2010年职称英语等级考试用书(理工类)--不包含第一部分.doc

2010年职称英语等级考试用书（理工类）-第一篇Inventor of LED LED的发明者When Nick Holonyak set out to create a new kind of visible lighting using semiconductor alloys, his colleagues thought he was unrealisticToday, his discovery of light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, are used in everything from DVDs to alarm clocks to airportsDozens of his students have continued his work, developing lighting used in traffic lights and other everyday technologyOn April 23, 2004, Holonyak received the $500,000 Lemelson-MIT Prize at a ceremony in WashingtonThis marks the 1Oth year that the Lemelson-MIT Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) has given the award to prominent inventors“Anytime you get an award, big or little, its always a surprise”Holonyak saidHolonyak, 75, was a student of John Bardeen, an inventor of the transistor, in the early 1950s. After graduate school, Holonyak worked at Ben LabsHe later went to General Electric, where he invented a switch now widely used in house dimmer switchesLater, Holonyak started 1ooking into how semiconductors could be used to generate 1ight. But while his colleagues were 1ooking at how to generate invisible light, he wanted to generate visible light. The LEDS he invented in 1962 now last about 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, and are more environmentally friendly and cost effectiveHolonyak, now a professor of electrical and computer engineering and physics at the University of Illinois, said he suspected that LEDs would become as commonplace as they are today, but didnt realize how many uses they would have转自学易网 “You dont know in the beginningYOU think youre doing something importantyou think its worth doing, but you really cant tell what the big payoff is going to be, and when, and howYou just dont know, ”he saidThe Lemelson-MIT Program also recognized Edith Flanigen, 75, with the $100,000 Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award for her work on a new generation of “molecular sieves, ”that can separate molecules by size当Nick Holonyak着手用半导体合金创造一种新的可视照明设备的时候，同事们都认为他不现实。今天，他发现的发光二极管，或叫LED，使用范围覆盖从DVD到机场警钟的一切东西。他的许多学生继续着他的工作，发明了交通灯中使用的照明设备和其他的日用技术。转自学易网 2004年4月23号，Holonyak在华盛顿的一次典礼上被授予麻省理工Lemelson项目的50万美元的奖金。这是麻省理工的LemelsonMIT项目第十年颁奖给杰出的发明人。 “任何时候你得了奖，不论是大是小，总是一分惊喜，”Holonyak说。 Holonyak，75岁，是上世纪50年代初期晶体管的发明者John Bardeen的学生。从研究生院毕业之后，Holonyak在Bell实验室工作。之后去了通用电器公司，在那里他发明了一种开关，现在在家用减光开关中普遍使用。 后来，Holonyak开始研究如何应用半导体发电。当他的同事们正在研究如何发出看不见的光时，他却想要看得见的光。1962年他发明的LED，现在的持续时间可以比白炽灯泡长十倍，对环境要求更少，更有效。 Holonyak现在是伊利诺斯大学电子、计算机工程和物理专业的教授，他说他预测LED的使用有可能像今天这样普遍，但没有意识到它会有多少用途。 “开始的时候你并不知道，你认为你在做一件很重要的事情，你认为它值得做，但是你不能说出要付出多大的代价，什么时候付出，怎样付出。你并不知道，”他说。 LemelsonMIT项目同样授予75岁的Edith Flanigen 10万美元的终身成就奖，她的工作是创造新一代的“分子筛”，也就是可以通过大小来分离分子。1).Holonyaks colleagues thought he would fail in his research on LEDs at the time when he started it ARight2).Holonyak believed that his students that were working with him on the project would get the Lemelson-MIT Prize sooner or laterCNot mentioned3).Holonyak was the inventor of the transistor in the early 1950s BWrong4).Holonyak believed that LEDs would become very popular in the future ARight5).Holonyak said that you should not do anything you are not interested in CNot mentioned6).Edith Flanigen is the only co-inventor of LEDs CNot mentioned7).The Lemelson-MIT Prize has a history of over 100 years BWrong 第二篇El Nino 厄尔尼诺现象While some forecasting methods had limited success predicting the 1997 E1 Nino a few months in advance, the Columbia University researchers say their method call predict large E1 Nino events up to two years in advanceThat would be good news for governments, farmers and others seeking to plan for the droughts and heavy rainfall that El Nino can produce in various parts of the world. Using a computer the researchers matched sea-surface temperatures to later El Nino occurrences between 1980 and 2000 and were then able to anticipate E1 Nino events dating back to 1857, using prior sea-surface temperaturesThe results were reported in the latest issue of the journal Nature The researchers say their method is not perfect, but