面的附着器与获得性膜中的互补手提分子结合。UNIT-2ecology 生态学；个体生态学ecosystem 生态系统（学）mutanism 突变的S.sanguis 血链球菌S.mutans 变形链球菌1. Colonization is a complex process, as it involves not only interaction between bacteria and their environment but aslo bacterial interactions.定植是一个复杂的过程，它不仅包括细菌和环境间的相互作用，也包括细菌之间的相互作用。2. Tooth eruption has a major impact on the composition of oral flora.This is to be expected, as teeth provide new types of surfaces and new microenvironments.牙齿的萌出对口腔菌群组成有重要影响。这是因为牙齿提供了一些新型的表面和新的微环境。 UNIT-3saliva 唾液parotid 耳旁的；腮腺的lingual 舌的，语言的，舌侧的buccal 颊的，颊侧的labial 唇的，唇侧的palatine 腭的edentulous 无牙sulculus 小沟mastication 咀嚼chew 嚼，咀嚼temporomandibular joint (TMJ) 颞下颌关节streptococci 链球菌fungus (复fungi) 真菌，霉菌1. The salivary amylase activity of differenr individuals varies but a weak action is compensated for by the strong action of pancreatic amylase in the duodenum.不同个体间唾液淀粉酶的活性不同，但是较弱的活性可由十二指肠中强活性的胰淀粉酶补偿。UNIT-4enamel 釉质dentinal tubules 牙骨质小管amelocemental junction 釉牙骨质界dentine 牙本质cementum 牙骨质odontoblast 成牙本质细胞alveolar bone 牙槽骨alveolar crest 牙槽嵴junctional epithelium 结合上皮1. The tooth bud undergoes peripheral proliferartion into the mesenchyme, leaving a central mensenchyme-filled depression, to form the tooth cap which consistants of the same components as the tooth bud.牙蕾的周边区上皮向外胚间充质中生长，基底部凹陷，状如帽子，凹陷内充满外胚间充质细胞，帽状期上皮与蕾状期相同。2. Dentine consists of mineralized tissue (chiefly hydroxyapatite) in which microscopic tubules are found extending from the pulp to very close to, or even through, the amelodentinal junction.牙本质由矿化组织（以羟基磷灰石为主）构成，镜下见有小管自牙髓贯穿全层到达或穿过釉牙本质界。UNIT-5dentine permeability 牙本质渗透性remineralization再矿化groove窝沟slot (固定)沟undercut retention 倒凹固位cariogenic 致龋的1. Fissure sealants, sa an effective way to prevent fissure caries, are supported by many controlled clinical studies and should be used as a preventive measure in patients with moderate or high caries risk.许多临床对照研究证明窝沟封闭剂是一种有效的预防沟裂龋的方法，并作为预防性措施应用中度或者高度龋易感性的患者。UNIT-6percuss 叩诊，敲palpate 触诊lamina dura 硬板attrition 磨损abrasion 磨耗metamorphosis 变形pulpitis 牙髓炎microleakage 微渗漏pulp polyp 牙髓息肉matiscation 咀嚼fistula 瘘管abscess 脓肿osteosclerosis 骨硬化1. Rather,its purposes are to suggest in the broadest possible interpretation whether pulp os either healthy or unhealty and to help the clinical determine whether it should be removed, based on clinical experience.更确切地说，提出临床分类的目的是尽可能地解释牙髓是否健康，同时基于临床经验，以帮助医生决定牙髓是否需要摘除。2. For this reason only complete cleansing, shaping, and obturation of the root canal will eliminiate the source of the periapical disease and create a microenviroment in which these periapical lesion can remineralize.因此，只有彻底冲洗，预备和充填根管，才会杜绝根尖周疾病的来源，并创造一个能促进根尖周病损再矿化的微环境。UNIT7obturate 闭塞amalgam 汞合金gutta-percha 牙胶stopping 充填剂bleach 漂白rosin 松香irritant 刺激的However , it is only through a cognizant “problem-solving” approach to root canal treatment ,that quality assurance can be continually demonstrated in the obturation of the root canal system.但是，只有通过认知性的，以解决问题为中心的根管治疗方法才能自始自终地保证根管填充的质量。UNIT 8pulpotomy 牙髓切断术maxillary 上颌骨mandibular下颌骨radiolucent 射线透射的pulpectomy 牙髓摘除术dental floss 牙线periodontium 牙周组织hypodontia 牙发育不全dysplasia 发育异常(1)The specificity of induction reflects the particular combinations of signaling molecules their cognate cell surface receptors , various intracellular signal pathways , and a large number of transcriptional factors that regulate gene expression.