兰寿(Ranchu)金鱼疾病的预防和对策.doc

兰寿(Ranchu)金鱼疾病的预防和对策Disease Prevention and Countermeasures of Ranchu Goldfish重在预防Prevention is Key要饲养兰寿的话，所有人都会为鱼生病感到烦恼。越晚发现患病，鱼的生存率越低。早期发现、早期治疗自不必说，但在这之前最重要的是不要让鱼得病。为了明确预防的方法，在这里列出疾病预防的五大原则。Everyone who want to feed Ranchu will be bothered by sickness of the fish.The later discovery of illness, the lower rate for fish to survive. What matter most is to keep fish healthy, needless to say early detection and treatment .Here,the five principles are listed in order to clarify the method of prevention.原则1 饲养水的维持、管理不能懈怠Principle 1 Maintaining and managing the feeding water should not been let up饲养水槽是兰寿唯一的生存环境。饲养水的状态与兰寿的健康息息相关。导致鱼得病的原因，除了从外部引入的特定病原体之外，就只有饲养水的管理不足了。Feeding trough is the uniqe living environment for Ranchu. The condition of feeding water is closely related with Ranchus health.The only cause lead to fish disease is the lack of management,except of a specific pathogen from the outside.原则2 多加注意防止引入疾病Principle 2 Pay more attention ,or you will lead in disease不论如何努力管理水质，如果带入了疾病就前功尽弃了。从外部引入疾病的途径有放入了外来的兰寿、使鱼混养等。在这时使用的网和容器也是原因之一。放入外来的鱼时，不但要作药浴，还要分开饲养一个季度。If infect disease,no matter how efforts we have put to manage water quality, all the work weve done will be wasted.The approachs infecting diseases from outside are as follows: put a foreign Ranchu into the water, polyculture of fish and so on.even the using net and container this moment is also one of the reasons. Not only to make medicine bath, but also keeping a separate quarter when leading the foreign fish.原则3 进行预防药浴Principle 3 Preventive medicine bath不同季节，鱼容易得的疾病也不同。如果了解疾病的早期症状，不但可以实现早期治疗，还可以通过药浴进行有效预防。In different seasons, the diseases the fish suscepted are also different. If you know the early symptoms of the disease, not only early treatment can be achieved, but also can be effective in preventing drug bath.原则4 避免喂食过多饵料Principle 4 Avoid of feeding too much bait过多的饵料不但会加重内脏的负担，也会导致水质的腐败。要让鱼吃到八分饱，注意保持水质的稳定。Too much feed would not only increase the burden of internal organs, water quality will lead to corruption. Allow fish to eat eight to keep the water quality stable.原则5 经常留意健康情况Principle 5 Pay attention to health frequently知识固然十分重要，但也要会活学活用。这就要靠平时的观察了。可以通过体表、泳姿、鳃部的运动等了解鱼的健康状态并迅速采取对策，防止鱼得病。请牢记以上疾病预防的五大原则！Knowledge is certainly important, but also will live for everyday by usual observation. Through the surface, swimming stroke, gill movement, etc. to find out the health of fish, and take prompt measures to prevent the fish getting sick.Keep in mind of the five principles of disease prevention above!季节的变化与疾病Season changes&DiseaseA. 春季的疾病A、the spring disease到了春天，兰寿从冬眠中醒来。由于冬眠中没能进食，免疫力较为低下。这个时期需要注意的是由于饵料投放过多导致的肠炎以及由于水质腐败导致的细菌和原虫的滋生。15以下的冷天停止投饵，天气暖和时也需注意不要有剩饵。这一时期需要注意的有白点病(Ich ）、烂尾病(tail-rot disease)、水霉病(Saprolegniasis)等，如果在早期发现是比较容易治愈的。In spring, Ranchu have a lower immunity when they wake up from hibernation without eating something. Note that this period should note enteritiscaused by putting too much bait and breeding of bacteria and protozoa because of corruption of water quality. Stop feeding when the weather downs below 15 ,and make sure there have no leftover bait when the weather is warm. During this period ,it should be noted that there are Ich, tail-rot disease, Saprolegniasis and so on, it is relatively easy to cure if have a early detection.B. 