英语测试理论与实践 第五讲 从句.ppt

英语测试理论与实践 第五讲语法 从句 第一节从属分句 复合句 complexsentence 由一个主句 principalclause 和一个以上的从属分句 subordinateclause 构成 名词性从句 主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句状语从句 时间状语从句 地点状语从句 原因状语从句 结果状语从句 目的状语从句 条件状语从句 让步状语从句 方式状语从句 比较状语从句 一 状语从句 主要功能是作主句的状语 由完整的主谓句构成 1 让步状语从句 though although evenif though引导 Mr Wellsisscarcelyinsympathywiththeworkingclass 2005 AAlthoughheissocialistBEvenifheisasocialistCBeingasocialistDSinceheisasocialist 2 as引导的让步状语从句 as引导的状语从句须将表语 状语 动词原型提到as前 如果动词或现在分词放在句首 谓语要补加助动词如do does did will等 Failashedid hewouldnevergiveup 作表语用的单数可数名词放在句首时 该名词前不加冠词 FoolasJaneis shecouldnothavedonesuchathing as从句的主语是代词时 主谓不需倒装 如果主语是名词时 则需要倒装 Difficultasitwas theyfinisheditintime Difficultaswasthework theyfinisheditintime FoolJerryis hecouldnothavedonesuchathing 2010 AwhoBasClikeDthat 3 while引导的让步状语从句while表示 尽管 虽然 时 可以引导让步状语从句 这时while表达并列的转折 即主句与从句的动作是同一时间发生的 While引导的从句通常放到主句前 Isympathize Ican treallydoverymuchtohelpthemoutofthedifficulties 2001 AAslongasBAsCWhileDEven 4 nomatterhow与however引导的让步状语从句Nomatter与疑问词what when where how连用 或上述疑问词加ever 都可以引导让步状语从句 两者基本可以互换 Nomatterhow Howeverslyafoxmaybe itisnomatchforagoodhunter Nomatterwhat Whateveryoudo Iwon ttellyoumysecret thebosssays itisunreasonabletoaskmetoworkovertimewithoutpay 2009 AWhateverBWheneverCWhicheverDHowever 比较状语从句一般由as和than引导ItiseasierthanIthought Ihaven tdoneasmuchasIshouldhaveliked 条件状语从句If unless provided providing that so aslongas onconditionthat suppose supposing that intheeventthat whetherornotThisisanillnessthatcanresultintotalblindnessleftuntreated 2000 AafterBifCsinceDunless 时间状语从句引导词 when after as等1 when与while引导的时间状语从句When表示 当 的时候 指一个时间点 段 的动作 while表示 在 同时 只能表示持续性的动作或状态 不能表示一段时间的或短暂的动作 WhileTomwasreading Jackwaswriting Whenhefinishedhisspeech theaudienceburstintoapplause 2 Hardly Scarcely when和Nosooner than 一 就 引导的时间状语从句 相当于assoonas Hardly Scarcely和Nosooner后面用完成时 when than后面用过去时 Thecouplehadnosoonergottothestationthecoachleft 2009 AwhenBasCuntilDthan 3 theminute moment day thefirst second lasttime each every next time等都可以引导时间状语从句 NexttimeyoucometoBeijing youmustvisitthemuseum 4 since表示 自从 从句要用非延续性动词 主句完成时 SincehelivedinNanjing Ihavenotheardfromhim Till until表示 直到 till不能用于句首 用于肯定句时 主句用延续性动词 否定句中 主句可用非延续性动词 Iwillwaithereuntiltheconcertisover Shecan tleaveuntilFriday 5 结果状语从句1 so such that引导结果状语从句So adj adv a an Such n that如此 以至在many few little n 只能用soSomanypeoplecomplainedabouttheheavytrafficthatthecitygovernmenttookmeasuresatlast 2 withtheresultthat引导结果状语从句TheEskimolanguageis therefore oneofthemostdifficultintheworldtolearn withtheresultthatalmostnotradersorexplorershaveeventriedtolearnit 6 原因状语从句引导词since as because inthat onthegroundsthatMendifferfromanimalsinthattheycanthinkandspeak HewaselectedasthePresidentonthegroundsthathehadcontributedalottothecompany 