英语国家概况Unit 9 Social Movements of the1960s.ppt

SocialMovementsofthe1960s Greensboro Sit In TheCivilRightsMovement MartinLutherKing Jr TheAnti WarMovement FreeSpeechMovement TheCounterCulture Women sLiberationMovement TheLunchCounterinGreensboro Thisquiet sit in byblackstudentsinGreensborobeganthecivilrightsmovementinthe1960s thefirstofseveralsocialmovementsduringthatdecade Weshallovercome isablackAmericansongofcivilrightmovementduringthe1960s 1 CivilRightsMovement NationalcampaignbyAfrican Americansforequalrightsinthe1950sand1960s 2 Anti wardemonstratorschanted Hell no wewon tgo refusinggovernmentorderstobedraftedintothearmyandfightinVietnam 3 Women sLiberationMovement Speakyourheartwithoutinterruption womenrecognizehowtheywerebeingheldbackbyasocietyinwhichmendominatedpolitics economics thefamily andevenprivateconversation WomenSpeakupTheirMinds WhyDidtheSocialMovementsBegin DuringthefifteenyearsbetweentheendofWorldWarIIandthe1960s manyAmericanmenworkedhardtoachievetheirdreamsThefederalgovernmentsubsidizededucationandhomeownershipforveteransofWorldWarIIandtheKoreanWar Threegroups Afro Americans youngpeopleandwomen weredissatisfiedwiththeirlives 1 inthesegregatedSouth whereNegroeswerepreventedfromworkingatgoodjobsandgettingagoodeducation 2 Womenearnedlessmoneyandhadfeweropportunitiestoadvancethanmenworkinginthesamejobs Theybecamehousewives isolatedathomewiththeirchildren 3 Manyyoungpeopleresentedtraditionalwhitemalevalues Theybelievedtheyhadtherighttochoosethewaytheywouldlivetheirlives Theywantedtoworkatjobswhichwereinteresting notjustworktomakemoney AmericanSoldiersinVietnam WhentheUSarmybegantofightinVietnam manypeoplethoughtthewarwaswrong TheydidnotunderstandwhyUStroopswerefightinginAsia Youngpeople blackandwhite didnotwanttojointhearmyandfightinVietnam Mothersdidnotwanttheirsonsdraftedintothearmy WhoWorkedintheSocialMovements Manypeoplewhobelievedthegovernmentandthesocietywerewrongjoinedoneormoreofthesocialmovements Negroleaders blackandwhiteyoungpeople somewhiteprofessionalmenandwomen andsomewhitehousewives Themovementsusedmanyofthesamestrategies Suchassongs nonviolent directactionlike sit ins andboycottswereusedtoprotestsegregationlaws Thecivilrightsmovement theanti warmovementandthewomen smovementallusedthelegalsystemtotestlawsandtoforcechanges WhatIsaSocialMovement peopleworktogethertochangegovernmentpoliciesandsociety twobasiccharacteristics structureandspontaneity organizations structure andpeople sactionsshouldcomefromthemselves spontaneity TheCivilRightsMovement Thespontaneousactionofonewoman RosaParks wasbelievedtobethetruebeginningofthecivilrightsmovement 5yearsbeforetheGreensborostudents sit in FromRosaParks spontaneousactionofnonviolentcivildisobedience fromthesocialbaseofNegrochurches communityandpoliticalorganizations grewsupportforprotestagainstsegregation OrganizationsSNCC theStudentNonviolentCoordinatingCommittee学生非暴力统一行动委员会CORE theCongressofRacialEquality争取种族平等大会SCLC theSouthernChristianLeadershipConference南部基督教领导联合会 Thesethreegroupsprovidedtheleadership thenonviolenttactics thenetworkandthepeopletofightagainstSouthernsegregation ThestrongestleadershipcamefromtheSCLC headedbyBaptistministerMartinLutherKing Jr DirectActionTactics Civilrightsactivistsfirstused sit in tacticstofightsegregationandlater freedomrides InSeptember1961 thefederalgovernmentdeclaredsegregationillegalinallinterstatebusstations