过去分词讲解.doc

英语语法系列之过去分词【知识梳理】1. 定义：动词的-ed分词即过去分词，是由动词的过去分词构成，一般只有一种形式。2. 过去分词的语法作用：过去分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个形容词或副词，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。1) 过去分词作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。如：Dont touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那个杯子，它是坏的。He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜欢那礼服的式样。2) 过去分词做定语：单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面，相当于一个定语从句。如：The excited people rushed into the building. 激动的人们奔进了大楼。过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面，相当于一个定语从句。Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活动吗？过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语，前后用逗号隔开。如：The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千个学生出席了。3) 过去分词做状语：过去分词和-ing分词作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。 表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。如：Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. 从山顶上看，这个城市就像一个大花园。表原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other. 激动的人们被那个故事深深地感动了，停止了争吵。 表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去分词前可用if等词。如：Given another chance, he will do better.再给他一次机会，他会做得更好。If heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加热，会变成水蒸气。表让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。如：Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. 尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。表方式或伴随情况。如：The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.那个老人在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。4) 过去分词作补足语：过去分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等词后与一名词或代词构成复合宾语，用作宾语补语。如：When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么时候去医院检查你的牙齿？这类句子变成被动语态时，过去分词用作主语补语。如：They should be kept informed of the situation there. 应该让他们知道那儿的形势。几点注意： 1. 过去分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般必须和句子的主语相一致。如： When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.当那个男孩被问到为何来这里时，他沉默不语。如果过去分词的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致，必须使用过去分词的独立主格结构。2. 动词have后所接的三种宾语补语： have somebody/something do something 不定式作补语必须省去to, 不定式动作由宾语发出，表示一次性的动作。如：I had the workers do the job for me. 我让工人们替我完成了工作。have somebody /something doing something -ing分词作补语，分词动作也由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或正在进行。如：We wont have the child talking to his mother like that. 我们不能让那个孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。have somebody/something done 过去分词作补语，宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，通常有两种情况： 主语让别人做某事，强调主语的意志。如：He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理发了。Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.后来，这个中心让人种了很多树。主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境，说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为。如：He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比赛中摔断了腿。3. 非谓语动词的被动式作定语的三种形式：the bridge to be built 将要建造的桥 （表示将来的动作）the bridge being built 正在建造的桥 （表示正在进行的动作）the bridge built 造好的桥 （表示完成的动作）4. 过去分词和ing分词作表语的区别： 过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受，而-ing分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，如：Hearing the news, we felt very surprised. 听到那个消息，我们感到很惊讶The news is very surprising. 这个消息很令人惊讶。