毕生发展 心理学课件

Myers PSYCHOLOGY Chapter4DevelopingThroughtheLifeSpan PrenatalDevelopmentandtheNewborn DevelopmentalPsychologyabranchofpsychologythatstudiesphysical cognitiveandsocialchangethroughoutthelifespan PrenatalDevelopmentandtheNewborn Lifeissexuallytransmitted PrenatalDevelopmentandtheNewborn Zygotethefertilizedeggentersa2weekperiodofrapidcelldivisiondevelopsintoanembryoEmbryothedevelopinghumanorganismfrom2weeksthrough2ndmonthFetusthedevelopinghumanorganismfrom9weeksafterconceptiontobirth PrenatalDevelopmentandtheNewborn 40days45days2months4months PrenatalDevelopmentandtheNewborn Teratogensagents suchaschemicalsandviruses thatcanreachtheembryoorfetusduringprenataldevelopmentandcauseharmFetalAlcoholSyndrome FAS physicalandcognitiveabnormalitiesinchildrencausedbyapregnantwoman sheavydrinkingsymptomsincludemisproportionedhead PrenatalDevelopmentandtheNewborn RootingReflextendencytoopenmouth andsearchfornipplewhentouchedonthecheekPreferenceshumanvoicesandfacesfacelikeimages smellandsoundofmotherpreferred PrenatalDevelopmentandtheNewborn Habituationdecreasingresponsivenesswithrepeatedstimulation PrenatalDevelopmentandtheNewborn Havinghabituatedtotheoldstimulus newbornspreferredgazingatanewone InfancyandChildhood PhysicalDevelopment Maturationbiologicalgrowthprocessesthatenableorderlychangesinbehaviorrelativelyuninfluencedbyexperience InfancyandChildhood PhysicalDevelopment Babiesonly3monthsoldcanlearnthatkickingmovesamobile andcanretainthatlearningforamonth Rovee Collier 1989 1997 InfancyandChildhood CognitiveDevelopment SchemaaconceptorframeworkthatorganizesandinterpretsinformationAssimilationinterpretingone snewexperienceintermsofone sexistingschemas InfancyandChildhood CognitiveDevelopment Accommodationadaptingone scurrentunderstandings schemas toincorporatenewinformationCognitionAllthementalactivitiesassociatedwiththinking knowing remembering andcommunicating Piaget sStagesofCognitiveDevelopment InfancyandChildhood CognitiveDevelopment ObjectPermanencetheawarenessthatthingscontinuetoexistevenwhennotperceived InfancyandChildhood CognitiveDevelopment BabyMathematicsShownanumericallyimpossibleoutcome infantsstarelonger Wynn 1992 InfancyandChildhood CognitiveDevelopment Conservationtheprinciplethatpropertiessuchasmass volume andnumberremainthesamedespitechangesintheformsofobjects InfancyandChildhood CognitiveDevelopment Egocentrismtheinabilityofthepreoperationalchildtotakeanother spointofviewTheoryofMindpeople sideasabouttheirownandothers mentalstates abouttheirfeelings perceptions andthoughtsandthebehaviorthesemightpredictAutismadisorderthatappearsinchildhoodMarkedbydeficientcommunication socialinteractionandunderstandingofothers statesofmind SocialDevelopment StrangerAnxietyfearofstrangersthatinfantscommonlydisplaybeginningbyabout8monthsofageAttachmentanemotionaltiewithanotherpersonshowninyoungchildrenbytheirseekingclosenesstothecaregiveranddisplayingdistressonseparation SocialDevelopment Harlow sSurrogateMotherExperimentsMonkeyspreferredcontactwiththecomfortableclothmother evenwhilefeedingfromthenourishingwiremother SocialDevelopment CriticalPeriodanoptimalperiodshortlyafterbirthwhenanorganism sexposuretocertainstimuliorexperiencesproducesproperdevelopmentImprintingtheprocessbywhichcertainanimalsformattachmentsduringacriticalperiodveryearlyinlife SocialDevelopment Monkeysraisedbyartificialmotherswereterror strickenwhenplacedinstrangesituationswithouttheirsurrogatemothers SocialDevelopment Groupsofinfantsleftbytheirmothersinaunfamiliarroom fromKagan 1976 SocialDevelopment BasicTrust ErikErikson