7 地点状语从句引导词where wherever anywhereI lltakeyouanywhereyoulike Hesaidhewashappywherehewas 8方式状语从句引导词asIhavechangeditasyousuggested Shedidherworkhermanagerhadinstructed 2002 AasBuntilCwhenDthough Justas和muchas也可引导方式状语从句 TheytriedtoconcealthisfactmuchasIdidlastyear 他们设法隐瞒事实 就像我去年做的那样 Ican thelpseeingthingsthewaytheydo 二 关系从句 定语从句 1 限定性和非限定性定语从句的主要区别A 非限定性定于从句中 先行词和关系代词之间要有逗号隔开 B 限定性定语从句是句子不可或缺的部分 限定 非限定性定语从句起补充说明的作用 翻译时常译作独立的句子 而不是定语 Herefusedtorevealthemanwhohadbeatenhimblackandblue InolongerliveinBeijing whereairpollutiondidgreatharmtomyhealth 2 which和thatA 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可省 Itistheonlything that wecandoforyou B 先行词是anyone anybody evryone evrybody someone somebody时 关系代词多用who或whomIsthereanyoneherewhocandance C 先行词是不定代词 all much few little some any none anything something nothing everything 只能用that引导 That sall that Icoulddoatthatmoment D 先行词被形容词最高级或first last only very no等修饰时 关系代词常用that HeistheonlypersonthatIdislikeinourclass Thisistheverypenthatyouarelookingfor E 有两个或两个以上的先行词兼指人和物时 关系代词用thatAvictimisaperson animalorthingthatsufferspain death harm etc 3 as1 as和such thesame as so 连用 引导限定性定语从句 Suchpeopleaswishtoleavemaydosonow 2 引导非限定性定于从句时 as和which的区别A as的位置较为灵活 可放在主句前 主句中 或者主句后 which引导的从句只能放在主句后 MoreAmericantroopsarebeingsenttotheMiddleEast as which Ihavelearntfromthenewspaper Thetelephone asweknow wastheinventionofBell B as后如果是被动语态 被动语态中的be动词可省 which后的be动词同样情况下则不可省 Footballandbaseball asplayedintheUStoday arebasicallymodificationsofgamesthatoriginatedinEngland 4 where相当于in at whichThiscompanyhasnowintroducedapolicypayrisesarerelatedtoperformanceatwork 1996 A whichB whereCwhetherDwhat 5 whoseWhose与名词搭配使用时 可以引导定语从句 在句中作主语或宾语 whose可以指人也可以指物 Thehousewhosewindowsarebrokenisunoccupied 6 结构 介词 whom 或 which 不定式短语 二者作后置定语时 相当于一个定语从句 Sheisapleasantgirlwithwhomtowork Sheisapleasantgirltoworkwith 三 名词性从句 名词性从句指在一个句子中起名词性作用的主谓结构 它可以在主从复合句中作主语 宾语 同位语和表语 名词性从句的语序使用陈述语序 1 同位语从句A news idea fact promise question doubt thought hope message suggestion knowledge problem belief certainty concept conclusion information statement probability answer discovery evidence explanation impression 同位于从句多用that引导 疑问代词用who which what 疑问副词where when why how Thenewsthathehaswonthegameisexciting Itisthequestionwhereweshouldhavedinner B 在结构ontheassumptionthat ontheconditionthat despitethefactthat ontheunderstandingthat etc中 也可以用同位语从句 JacklentmethemoneyonconditionthatIpayitbacknextmonth Thereisnodoubtthecoupledidtherightthingincomingbackhomeearlierthanplanned 2011 A whetherB thatC whyD when 2 宾语从句1 宾语从句的主要引导词有that 连接代词或连接副词what which where how why 连词whetherIwanttotellyouwhatIhear 2 whatever whichever whoever引导的宾语从句I lldowhateveryouwant meto 3 在in but except save少数几个介词后可以接that引导的宾语从句 而且已经成为固定搭配 Thispaperisperfectexceptthattherearesomemisspellings 4 be 形容