They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。5. 过去分词和ing分词作定语的区别：过去分词作定语和-ing分词作定语有一定的区别。试比较下面几组短语：boiled water开水 boiling water正沸腾的水developed countries发展的国家 developing countries发展中国家由此可见，过去分词作定语通常表示完成的或被动的动作；而-ing分词作定语可以表示正在进行的主动的动作。【例行天下】例1. (2009福建32) not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry. A. Reminding B. Reminded C. To remind D. Having reminded答案：B 解析：考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词做状语，逻辑主语是句子的主语the manager，非谓语动词与句子主语是被动关系，且其表示的动作在谓语动词set out之前已经发生，非谓语动词用过去分词，选B。变式训练：1.John received an invitation to dinner， and with his work_ , he gladly accepted it.A. finishedB. finishingC . was finishedD. having finished答案：A解析 “with+宾语+宾补”结构中，宾补表示完成用过去分词。变式训练：2. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless_ every day.A. watered B. watering C. water D. to water答案 A解析：unless，if，when，though等引导状语从句时，如果主从句的主语一致，又含有be动词时，常把主语和be动词省略。此处应为unless they are watered。因此A项正确。例2. . (2009海南35) Now that weve discussed out problem, are people happy with the decisions _ ?A. taking B. take C. taken D. to take答案：C解析：考查with +宾语+宾语补足语的用法。句意为：现在,我们已经讨论了问题,是人们最满意的决定？ take 与the decisions之间存在的关系是动宾关系，故用过去分词表示被动变式训练：1. The Town Hall_ in the 1880s was the most distinguished building at that time.A. to be completed B. having been completed C. completedD. being completed答案 C解析：completed in the 1880s为过去分词短语作定语修饰the Town Hall，二者之间为被动关系；D项表示动作正在发生，不合题意；B项不能作限制性的定语。变式训练：2. The children went home from the grammar school，their lessons _ for the day.A. finishing B. finished C. had finishedD. were finished答案：B解析：此处考查独立主格结构，非谓语在句中作状语。例3. （2009年北京34）_ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we changed our dog. A. Being bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten 答案：B。 解析：考查分词的用法。The postman与bite之间是被动和完成的关系，所以答案为:B。 变式训练：变式训练：1. There have been several new events _ to the program for the 2008 Olympic Games _ in Beijing in August to come.A. added; held B. added; to be held C. adding; to be heldD. adding; being held答案：B解析：根据句子结构判断，此处为独立主格结构，且功课是被完成，因此用过去分词形式。变式训练：2. _ by a greater demand for vegetables，farmers have built more green houses. A. DrivenB. Being drivenC. To driveD. Having driven答案 A解析：本题考查非谓语动词。句意为：受对于蔬菜的更大量需求的驱使，农民们建了更多的暖棚。空格处为句子的状语，其逻辑主语为farmers，与drive之间存在被动关系，故用被动形式。例4. (2009四川4) Ladies and gentlemen, please remain _ until the plane has come to a complete stop.A. seated B. seating C. to seat D. seat答案：A 解析：考查非谓语的用法。remain后可接adj, v-ing, v-ed和to be done 等多种形式做表语，在该题中可以把seated视为一个形容词，所以正确答案为A。变式训练：1. _ by a greater demand for vegetables，farmers have built more green houses. A. DrivenB. Being drivenC. To driveD. Having driven答案：A解析：本题考查非谓语动词。句意为：受对于蔬菜的更大量需求的驱使，农民们建了更多的暖棚。空格处为句子的状语，其逻辑主语为farmers，与drive之间存在被动关系，故用被动形式。变式训练：2. Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English _ in a short period.A. improved B. improvingC. to improveD. improve答案：A解析：本题考查非谓语动词。have在此处为使役动词，“使，让”，后可接do，doing或done作宾补，宾语her written English与improve之间为动宾关系，故应用过去分词作宾补。【限时训练】1.（2009北京卷24）. For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit _ on his own farm.A. grown B. being grown C. to be grown D. to grow答案：A。解析：考查非谓语的用法。fresh fruit与grow的关系是被动和完成，所以用过去分词做定语。2. (2009全国35). Now that weve discussed out problem, are people happy with the decisions _ ?A. taking B. take C. taken D. to take答案：C解析：此处考查非谓语动词做宾补，和decision构成被动。