夏季的疾病B、the summer disease 由于水温上升，兰寿的体力和活动性都上升，免疫力也随之增高，但这是建立在饲养水的状态保持良好的基础之上的。水温上升致使水的腐败加快，需要通过换水保持水质。如果在这方面疏忽大意，能引发腮病的纤毛虫(ciliophora)、鞭毛虫（lagellate）就会大量滋生。另外，烂尾病(tail-rot disease)、白云病(Costiasis)也需要引起注意。饵料不要有剩，并根据需要进行预防药浴。每天要仔细观察，感到有异样迅速采取对策。As the water temperature increases, Ranchus strength and activity are increased ,as well as its immunity, but this is based on keeping a good state of water. It need to maintain water quality by changing the water when rising water temperature accelerat the corruption. If this is inadvertent, ciliophora and lagellate that lead to gill disease will breeding in a large number.In addition, tail-rot disease and Costiasis also need attention. Do not have leftover bait, and take preventive medicine bath based on need. Observed carefully every day, and take prompt measures when something is wrong.C. 秋季的疾病C、the autumn disease初秋天气凉爽，是最舒适的时期，但如果疏于管理饲养水，鱼就可能感染由纤毛虫(ciliophora)和鞭毛虫（lagellate）等原虫所引发的疾病。特别是在水温较低的晚秋时期有可能导致鱼的死亡，需要严格管理饲养水。这个时期由于秋雨降温会导致水温急剧下降，所以也需要留意白点病(Ich ）的发生。Cool weather in early autumn is most comfortablely, but if not well managed the breeding water, the fish may be infected diseases caused by ciliophora and lagellate and other protozoa. Especially in the late autumn period, low water temperature may lead fish to die,that should manage the breeding water strictly. During this period, cooling water temperature in autumn will lead to a sharp decline, it is also important to prevent the happening of Ich.D. 冬季的疾病D、the winter disease由于冬季鱼的活动性降低，导致免疫力低下。需要注意的是白云病(Costiasis)和白点病(Ich ）等。这些疾病也可以通过严格管理饲养水、进行预防药浴来防治。水池清扫、水质管理等维护工作，不但能预防冬季的疾病，其更重要的作用是防范春季疾病。鱼再怎么不活动、池底也会沉积污垢，因此在天气温暖时要排去池底的水，清理掉作为细菌温床的沉淀物。In winter, the fish activity goes down that leading to low immunity. Be carefule of Costiasis and Ich and so on. These diseases can also be prevented through strictly managing about breeding water and taking preventive medicine bath. By cleaning the pool, controlling the water quality and so on, not only can prevent the disease in winter,whats more important role is to prevent the disease in the spring. Fish, no matter how inactive in the pool will be deposited dirt, so when the weather is warm, draining the bottom water and cleaning out sediment which work as a hotbed of bacteria.E. 其他E、Others 带鱼参加完研究会和品评会回来之后，要充分进行药浴并让鱼好好休养，注意不要从外部引入疾病。After attending seminars and tasting,you should take preventive medicine baths for fish to have a good rest, and be careful not to introduce the disease from the outside.在介绍兰寿的各种疾病之前，我们先了解一下疾病之外导致兰寿死亡的原因。请仔细阅读并将之运用在饲育管理上Before introducing the various diseases of Ranchu, we should look at the other reasons caused Ranchu to die except illness at first. Please carefully read below and use it in the management of rearing.