Bryan CWeare, a meteorologist at the University of California, Davis, who was not involved in the work, said it “suggests E1 Nino is indeed predictable” 转自学易网 “This will probably convince others to search around more for even better methods”said WeareHe added that the new method “makes it possible to predict El Nino at 1ong lead times” Other models also use sea-surface temperatures, but they have not looked as far back because they need other data, which is only available for recent decades, Weare saidThe ability to predict the warming and cooling of the Pacific is of immense importanceThe 1997 El Nino, for example, caused an estimated$20 billion in damage worldwide, offset by beneficial effects in other areas, said David Anderson, of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in Reading EnglandThe 1877 El Nino, meanwhile, coincided with a failure of the Indian monsoon and a famine that killed perhaps 40 million in India and China, prompting the development of seasonal forecasting, Anderson said转自学易网 When El Nino hit in 1991 and 1997, 200 million people were affected by flooding in China aloneaccording to a 2002 United Nations reportWhile predicting smaller E1 Nino events remains trickythe ability to predict larger ones should be increased to at least a year if the new method is confirmedE1 Nino tends to develop between April and June and reaches its peak between December and FebruaryThe warming tends to last between 9 and 12 months and occurs every two to seven years. 转自学易网 The new forecasting method does not predict any major El Nino events in the next two years, although a weak warming toward the end of this year is possible当某种预报方法限制了提前几个月预测1997年厄尔尼诺现象的时候，哥伦比亚大学的研究人员说他们的方法可以提前两年预测厄尔尼诺现象。这对全世界各地的政府、农民和其他寻求为厄尔尼诺带来的干旱和大雨做准备的人来说是一条好消息。 研究人员使用计算机把1980年和2000年之间的海面温度和后来的厄尔尼诺的发生联系起来，进而能够用更早的海面温度预计1857年的厄尔尼诺现象。研究结果刊登在最新的自然杂志上。 研究人员说他们的方法并不完美，但加利福尼亚大学的气象学家Bryan CWeare说这种方法显示出厄尔尼诺是可以预测的，尽管他自己并没有参加研究工作。 Weare说“这会促使其他人去寻找更好的办法。”他补充说新的方法“使在提前很长的一段时间里预测厄尔尼诺现象成为可能。”其他的方法也使用海面温度，但他们没能回顾得那么久远，是因为缺少其他的资料，而这些资料在近几十年才能够获得。转自学易网 预测太平洋的升温和降温有极其重要的意义。英国Reading的欧洲中级天气预报中心的David Anderson说：以1997年的厄尔尼诺为例，它导致了全球范围内约200亿美元的损失，在其他一些地区被良性影响抵消；1877年的厄尔尼诺与印度遭受的季风和饥荒同时发生，导致了印度和中国约四千万人丧生，结果刺激了季节性预报的发展。 根据2002年的联合国报道，1991和1997年厄尔尼诺爆发的时候，仅中国就有2亿人受到洪水的侵害。 然而小的厄尔尼诺预测还是难以捉摸的，如果新的方法被认可的话，对大型现象的预测至少应该被提前一年。 厄尔尼诺总是在4月和6月期间发展，在11月和2月之间达到高峰。气候总是在9月和12月之间变暖，并且每2年到7年出现一次。 尽管气温在年底的时候有可能微弱上升，新的预测方法预计未来两年不会出现大的厄尔尼诺现象。1).The method used by the Columbia University researchers can predict E1 Nino a few months in advance BWrong 2).The Columbia University researchers studied the relationship between the past EI Nino occurrences and sea-surface temperatures ARight3).The Columbia University researchers are the first to use sea-surface temperatures to match the past EI Nino occurrences CNot mentioned 4). Weares contribution in predicting E1 Nino, was highly praised by other meteorologistsCNot mentioned 5). According to a Chinese report, the flooding in China caused by E1 Nino in 1 99 1 and 1 997 affected 200 million Chinese people BWrong 6). It takes about eight months for El Nino to reach its peak Aright 7). A special institute has been set up in America to study E1 Nino CNot mentioned第三篇Smoking 抽烟Since 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy.Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking male s. Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.转自学易网 Apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. As smoke is breathed in, all those components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point.Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards.自1939年以来，人们进行了无数次研究，以确定抽烟是否危害健康。证据的趋向是一致的，并且显示出抽烟对健康有严重危害。研究组进行的研究超出了所有合理的怀疑，表明吸食烟草与人的预期寿命的缩短有关。转自学易网 这个领域的大部分研究人员都认为抽烟是肺癌和喉癌产生的重要原因，并且和人体其他某些器官的癌症有关。抽烟的男性因心脏病的死亡率高于不抽烟的男性。女性吸烟者被认为受的影响较小，因为她们不深吸烟。 除了统计之外，看一看吸烟对人体的作用也可能会有帮助。烟是各种气体、蒸发的化学物、微小的灰和其他固体颗粒的混合物。里面还有很强的毒素尼古丁和黑焦油。当烟被吸入时，所有这些成分形成肺膜上的沉淀物。集中的一点是气管和支气管分叉的地方。大部分肺癌开始于这一点。 过滤嘴和焦油含量低的烟草被宣称使抽烟在某种程度上安全一些，但是它们只能稍微降低而不是消除危害。