3. (2009北京27) The way the guests _ in the hotel influenced their evaluation of the service A. treated B. were treated C. would treat D. would be treated 答案：D解析：此处考查谓语动词过去将来的被动语态。4. (2009湖南31) Please do me a favor _ my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight.A. to invite B. inviting C. invite D. invited答案：C解析：此处考查一个表示要求的祈使句，故用动词原形。5. (2009江西22) _ the right kind of training , these teenage soccer players may one day grew the international stars. A. Giving B. Having given C. To give D. Given 答案：D 解析：考查非谓语动词。如果把句子补充完整就不难看出：If they are given the right kind of training , 可知主语they 即these teenager soccer players与give 之间是被动的关系，所以用过去分词。根据主、从句主语一致可省略从句主语的原则，连词if 也可省，所以得出given the right kind of training , these teenager soccer players6. (2009天津9) _ by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.A. Being encouraged B. Encouraging C. Encouraged D. Having encouraged答案：C解析：此处考查非谓语动词做状语，和主语构成被动关系。7(2009浙江3) _and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai. A. the; a B. Tired C. TiringD. Being tired答案：B解析：解析：此处考查非谓语动词做伴随状语，和主语构成被动关系。8. (2009重庆25) Michaelsnewhouseislikeahugepalace, _withhisoldone. A. comparing B. compares C. tocompare D. compared 答案 ：D解析：此处考查非谓语动词做状语，和主语构成被动关系。9. (2009海南35) Now that weve discussed out problem, are people happy with the decisions _ ?A. taking B. take C. takenD. to take答案：C解析：考查with +宾语+宾语补足语的用法。句意为：现在,我们已经讨论了问题,是人们最满意的决定？ take 与the decisions之间存在的关系是动宾关系，故用过去分词表示被动10. (2009四川4) Ladies and gentlemen, please remain _ until the plane has come to a complete stop.A. seated B. seating C. to seat D. seat答案：A 解析：考查非谓语的用法。remain后可接adj, v-ing, v-ed和to be done 等多种形式做表语，在该题中可以把seated视为一个形容词，所以正确答案为A。11. (2008江西28)We finished the run in less than half the time_ .A. allowingB. to allowC. allowedD. allows答案：C解析：句意为：我们用了不到被允许的时间的一半就跑完了。time后缺少定语，“时间”与“允许”之间是被动关系，因此用过去分词形式。12.(2008湖南26)The trees _ in the storm have been moved off the road.A. being blown downB. blown downC. blowing downD. to blow down答案 B解析：句意为：在暴风雨中被吹倒的树已经被从道路上移走了。“树木”的后面缺少定语，因为blow down与trees之间是动宾关系，且是已经完成的动作，故用过去分词短语blown down。13.(2008浙江13) It is one of the funniest things_ on the Internet so far this year.A. finding B. being foundC. to findD. found答案：D解析：found此处为过去分词作后置定语，用来修饰things， 与things构成被动关系。句意为：这是今年到目前为止在因特网上发现的最滑稽的事情之一。14.(2008福建33) Can those_ at the back of the classroom hear me?No problem.A. seatB. sitC. seatedD. sat答案 C解析：at the back of the classroom为分词短语作定语。sit为不及物动词，可用sitting.作定语；seat为及物动词，常与反身代词连用或用be seated形式。这里seat 与those构成逻辑上的动宾关系，故用其过去分词作定语。15. (2008辽宁31) Please remain_; the winner of the prize will be announced soon.A. seatingB. seatedC. to seatD. to be seated答案：B解析：句意为：请在座位上坐着；很快就会宣布获奖者。seat是及物动词，remain/be seated保持坐着的状态，坐着。16. (2008江苏34) To learn English well，we should find opportunities to hear English_ as much as we can.A. speakB. speakingC. spokenD. to speak答案 ：C解析：此处考查hear+宾语+do/doing/done结构。因为English是“被说”，故用spoken作宾补，表示被动。17（2009北京市东城区高三二模试题）_ by a greater demand for green products, the food company has set higher standards to ensure the quality.ADrivenBBeing drivenCTo driveDHaving driven答案：A解析：此处考查非谓语动词做状语，和主语构成被动关系。