Thenextimportantdirectactionofthethreecivilrightsorganizationswasvoterregistration In1964 hundredsofvolunteersformalloverthecountrycametoMississippitoregisterNegroestovote Results TheCivilRightsActwaspassedbyCongressandsignedintolawbyPresidentJohnson InDecember1964 MartinLutherKingwasgiventheNobelPeacePrize Changes Asracialviolencecontinued blackpeoplebegantoquestionthenonviolenttacticsusedintheSouth Blackleadersinotherpartsofthecountryspokeinfavorofblackseparatismandagainstnonviolenceinfightingdiscriminationandracism OnestrongblackleaderwasMalcolmX BlacksshouldarmthemselvesandfighttheKuKluxKlanandotherwhiteterroristsHeandMartinLutherKingdisagreedaboutthemeanstoachievetheirgoal In1965 MalcolmXwasassassinatedinNewYork theKuKluxKlan MurdersofblackandwhitecivilrightsworkersintheSouthincreased PeoplecontinuetoseewhiteviolenceagainstnonviolentblacksonTV BlackpeopleriotedintheWattssectionofLosAngelesinresponsetowhiteviolence SNCCwasalsochanging Theybegantothinkthetacticofnonviolencewaswrong Theyelectedanewchairman StokeleyCarmichae l whobelievedthatblackpeopleshouldworktoenddiscriminationwithoutthehelpofwhitepeople Hespokeabout blackpower StokelyCarmichael BlackPower marchagainstfear Asthecivilrightsleaderscontinuedthe marchagainstfear theywereviciouslyattackedbywhitepoliceandarrested In1966 theBlackPantherPartyforSelf DefensewasorganizedinOakland MartinLutherKingdisagreed InApril 1968 MartinLutherKingwasassassinatedinTennessee Riotingbrokeoutinblackcommunitiesin125citiesin28states RobertKennedy whowasrunningforpresident wasalsoassassinated MartinLutherKing Jr BecausetheyresentedtraditionalwhitemalevaluesinU S society manyyoungpeoplewereinvolvedinthesocialmovementsofthe1960 TheYouthMovement FreeSpeechMovementMarioSavio 马里奥 萨维奥 astudenthadjustreturnedfromworkingwithSNCCintheMississippiFreedomSummer HedemandedthattheCOREworkerbefreedandtherulesagainstfreespeechbechanged Thestudentssataroundthecarfor32hoursinspontaneous nonviolent directaction Otherstudents sat in attheadministrationbuildingsandorganized FreeUniversity classes TheCaliforniagovernorcalledhundredsofpolicetothecampus 800studentswerearrested Graduatestudentsorganizedastrikeandclosedtheuniversity Theteachersandprofessorsvotedtochangetherulethatviolatethe1stand14thAmendments Theyoungpeople s FreeSpeechMovement beganwithsuccess Letitallhangout Counterculture 反主流文化 InthewakeoftheFreeSpeechMovementandtheNewLeftappearedaphenomenonthathistorianscalledthe counterculture TheCounterCulturerejectedcapitalismandotherAmericanprinciples Theyhadmoralsdifferentfromtaughtbytheirparents Somegroupsofyouthtriedtoconstructdifferentwaysoflife Amongthemostfamouswerethehippies 嬉皮士 Theysoughtnewexperiencethroughdroppingout drugs Music rockmusicinparticularbecamethechiefvehicleforthecounterculturalassaultontraditionalAmericansociety Thecountercultureexertedagreatinfluenceuponpeople sattitudestowardsocialmores marriage career andsuccess Theanti warmovementbecamemoreorganizedasaloosecoalitionofmanyorganizations EndtheWarinVietnam Publicsupportfortheanti warmovementgrewstronger Anti WarProtest Hell no wewon tgo TheWomen sMovement Thewomen smovementinthe1960swasstartedbythreegroupsofwomenThefirstwasagroupofprofessionalwomenwhowereappointedtoaCommissionontheStatusofWomenbyPresidentKennedyin1961 ThesecondgroupweremostlywhitehousewivesandmotherswhoreadBettyFriedan sbook