asensethattheworldispredictableandtrustworthysaidtobeformedduringinfancybyappropriateexperienceswithresponsivecaregiversSelf Conceptasenseofone sidentityandpersonalworth SocialDevelopment Child RearingPractices Authoritarianparentsimposerulesandexpectobedience Don tinterrupt Why BecauseIsaidso Permissivesubmittochildren sdesires makefewdemands uselittlepunishmentAuthoritativebothdemandingandresponsivesetrules butexplainreasonsandencourageopendiscussion SocialDevelopment Child RearingPractices Adolescence AdolescencethetransitionperiodfromchildhoodtoadulthoodextendingfrompubertytoindependencePubertytheperiodofsexualmaturationwhenapersonbecomescapableofreproduction Adolescence PrimarySexCharacteristicsbodystructuresthatmakesexualreproductionpossibleovaries femaletestes maleexternalgenitaliaSecondarySexCharacteristicsnonreproductivesexualcharacteristicsfemale breastandhipsmale voicequalityandbodyhairMenarche meh NAR key firstmenstrualperiod Adolescence Inthe1890 stheaverageintervalbetweenawoman smenarcheandmarriagewasabout7years nowitisover12years Adolescence Throughoutchildhood boysandgirlsaresimilarinheight Atpuberty girlssurgeaheadbriefly butthenboysovertakethemataboutage14 BodyChangesatPuberty Kohlberg sMoralLadder Asmoraldevelopmentprogresses thefocusofconcernmovesfromtheselftothewidersocialworld Moralityofabstractprinciples toaffirmagreed uponrightsandpersonalethicalprinciples Moralityoflawandsocialrules togainapprovaloravoiddisapproval Moralityofself interest toavoidpunishmentorgainconcreterewards Postconventionallevel Conventionallevel Preconventionallevel Erikson sStagesofPsychosocialDevelopment Erikson sStagesofPsychosocialDevelopment Adolescence SocialDevelopment Identityone ssenseofselftheadolescent staskistosolidifyasenseofselfbytestingandintegratingvariousrolesIntimacytheabilitytoformclose lovingrelationshipsaprimarydevelopmentaltaskinlateadolescenceandearlyadulthood Adolescence SocialDevelopment Thechangingparent childrelationship Adulthood PhysicalDevelopment MenopausethetimeofnaturalcessationofmenstruationalsoreferstothebiologicalchangesawomanexperiencesasherabilitytoreproducedeclinesAlzheimer sDiseaseaprogressiveandirreversiblebraindisordercharacterizedbyagradualdeteriorationofmemory reasoning language andfinally physicalfunctioning Adulthood PhysicalDevelopment TheAgingSenses 10 30 50 70 90 0 0 25 0 50 0 75 1 00 Ageinyears Adulthood PhysicalDevelopment TheAgingSenses 10 30 50 70 90 50 70 90 Ageinyears Adulthood PhysicalDevelopment TheAgingSenses 10 30 50 70 90 50 70 90 Ageinyears Adulthood PhysicalDevelopment Slowingreactionscontributetoincreasedaccidentrisksamongthose75andolder 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75andover Fatalaccidentrate Age Adulthood PhysicalDevelopment IncidenceofDementiabyAge Adulthood CognitiveDevelopment Recallingnewnamesintroducedonce twice orthreetimesiseasierforyoungeradultsthanforolderones Crook West 1990 18 40 50 60 70 Agegroup Percentofnamesrecalled 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Adulthood CognitiveDevelopment InastudybySchonfield Robertson 1966 theabilitytorecallnewinformationdeclinedduringearlyandmiddleadulthood buttheabilitytorecognizenewinformationdidnot NumberOfwordsremembered 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Ageinyears Adulthood CognitiveDevelopment Cross SectionalStudyastudyinwhichpeopleofdifferentagesarecomparedwithoneanotherLongitudinalStudyastudyinwhichthesamepeoplearerestudiedandretestedoveralongperiod 25 32 39 46 53 60 74 67 81 35 40 45 50 55 60 Ageinyears Reasoningabilityscore Cross sectionalmethod Longitudinalmethod Adulthood C