18（2009北京市东城区高三二模试题）Mistakes in _ public notices can be seen here and there.Abeing translatedBtranslatingChaving translatedDtranslated答案：D解析：此处考查非谓语动词做状语，和主语构成被动关系。19（2009北京市海淀区高三二模）The Hotel Al Arab _ the first and only 7-star hotel in the world was designed in the shape of a sail of 321 meters.Awas consideredBconsidering Cbeing considered Dconsidered答：D解析：此处考查非谓语动词做定语，和前面的名词构成被动关系。20（2009北京市宣武区高三二模）_ with the threat of water shortages, Beijing and Shanghai are taking effective measures to save water and protect water resources.AFaceBFacedCFacingDTo face答案：B解析：此处考查非谓语动词做状语，和主语构成被动关系，当face和with连用，要用短语be faced with 。21. 2009山东省临沂市高三二模） The judge made the final decision after listening to the opinions of each party _.A. involved B. to be involved C. involving D. having involved答案：A解析：此处考查非谓语动词做定语，和party构成被动关系.22(2009山东省枣庄市高三二模) No matter how frequently _, I always remember never to stop improving myself.Apraising Bpraised Cto be praised Dbeing praised答案：B解析：此处考查非谓语动词做状语，和主语构成被动关系23. (2009天津市南开区高三年级质量调查（二）) _ from endless homework on weekends, the students now find their own activities, such as taking a ride together to watch the sunrise.A. FreedB. Freeing C. To free D. Having freed答案：A解析：此处考查非谓语动词做状语，和主语构成被动关系24(2009浙江省杭州市第二次高考科目教学质量检测) The early warning of floods， _ over the radio and on TV，spread quickly through the area.Ahaving broadcast BbroadcastingCbroadcast Dto be broadcast答案：C解析：此处考查非谓语动词做分割式定语，和warning构成被动关系25. (2009河北省邯郸市高三第二次模拟) The managers were discussing the plan which they all wanted to see _ out that month. A. carried B. to carry C. carrying D. carry 答案：A解析：此处考查非谓语动词定语从句中做宾语补语，定语从句中宾语the plan被省略。26. （2009江苏省南通市高三一模试题）_ that the government can lead them out of the financial crisis, people are optimistic about the future of the country. A. Convincing B. Convinced C. To convince D. Having convinced答案：B解析：此处考查非谓语动词做状语，和主语构成被动关系。be convinced 表示“相信”。27（2009山东省青岛市高三教学统一质量检测）Carbon dioxide _from burning fuels is the most common of the so called greenhouse gases.Aproducing Bhaving been produced Cto be produced Dproduced答案：D解析：此处考查非谓语动词做定语，修饰前面的名词，和名词构成被动关系。28（2009江西省十所重点中学联考盟校第一次模拟考试）My grandma still treats me like a childShe cant imagine me_Agrow up Bgrown up Cgrowing up Dto grow up答案：B解析：此处考查的是imagine me grown up中grown up做宾补，修饰me。29（2009湖北省黄冈中学高三第一次模拟考试）The writer was so _ in her work that she didnt notice him enter the room.A. abandoned B. focused C. absorbed D. centered答案：C解析：此处考查be absorbed in 这一固定短语。30（2009福建省泉州市高中毕业班质量检查） The meeting，_by over five thousand people，welcomed the great heroAto be attended Bbeing attended Cattended Dhaving attended答案：C解析：此处考查非谓语动词做定语，修饰前面的名词，和名词构成被动关系。31. （2009石家庄市高中毕业班第一次模拟考试）_the financial crisis, our government has taken a series of measures _it.A. Faced with; to deal with B. Facing with; dealing withC. Faced with; dealt with D. Facing with; to dealt with答案：A解析：此处考查非谓语动词做状语，和主语构成被动关系，当face和with连用，要用短语be faced with ，做状语时，be省略。32 .(08南京市高三年级质量调研) The residents approve of the measures_ so far in our city，_ to bring a sharp rise in oil prices.A. having been taken; intended B. to be taken; intending C. taken; to intend D. taken; intended答案：D解析：此处考查非谓语动词做定语，修饰前面的名词，和名词构成被动关系。33.(08石家庄高中毕业班复习教学质量检测二) Mary felt herself_ to take action to defend herself.A. forcing B. to forceC. forcedD. being forced答案：C解析：此处考查非谓语动词做宾语补语，和宾语构成