1). It is easy to determine whether smoking is hazardous. -W2). Smoking reduces ones life expectancy. -R3). Smoking may induce lung cancer. -R4). There is evidence that smoking is responsible for breast cancer. -N5). Male smokers have a lower death rate from heart disease than female smokers. W 6). Nicotine is poisonous. -R7). Filters and low tar tobacco make smoking safe. W第四篇Engineering ethics 工程道德 Engineering ethics is attracting increasing interest in engineering universities throughout the nationAt Texas AM University，evidence of this interest in professional ethics culminated in the creation of a new course in engineering ethics，as well as a project funded by the National Science Foundation to develop material for introducing ethical issues in required undergraduate engineering courses. A small group of faculty and administrators actively supported the growing effort at Texas AM，yet this group must now expand to meet the needs of increasing numbers of students wishing to learn more about the value implications of their actions as professional engineers The increasing concern for the value dimension of engineering is，at least in part，a result of the attention that the media has given to cases such as the Challenger disaster，the Kansas City Hyatt-Regency Hotel walkways co11apse，and the Exxon oil spillAs a response t this concern，a new discipline，engineering ethics，is emergingThis discipline will doubtless take its place alongside such well-established fields as medical ethics，business ethics，and legal ethics The problem presented by this development is that most engineering professors are not prepared to introduce literature in engineering ethics into their classroomsThey are most comfortable with quantitative concepts and often do not believe they are qualified to lead class discussions on ethicsMany engineering faculty members do not think that they have the time in an already overcrowded syllabus to introduce discussions on professional ethics，or the time in their own schedules to prepare the necessary materialHopefully，the resources presented herein will be of assistance工程道德在全美的工程类院校里愈来愈受到关注。在得克萨斯州的A&M大学，随着工程道德这门新课的开设以及由全美科学基金会提供基金、旨在为大学工程类必修课程提供道德问题方面的材料的项目的启动，人们对职业道德的关注达到了顶峰。一个由教师和管理人员组成的小组对得克萨斯州A&M大学的不懈努力予以了积极的支持，但是由于越来越多的学生希望能够更加了解作为职业工程人员自己的行为的价值含义，为了满足这些需求，目前该小组必须发展壮大。人们之所以对工程价值尺度愈发关注，至少部分原因是由于媒体对挑战者号灾难、堪萨斯城HyattRegency旅馆通道的坍塌以及Exxon石油泄漏等事件的关注所引起的。为了响应人们的关注，一个新的学科工程道德应运而生。同医学道德、商业道德和法律道德这些已经确立的学科一样，该学科无疑也将确立起自己的地位。开发这一新学科所面临的问题是，大部分工程教授不愿意将工程道德方面的资料引进课堂。他们满足于使用以数字表达的概念，不相信自己有资格就工程道德问题在课堂上展开讨论。许多工程类教授认为课程安排紧张，没有时间在课堂上就职业道德问题进行讨论，或者觉得自己没有时间去准备必要的材料。希望这里提供的资料会有所帮助。1). Engineering ethics is a compulsory subject in every institute of science and technology in the United States. -N2). The number of students wishing to take the course of engineering ethics is declining at Texas A & M University. -W3). The National Science Foundation involves itself directly in writing up material about ethical issues. -W4). It seems that medical ethics and business ethics are more mature than engineering ethics. -R5). Several engineering professors have quit from teaching to protest against the creation of a new course in engineering ethics. -N6). Many engineering professors may not have time to prepare material for class discussion on professional ethics. -R7). It is likely that following this introductory passage, the author will provide the necessary material related to the topic of engineering ethics. -R 第五篇Rescue platform 救生平台In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, security experts are trying to develop new ways of rescuing people from burning skyscrapers. One idea is a platform capable of flying vertically and hovering in the air like a helicopter. The platform would rise up and down alongside a skyscraper and pick up people trapped in high stories.The idea for the vertical takeoff platform was hatched more than ten years ago by a Russian aerospace engineer, David Metreveli, who has since moved to Israel. Metrevelis design, called the Eagle, calls for two jet engines that turn four large horizontal propellers. The spinning of the propellers generates the necessary lift, or upward force, to raise the platform. The more power is supplied to the propellers, the higher the platform