过去完成进行时.doc

过去完成进行时英语时态有16种之多，许多非常抽象，通常不是直接使用而是放在间接引语或虚拟语气中，过去完成进行时就是一例。过去完成进行时，就是相对过去的某个时刻来说已经对现在有直接影响并且还在进行的动作。放在间接引语或虚拟语气中时它的时态不能再向前推，向后推是现在完成进行时。结构主语 +had+been +v.ing （因为是过去时had无人称变化）比较过去完成进行时与过去完成时的用法很相近，它通常表示某个过去正在进行的动作或状态，持续到过去某个时刻，还未完成，一直持续到之后的当前才结束He had been waiting for two weeks He was still waiting（有一个表示一段时间的状语）Up to that time he had been translating those books（He was still translating at “that time”）He had been writing the letter till two oclockHe was now thirty years oldHe had been gambling since he was ten（He was still gambling at thirty）He had been standing there in the sun（没有时间状语）He had been thinking about his marriage不过这种时态并不一定表示这个过去动作将持续下去：He came back at sevenHe had been waiting for her two hours（At seven he did not wait any more）He stopped swimmingHe had been swimming for the last three hours特别含义1）尚未完成：He had been writing the novel（He had not finished it yet）2）企图：He had been studying the meaning of this proverb（He was trying to study it）3）未得结果：We had been studying what our enemy had said（But we were not able to understand it）4）最近情况：He had been quarrelling with his wife（lately）5）反复动作：He had been asking me the same question（Many times）6）情绪：What had he been doing？（不耐烦）特点这种时态很少用在否定句中，而多以过去完成时代替：He had not practised English for many years（普通说法）He had not been practising English for many years（少见）这种时态还可用在said，supposed等引起的间接引语中，代替现在完成进行时：He said，“I have been speaking to John”= He said that he had been speaking to JohnHe thought，“She was watching me when I passed”= He thought that she had been watching him when he had passed过去完成进行时经常与现在完成进行时混淆。现在完成进行时 (The present perfect progressive) 由 have/has been +-ing 分词构成；过去完成进行时（ The past perfect progressive tenses ）由 had been +-ing分词构成现在/过去完成进行时的用法：A. 在某段时间内一直进行的动作用现在完成进行时来强调动作在某段时间里的持续性动作通常有现在的结果，要根据上下文来确定到现在为止，动作是否还在继续进行同样，过去完成进行时表示在过去更早时间内进行的动作, 并对过去某一时刻产生结果。B.表示重复动作的现在/过去完成进行时我们也可以用完成进行时形式来表示现在或过去经常重复的动作注意：过去完成进行时和过去完成时类似，需要有过去这一时间点。构成过去完成进行时是由had been + 现在分词构成。She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考试之前一直患重感冒。They had been expecting the news for some time?他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧？Rafael was scolded even though he hadnt been doing anything wrong.尽管拉斐尔没做什么错事，但他还是挨骂了。用法表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作。过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。和过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提。I had been looking for it for days before I found it.这东西我找了好多天才找着的。They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.他们只等了一会儿车就来了。表示反复的动作。He had been mentioning your name to me.他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。You had been giving me everything.你对我真是有求必应。过去完成进行时还常用于间接引语中（详见第12章）。The doctor asked what he had been eating.医生问他吃了什么。I asked where they had been staying all those days.我问他们那些天是呆在哪儿的。过去完成进行时之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when分句。I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in.我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。Shed only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her.她温习功课才一会儿，她妹妹就打断她了。I had been sleeping when my friend telephone me.我正在睡觉时，我的朋友给我打电话。1）现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示的结果是直接的，而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。如：We have been cleaning the classroom（a）We have cleaned the classroom（b）（a）句可译为“我们打扫教室来着。”其直接结果可能是：我们身上都是灰。（b）句可以译为“我们把教室打扫过了。”其结果是：现在教室很清洁，可以用了。又，（a）句表示教室刚刚打扫过，（b）句则可能表示教室是昨天打扫的。Be careful! John has been painting the door（a）John has painted the door（b）（a）句表示约翰刚刚把门油漆过，现在油漆还未干，所以你要小心。（b）句则无此含义，油漆可能已干了。（2）现在完成进行时有时有延续性，现在完成时往往没有。如：They have been widening the road（a）They have widened the road（b）（a）句的意思是他们在加宽马路，但尚未完工。（b）句的意思则是已完工了。有时现在完成时有延续性（如一些属于持续体的动词），但无临时性质。如：Mr. Smith has been living in London since 1978（a）Mr. Smith has lived in London since 1979（b）（a）句有“史密斯先生在伦敦久居”的含义，（b）句则没有。（3）但现在完成进行时并不总是具有临时的性质，如：My mother has been teaching English for twenty years（a）My mother has taught English for twenty years.（b）（a）句在此并无临时性质，但较口语化。（b）句则较为正式。又，（a）句表示动作现在仍在继续并将延续下去，（b）句的动作是否延续下去，须由上下文决定，但在一般情况下都是延续下去的。（4）现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，现在完成时则常常不带重复性。如：Have you been meeting her lately？（a）Have you met her lately？（b）（a）句有“经常相会”之意，（b）句则没有。（b）句如与often，every day等时间状语连用，当然也表示动作在重复。（5）现在完成进行时比较生动，有时含有明显的感情色彩，而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或结果，平铺直叙，没有什么感情色彩可言。如：What have you been doing？（a）What have you done？（b）（a）句表示惊异。（b）句只是一个问题。Have you been waiting long？（a）Have you waited long？（b）（a）句较（b）句生动。又，（a）句比较口语化。I have been wanting to meet you for long（a）I have long wanted to meet you（b）（a）句比（b）句更亲切，更有礼貌。Recently Mary has been doing her work regularly（a）Recently Mary has done her work regularly（b）（a）句显然是在表扬玛丽。（b）只说明一个事实。下面还有一例，颇为有趣:Whos been eating my apples？（a）Whos eaten my apples？（b）（a）句有强烈的感情色彩，表示愤怒不满，（b）句只是希望回答的一个问题。又，（a）句兼有进行时态，所以有“苹果未被全部吃光”的意思，（b）句是完成时态，说明“苹果一个不剩了”。过去完成时1） 概念：表示过去的过去过去完成时：即过去的过去所发生的事情！其构成是主语+had +现在分词。那时以前 那时 现在2） 用法a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。She said (that) she had never been to Paris.b.状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示 “原本，未能”We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。He said that he had learned some English before.By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.过去完成时的用法（2）表示过去某一动作之前已经完成的动作，常与由when，before等连词引导的时间状语从句连用。When I woke up it had already stopped raining.我醒来的时候雨就已经停了。I hadnt learned any English before I came here.我来这儿之前没学过英语。常用于引导这类状语从句的连词有：when当的时候，as soon as一就，before在之前，after在之后，until直到，等。过去完成时的用法（3）用于宾语从句或间接引语中I wondered who had taken the umbrella without permission.我想知道谁不经允许就把雨伞拿去。He told me that he had passed the exam.他告诉我他已通过考试。过去完成时的用法（4）某些动词的过去完成时表示一个打算要做却没有做成的事。I had intended to come over to see you last night, but someone called and I couldnt get away.昨晚我本打算来看你，但有人来找，脱不开身。We had hoped to