诱导的特异性表现在信号分子、同源性细胞表面受体、各种细胞内信号路径及其调控基因表达的大量转录因子的特殊联合作用上。(2)In addition to changes in pulp size and shape with aging ,external stimuli also exert an effect . Caries , attrition , abrasion , erosion , impact trauma , and clinical procedure are some of the major irrritants that may cause formation of irritation dentin.牙髓的体积与形状除了随年龄变化之外，外界的刺激也对它产生影响。龋病，磨损，磨耗，腐蚀，创伤及临床操作是导致刺激性牙本质形成的主要因素。UNIT 9endodontic 牙髓学percussion 叩诊palpation 触诊probing 探诊pathosis 病态manifestation 临床表现medical history 病历，病史vital sign 生命体征chief complain 主诉pulp capping 盖髓metamorphosis 变态，变形，变质radiograph X射线照片cement 粘固粉recurrent caries 继发龋full-crown restoration 全冠修复orthodontic 牙科正畸的，正畸学temporomandibular joint 颞下颌关节occlusal 咬合的 sinus tract 窦道deciduous teeth 乳牙pulpless tooth 无髓牙premonition 预告，预感 (1)A complete medical history should contain , as a baseline , the vital sighs ; give early warning of unsuspected general disease ; and define risks to the health of the staff as well as identify the risks of treatment to the patient.一份完整的病历应该包括作为基础的生命体征；对尚未被怀疑的全身性疾病提出早期警告；并且确定影响健康的危险因素以及者患接受治疗的危险因素。 (2)The question , “What kind of treatment have you had?” might elicit a history of pulp capping ,deep fillings with sedative bases , or indirect pulp caps.问题“你曾经接受过哪种治疗？”可能提示盖髓史，深部安抚剂垫底的充填史或间接盖髓史。UNIT 10periodontitis 牙周炎the connective tissue 结缔组织loss of attachment 附着丧失Junctional epithelium 结合上皮Apical migration 根向移动periodontium 牙周组织(尤指牙周膜)gingiva 牙龈plaque 菌斑agressive periodontitis 侵袭性牙周炎refractory periodontitis 难治性牙周炎 Diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical parameters documented in a thorough periodontal assessment , as well as consideration of the age of onset , rapidity of progression , and extent /patten of alveolar bone loss.诊断是建立在彻底的牙周状况评估所获得的临床指标的基础上的，同时，还必须考虑发病的年龄，牙周病进展的速度以及牙槽骨吸收的程度和类型。UNIT 11dental caries 龋齿calculus 牙结石Malignant lesions恶性病损leukoplakia 白斑asymptomatic 无症状的premalignant 恶化前的,癌前期的However , a possible lower salivary PH and buffering power , and the fact that there is a shift of the bacterial population towards lactobacillus and the cariogenic streptococci in smokers ,might all argue for increased dental caries.吸烟人群较低的唾液PH值和缓冲能力以及，乳酸菌与致龋链球菌数量的增多，都可能是导致龋齿增多的原因。UNIT12dental floss 牙线dentifrice 牙粉，牙膏Supragingival scaling 龈上洁治术Subgingival scaling 龈下洁治术Root planning 根面平整术instrumentation 器械用法，器械操作法ecosystem 生态体系，生态系统Thus , despite the large reduction , it is beyond the power of current mechanical therapeutic modalities to achieve an eradication of all bacteria , due to limited instrumentation efficacy and the fact that bacteria may reside in soft tissues or in root surface irregularities and dentinal tubules.因而，尽管存活菌的总量大大减少，但目前的机械治疗方法还没有能力根除全部细菌，一方面是由于器械功效有限，另一方面细菌还有可能定居在软组织，或不规则牙根面和牙本质小管上。