rises. Moving the platform sideways involves applying differing amounts of power to each propeller.Helicopters are now used in some cases to get people out of burning buildings. Escape baskets slung from them dangle beside the building for people to climb into. Unfortunately, the baskets cannot reach every floor of a building because the ropes from which they hang become unstable beyond a certain length.So far, Metreveli has built a small-scale model of the Eagle to test his idea. In the wake of September 11, he has been able to secure enough funding to start building a larger, 4-meter by 4-meter prototype, which he calls the Eaglet. 在世界贸易中心遭到恐怖袭击后，安全专家们正在努力寻找新方法，来从燃烧的摩天大楼上营救人们。其中的想法之一就是构建一个能够垂直升降并像直升机一样在空中盘旋的平台。该平台可沿摩天大楼上下移动，运送高楼受困人员。十多年前，一名俄罗斯航空航天工程师David Metreveli酝酿出垂直起落平台这一想法，随后移居以色列。Metreveli的设计方案命名为“老鹰”，需用两个喷气发动机来推动四个大型水平方向旋转的螺旋推进器。螺旋推进器快速旋转，生成必要的上升力，使平台升起。供给螺旋推进器的能量越多，平台升得就越高。要使平台侧向移动，则需要给螺旋推进器添加不等的能量。现在，人们有时还用直升机营救起火大楼中的被困人员。从直升机中抛出的救生篮在大楼旁摇摆，人们可以爬到里面去。不幸的是，由于悬挂救生篮的绳索在超出一定长度后就会非常不稳定，所以救生篮无法达到每一层楼。目前，Metreveli已经建立起一个小型“老鹰”模型，来检测自己的构思。“911”事件后，Metreveli获得了足够的基金，开始构建一个较大规模的模型。该模型大小为4公尺4公尺，他为之命名为“小鹰”。1). A rescue platform called the Eagle is capable of moving vertically but not sideways. -W2). The four propellers are fitted horizontally to the Eagle. -R3). With the help of jet engines, the Eagle can fly at a speed of 100 miles an hour. -N4). In the third paragraph, the word helicopter refers to the Eagle. -W5). The more jet engines are fitted to the propellers, the more people the platform can carry. -N6). In the wake of September 11, Mr. Metreveli has secured enough funding to build up a small-scale model of the Eagle to test his idea. -W7). Mr. Metreveli is designing for Israel a more advanced form of rescue platform than the Eagle or the Eaglet. -N 第六篇Micro-chip research center created 微-芯片研究中心成立 A research center has been set up in this far-east country to develop advanced micro-chip production technology. The center, which will start out with about US$14million, will help the country develop its chip industry without always depending on imported technology. The center will make use of its research skills and facilities to develop new technology for domestic chip plants. The advent of the center will possibly free the country from the situation that it is always buying almost-outdated technologies from other countries, said the countrys flagship chipmaker. Currently, chip plants in this country are in a passive situation because many foreign governments dont allow them to import the most advanced technologies, fearing they will be used for military purposes. Moreover, the high licensing fees they have to pay to technology provider are also an important reason for their decision of self-reliance. As mainstream chip production technology shifts from one generation to the next every three to five years, plants with new technology can make more powerful chips at lower costs, while plants with out-dated equipment, which often cost billions of dollars to build, will be marginalized by the maker. More than 10 chip plants are being built, each costing millions of U.S. dollars. The majority of that money goes to overseas equipment vendors and technology owners- mainly from Japan and Singapore. Should the new center play a major role in improving the situation in industry, the country admits the US$14million in vestment is still rather small. This country is developing comprehensive technologies. Most of the investment will be spent on setting alliances with technology and intellectual property owners.为了开发先进的微芯片生产技术，这个远东国家建立了一个研究中心，该中心启动资金为一千四百万美元，可以帮助该国开发自己的芯片工业，不必总是依赖于进口技术。该中心将会应用自己的研究技术和设施，为本国芯片厂家开发新技术。这个国家名列首位的芯片制造公司说，芯片中心的成立可能使这个国家摆脱从他国购买即将淘汰的技术的困境。由于许多外国政府担心先进技术会被用于军事目的，不允许这个国家的芯片生产厂家进口前沿技术，所以这些生产厂家处于一种被动局面。另外，由于这些芯片生产厂家必须向技术提供者支付高额的许可费，这也构成了他们决定要自力更生的一个重要原因。由于主流芯片生产技术每隔35年都要进行更新换代，所以掌握了新技术的厂家就可以以较低的成本制造出较好的芯片，而那些耗费数10亿美元建立起的厂家，如果设备落后，也将会被生产商所淘汰。十几个芯片厂正在建立之中，每个厂的造价都在几百万美元，其中大部分资金都流向了海外设备商和技术所有者一主要是日本和新加坡。如果新建的芯片中心能在改变该国芯片行业的被动形势中起到重要作用，该国承认，一千四百万美元的投资仍是微不足道的。该国正在开发综合技术，大部分投资将用于与技术和知识产权所有者建立联盟。1).The country says that the investment of US$14 million is big e