印尼默拉皮火山.doc

默拉皮火山英文名称：Merapi, Mount. Mount Merapi印尼语名称：Gunung Merapi印度尼西亚爪哇岛中心附近的火山山峰，在日惹以北约32公里(20哩)，距三宝垄以南稍远处。默拉皮火山海拔2,911公尺(9,550呎)，陡坡较低的两侧植被茂密。在印度尼西亚130个火山中活动最频繁。最大的喷发之一发生在西元1006年，其使爪哇中部到处散布火山尘。其他大喷发分别发生在1786、1822、1872、1930和1976年。1994年11月22日喷发中释放的火成碎屑流使64人丧生。默拉皮火山是一个锥形火山，是印度尼西亚活动性最强的火山，自从1548年起，已经断续喷发了68次。“默拉皮”在印度尼西亚语中的意思就是“火山”。火山距离日惹市相当近，山麓居住着几千人，有的村庄在海拔1700米的高处，由于其威胁人类居住地的安全，被国际地球化学和火山学协会列为应当加强监督与研究的全球16座火山之一。默拉皮火山在南爪哇的火山中属于最年轻的一座，位于一个隐没带上，在这里印度-澳大利亚板块沉入欧亚大陆板块下面。地层学分析证明在40万年前这个地区已经开始喷发，直到一万年以前，一直是典型的熔岩喷出，形成玄武岩。后来就形成爆炸式的喷发，是更粘稠的安山岩浆，形成熔岩丘，熔岩丘崩塌会造成火山碎屑流和猛烈的喷发，形成喷发的烟尘柱。 默拉皮火山一般每两到三年都有一次小喷发，每10至15年会有一次大喷发，严重的喷发发生在1006年、1786年、1822年，1872年发生一次最大的喷发，和1930年的喷发一起造成13个村庄的毁灭，死亡1400人。默拉皮火山地理参数经纬度海拔（m）高差(m)火山类型岩石年龄最后喷发时间73226.99 S 1102641.34E29681392活火山成层火山40万年2010.11.18喷发记录2010 EruptionMerapi volcano began erupting on 26th October 2010. The eruption was the was the largest at the volcano in 100 years. Ash emissions reached an altitude of 40,000 ft, and 370,000 people were evacuated from a 20 km radius danger zone. Over 190 people were killed by pyroclastic flows and ashfall.2006 EruptionsSeismic activity began increasing at Merapi volcano in March 2006, and 10,000 residents were prepared for evacuation. On 10th April people were banned from climbing the volcano. On 12th April the Alert Level was raided from 2 to 3. An 8 km exclusion zone was placed around the volcano. On 27th April nearly 2,000 villagers were evacuated from Sidorejo and Tegalmulyo villages around Merapi volcano. On 13th May, the Alert Level was raised to the highest level 4, and about 4,500 people living near the volcano were evacuated. On 15th May pyroclastic flows traveled up to 4 km west. By 16th May, more than 22,000 people had been evacuated. On 8th June, the lava-dome growth rate at Merapi was an estimated 100,000 cubic meters per day, with an estimated volume of 4 million cubic meters. Pyroclastic flows and rockfalls decreased in frequency and intensity after 28th June 2006.2006 EarthquakesOn 27th May 2006 a magnitude 6.3 earthquake killed about 5,400 people produced in a three-fold increase in activity at Merapi volcano. On 17th July 2006 a magnitude 7.7 earthquake hit 50 km south of Merapi volcano. The earthquake was the result of thrust-faulting on the boundary between the Australian and Sunda tectonic plates. The earthquake produced an 8 m high tsunami which hit the southern coast of Java. This event was classified as a tsunami earthquake, because of the low earthquake magnitude compared to the tsunami size. The earthquake caused 5,750 deaths, 38,560 injuries, and up to 600,000 people displaced in the Bantul-Yogyakarta area.2001 EruptionA major eruption began at Merapi volcano on 10th February 2001. A 30-minute-long pyroclastic flow occurred at 0200 hr. At 0330 hr there was a collapse of the 1998 lava dome which ejected ash 5 km above the summit and produced a pyroclastic flows that extended 7 km in the direction of the Sat River.1998 EruptionsActivity at Merapi volcano began increasing in July 1998. On 11th July 37 nues ardentes occurred between midnight and 0500 hr. Between 11-19 July, 128 nues ardentes occurred, including a strong pyroclastic ash and block flow at 1500 on 19th July.1994 EruptionsOn 22nd November 1994, a large number of dome-collapse nuees ardentes were generated over a period of several hours at Merapi volcano. The nuees ardentes descended mainly the Boyong valley and the Bedog valley, a tributary of the Krasak-Kecil valley. This was in contrast to the 1984 and 1992 flows which traveled exclusively towards the southwest and west.1986-87 EruptionsLava dome formation at Merapi volcano in 1986-87 was the largest since 1973.1984 EruptionOn 15th June 1984 explosions at the lava dome produced pyroclastic flows which extended 7 km from the volcano, and ashfall 80 km NW.1968 EruptionsAt the end of May 1968 a lava tongue had extended 875 m and was the result of new lava done extrusion after the 1967 collapse. The number of avalanches from the lava tongue were 1432 in June, 1370 July, 329 August, and 12 in September. Renewed activity began at Merapi volcano in October 1968 with an increasing number of lava avalanches.1967 EruptionsA lava dome extruded in April 1967 at the upper Batang River on the SW slope of Merapi volcano. The dome collapsed in October 1967.1822 LaharA hot lahar at Merapi volcano on 28th December 1822 destroyed 4 villages with 100 casualties.Merapi Volcano Eruptions2010, 2007, 2006, 2001-02, 1992-98, 1972-90, 1971, 1967-69, 1961, 1953-58, 1948-49, 1944-45, 1942-43, 1939-40, 1933-35, 1930-31, 1924, 1923, 1922, 1920-21, 1918, 1915, 1909-13, 1908, 1906-07, 1905, 1902-04, 1902, 1897, 1894, 1893, 1891, 1889, 1888, ?1885, 1883-84, 187