UNIT-13contraindication 禁忌症indication 适应症pulp capping 盖髓zinc oxide-eugenol 氧化锌丁香油root furcation 根分叉UNIT-14Ameloblastoma-成釉细胞Curettage-刮除术Decompression-减压术Dentigerous cyst-含牙囊肿Epithelial cell rests of Malassez-上皮剩余Enucleation-剜除术Eruption cyst-萌出囊肿Incisive fossa-切牙窝Keratocyst-角化囊肿Nasoalveolar cyst-鼻牙槽囊肿Odontogenic cyst-牙源性囊肿Radiolucency-透射线性,密度减低性For surgical decompression, a site for access is selected that will not impair function and that will allow for ease of drainage and cleansing irrigation对于外科减压手术,切口选择应以不影响功能,便于引流.冲洗为原则。Postoperative radiographs taken in the ensuing weeks often show a decrease in the site of the cyst as new bone forms at the margin.术后几周拍摄的X线片显示,随着囊肿边缘新骨的形成,囊肿的体积常缩小。UNIT-15Condyle-髁突Meniscus-关节盘Ramus-下颌支Bruxism-磨牙症,夜间磨牙Synovitis-滑膜炎,关节膜炎The teeth should be examined for wear facets, soreness, and mobility, which may be evidence of bruxism.应该检查牙齿是否有磨损,疼痛那个,活动,及证实磨牙症的存在.UNIT-16Epidemiologic-传染病学的,流行病学的Morphology-形态学Inheritance-遗传,继承Cartilage-软骨Intermaxillary fixation(IMF)-颌间固定UNIT-17Tenderness-触痛Palpation-触诊,扪诊Perforation-穿孔Anatomic-解剖的,解剖学上的Occlusal-(上下齿)咬合(面)的Hygiene-卫生,卫生学Occlusion-咬合When adequate bony reduction occurs following intermaxillary fixation but the fracture remains unstable. Direct wiring, suspension wiring techniques, or bone plates may be used to stabilize the fracture.当颌间固定使骨折充分复位后,骨折仍不稳定时,可直接用金属丝.悬吊金属丝或骨板固定骨折。UNIT-18Morbidity-发病,发病率Mandible-下颌骨Implant-种植体,移植Toxicity-毒性,毒力Protocol-科学实验报告,原始记录Fluoride-氟化物Prophylaxis-预防Premalignant-癌症前期的,恶性转化前的To resect a primary tumor with adequate margins, surgeons use craniofacial approaches involving osteotomies of the mandible or maxilla, which can be swung out of the surgical field to provide access to any area of the mouth.为保证原发灶的切缘安全,外科医生们采用包括上颌骨或下颌骨截骨在内的路面进路,切开并暴露手术野,可以提供口腔内各个部位的手术进路.UNIT-19Prosthesis-修复体,修复术Triangular-三角形的Convex-凸的,凸面的Embrasure-楔状隙,外展隙A direct retainer is any unit of a removable dental prosthesis that engages an abutment tooth in such a manner as to resist displacement of the prosthesis away from basal seat tissues.直接固位体是可摘局部义齿的重要组成部分,主要是利用基牙来对抗修复体向基托的组织面下沉。They should be placed as far as possible from the distal extension base affording the best possible leverage against lifting of the distal extension base.对于远中游离端缺失的情况,间接固位体的位置应距游离端越远越好,可对抗游离端基托翘动所引起的杠杆作用。UNIT 20complete crown：全冠supragingival margins：龈上边缘subgingival margins：龈下边缘margin adaptation：边缘适合性undercut：倒凹in vitro：在试管中，在生物体外metal-ceramic alloy：金属烤瓷合金nickel-chromium alloy：镍铬合金fixed partial dentures（FPD）：固定部分义齿overcontoured：外形过凸Teeth require preparation to receive restorations, and these preparation must be based on fundamental principles from which basic criteria can be developed to help predict the success of prosthodontic treatment.牙体制备是为修复体创造出空间，必须遵循一些由具体标准界定的基本原则，从而有助于预测修复治疗的疗效。However, care must be taken that esthetic considerations are not pursued at the expense of a patients long-term oral health or functional efficiency.然而，美学的考虑不应损害病人远期口腔健康或以牺牲功能为代价。UNIT 21osseointegration：骨整合作用radiolucency：射线可透性，射线透射性trabeculation：小梁形成osteoporosis：骨质疏松症Thus, clinical integration of an implant is dependent on more than direct bone-to-implant contact, and other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the amount, location, and quality of the supporting bone structure, the soft connective tissues and the epithelium.因此，种植体的临床整合主要依赖于骨与种植体之间的直接接触，还有其他一些必须考虑的因素，如支持骨组织、软结缔组织以及粘膜的数量、位置和质量。More recently, resorbable coating have been developed that aim to improve the initial rate of bone healing against the implant surface, followed by resorption within a short time frame to allow establishment of a bone to metal contact.最近， 可吸收涂层已经被制造出来，其目的是为了加快种植体表面的最初愈合速度，随后，涂层在很短的时间内被吸收，以使骨与金属之间形成接触。UNIT 22overdenture：覆盖义齿preventive： n.预防方法；adj.预防的superstructure：上部结构edentulous：无牙的flange：边缘interproximal：零间隙的contour：n.外形 The base must end at the survey line (height of contour) of the ridge because further extension would allow the trapping of food in the undercut areas.基托必须止于牙槽嵴观测线上，否则基托的进一步延伸到引起倒凹区的食物嵌塞。UNIT 23post：桩reinforcement：加强，加固stress distribution：应力分布fracture resistance：抗折能力prognosis：预后crown to root ratio：冠根比例wedging stress：楔力film thickness：粘结剂的厚度escape groove：溢出沟cementation：粘固Several studies have concluded that remaining tooth structure was a more significant concern for preventing fracture of the tooth and retention of restoration than was post design or use.一些研究表明剩余牙体组织在预防牙折合修复体的固位上比桩的设计和使用更重要。UNIT 24jaw relationship：咬合关系complete denture：全口义齿freeway space：息止合间隙occlusal vertical dimension：咬合垂直距离rest vertical dimension：息止合位的垂直距离condyle（英） condylus（拉）：髁，髁状突retruded position：后退位ligament：韧带temporomandibular joint：颞下颌关节centric jaw relationship：中性颌关系permanent base：恒基托nasolabial groove：鼻唇沟occlusal plane：合平面midline：中线impression plaster：印模膏It is therefore of considerable importance in the construction of complete dentures to select a suitable degree of jaw separation at which the teeth will be in contact.因此，全口义齿修复的非常重要的一点是选择适当的上下颌开合度，这个开合度就是将来的咬合接触位。UNIT 25slot：托槽槽沟banding：粘结带环 glass ionomer cement：玻璃离子粘固粉UNIT26cephalometry：头影测量术dentofacial deformity：牙颌面畸形orthopedic：矫形术informed consent：知情同意diastema：牙间隙intercanine width：尖牙间宽度supernumerary tooth：多生牙bimaxillary proclination：双颌前突retention：保持Previously the orthodontist chose the preferred treatment plan for the patient, and the patient (or parent) either accepted or rejected the plan, with little room for consideration of alternatives.以往是由正畸医生为病人确定治疗方案，病人或家长要么接受，要么拒绝该方案，而没有选择的余地。It can be defined broadly as the balance between the available space and the desired tooth movements.广义的支抗可定义为所提供的间隙与希望得到的牙齿移动之间的平衡关系。UNIT 27orthodontics：正畸学malocclusion：错合interception：干扰，阻断cross bite：反合overjet：覆盖openbite：开合anchorage loss：支抗丧失bruxism：夜磨牙Research has failed to demonstrate a significant association between malocclusion and caries, whereas diet and the use of fluoride toothpaste are correlated with caries experience.没有研究表明错合畸形与龋患之间存在显著关系，但饮食和氟化牙膏的使用于龋患间存在相关性。While it is accepted that dentofacial anomalies and malocclusion do have a negative effect on the psychological well-being and self-esteem of the individual, the impact of more minor occlusal problems is more variable and is modifiedby social and cultural factors.牙面畸形和错合畸形对人的心理健康和自信心有负面影响，这点已有共识；但在轻微的错合对心理所产生的影响方面却存在较大分歧，而且受社会和文化因素的影响。UNIT 28preventive dentistry：预防牙医学primary prevention：一级预防secondary prevention：二级预防tertiary prevention：三级预防incidence：发病率etiology：病因学periodontitis：牙周炎gingivitis：牙龈炎gingival：牙龈gingival sulcus：龈沟interproximal：邻面的occlusal：合面的calculus：结石Health is what we want to preserve, and is defined as “ a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity.”健康的定义不仅仅是没有疾病或虚弱，而是身心健康、社会幸福的完美状态。UNIT 29fluoride：氟化物water fluoridation：饮水氟化anticariogenic：防龋的dentifrice：洁牙剂，牙膏demineralization：脱矿remineralization：再矿化pit and fissure sealants：窝沟封闭fossae：小窝，沟 单数为fossadental health education：口腔健康教育caries activity test：龋活性试验UNIT 11dental caries 龋齿 calculus 牙结石Malignant lesions恶性病损 leukoplakia 白斑asymptomatic 无症状的 premalignant 恶化前的,癌前期的However , a possible lower salivary PH and buffering power , and the fact that there is a shift of the bacterial population towards lactobacillus and the cariogenic streptococci in smokers ,might all argue for increased dental caries.吸烟人群较低的唾液PH值和缓冲能力以及，乳酸菌与致龋链球菌数量的增多，都可能是导致龋齿增多的原因。UNIT12dental floss 牙线 Supragingival scaling 龈上洁治术dentifrice 牙粉，牙膏 Subgingival scaling 龈下洁治术Root planning 根面平整术 instrumentation 器械用法，器械操作法ecosystem 生态体系，生态系统Thus , despite the large reduction , it is beyond the power of current mechanical therapeutic modalities to achieve an eradication of all bacteria , due to limited instrumentation efficacy and the fact that bacteria may reside in soft tissues or in root surface irregularities and dentinal tubules.因而，尽管存活菌的总量大大减少，但目前的机械治疗方法还没有能力根除全部细菌，一方面是由于器械功效有限，另一方面细菌还有可能定居在软组织，或不规则牙根面和牙本质小管上。UNIT-13contraindication 禁忌症 indication 适应症pulp capping 盖髓 zinc oxide-eugenol 氧化锌丁香油 root furcation 根分叉UNIT-14Ameloblastoma-成釉细胞 Curettage-刮除术Decompression-减压术 Enucleation-剜除术Epithelial cell rests of Malassez-上皮剩余 Dentigerous cyst-含牙囊肿Incisive fossa-切牙窝 Eruption cyst-萌出囊肿Keratocyst-角化囊肿 Nasoalveolar cyst-鼻牙槽囊肿Odontogenic cyst-牙源性囊肿 Radiolucency-透射线性,密度减低性For surgical decompression, a site for access is selected that will not impair function and that will allow for ease of drainage and cleansing irrigation对于外科减压手术,切口选择应以不影响功能,便于引流.冲洗为原则。Postoperative radiographs taken in the ensuing weeks often show a decrease in the site of the cyst as new bone forms at the margin.术后几周拍摄的X线片显示,随着囊肿边缘新骨的形成,囊肿的体积常缩小。UNIT-15Condyle-髁突 Meniscus-关节盘 Ramus-下颌支 Bruxism-磨牙症,夜间磨牙 Synovitis-滑膜炎,关节膜炎The teeth should be examined for wear facets, soreness, and mobility, which may be evidence of bruxism.应该检查牙齿是否有磨损,疼痛那个,活动,及证实磨牙症的存在.UNIT-16Epidemiologic-传染病学的,流行病学的 Morphology-形态学Inheritance-遗传,继承 Cartilage-软骨 Intermaxillary fixation(IMF)-颌间固定UNIT-17Tenderness-触痛 Palpation-触诊,扪诊Perforation-穿孔 Anatomic-解剖的,解剖学上的Occlusal-(上下齿)咬合(面)的 Hygiene-卫生,卫生学Occlusion-咬合When adequate bony reduction occurs following intermaxillary fixation but the fracture remains unstable. Direct wiring, suspension wiring techniques, or bone plates may be used to stabilize the fracture.当颌间固定使骨折充分复位后,骨折仍不稳定时,可直接用金属丝.悬吊金属丝或骨板固定骨折。UNIT-18Morbidity-发病,发病率 Mandible-下颌骨Implant-种植体,移植 Toxicity-毒性,毒力Protocol-科学实验报告,原始记录 Fluoride-氟化物Prophylaxis-预防 Premalignant-癌症前期的,恶性转化前的To resect a primary tumor with adequate margins, surgeons use craniofacial approaches involving osteotomies of the mandible or maxilla, which can be swung out of the surgical field to provide access to any area of the mouth.为保证原发灶的切缘安全,外科医生们采用包括上颌骨或下颌骨截骨在内的路面进路,切开并暴露手术野,可以提供口腔内各个部位的手术进路.UNIT-19Prosthesis-修复体,修复术 Triangular-三角形的Convex-凸的,凸面的 Embrasure-楔状隙,外展隙A direct retainer is a