死亡形态死因原因窒息致死水中溶解氧浓度不足，呼吸器（鳃）不完整饲养密度过高，高水温，空气不足，投饵过多导致水质急剧恶化、骤变中毒致死亚硝酸（HONO）、铜离子（Cu ion）过多，产生硫化氢（H2S）气体，漂白粉中毒投饵过多导致残饵腐败，水槽内沉淀物产生有毒气体（换水不及时），忘记中和漂白粉营养障碍维生素、矿物质缺乏，肝脏、肾脏等内脏损伤营养不平衡，投饵过多导致慢性内脏负担加重被捕食鸟类（鹭鸶、乌鸦、伯劳），哺乳类（猫、黄鼠狼、浣熊、老鼠等），蛇，水栖昆虫防护网、防护栅等不完整，忘了盖上盖子等疏忽冲击致死外部的物理刺激水温剧变，操作上的不注意衰弱致死体力消耗，衰老产卵事故，运输过程中不注意，寿命药物致死药物剂量称量错误导致神经、器官的损伤、瘫痪估计剂量错误（未经充分确认），治疗药的错误使用，混入农药恶性遗传病遗传性畸形和残疾，极度虚弱体质致畸因子的发现，孵化环境不合适（水温过高或过低）冻死结冰，气温急剧下降防冻措施不力，异常寒流，水深不足，青水调整不佳灾害事故致死饲养容器、器具的破损，操作不当饲养环境检查不足，换水时的吸入事故，跳出容器Death formsDeathreasonDied of suffocationLack of dissolved oxygen concentration in water, breathing apparatus (gills) is not completehigh Feeding density, high temperature, insufficient air, feeding too much leading to a sharp deterioration in water quality, sudden changePoisoningHONO,Cuion too much, producing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas, bleaching powder poisoningFeeding too much bait led to corruption the sediment in the tank produce toxic gases (water exchange is not timely),forget neutralizebieaching powdernutritional disturbanceLack of Vitamins and minerals, sick of liver, kidney and other visceral Nutritional imbalance, feeding too much lead to chronic visceral over burdenBe PreyedBirds (egrets, crow, shrike), mammals (cats, weasels, raccoons, mice, etc.), snakes, aquatic insects,Protective net, protective grid, which do not complete, forgot to cover the lid and other negligenceDied of impacting External physical stimulationDrastic changes in water temperature, not pay attention to operating Debilitating deathPhysical exertion, agingSpawning accidents, not carefully during transportation ,lifedrug fatalityWeighing errors in dosage led to damage, paralysis in nerve and organEstimated dose error (without the full recognition), misuse of drug, mixed with pesticidesMalignant genetic diseasesGenetic deformities and disabilities, extreme physical weaknessTeratogenic factors ,inappropriate environment (water temperature is too high or too low)die of coldIce, the temperature dropped sharplyinadequate Antifreeze measures, unusual cold, lower water depth, poor adjustment of green waterDied of disasters and accidents Damage of Feeding containers, apparatus, improper operationinadequate inspection of rearing environment, the inhalation accident when changing water, out of the container3）盐水浴3)saline bath盐水浴是调节兰寿健康状态的有效方法，如果在发病初期，即使不使用药物也能够治愈疾病。Saline bath is a effective method to regulate Ranchus healthy status, in the early stages, even without using drugs can cure diseases.A. 盐分A. salinity盐是孕育了地球上所有生物的母亲海洋的主要成分。水分、也就是体液能否很好地得到调节对健康起着决定性作用，这种说法并不夸张。生病的时候注射生理盐水就是要通过盐中含有的矿物质来调节体液的平衡，促进身体的恢复。因此，使用富含矿物质的天然盐，能取得不错的效果。Salt is the main component of sea which is the mother bred all life on earth. That is not exaggerate to say whether water, that is, fluid can be well adjusted plays a decisive role on health. Keep balance of body fluids with mineral within salts by injecting physiological saline to promote physical recovery when you felt sick. Therefore, using natural salts rich in minerals, can achieve good results.B. 盐水有效的原因B.the reasons make brine effective健康的兰寿能正常维持体液的平衡，担负其功能的是鳃和肾脏，因为这两个器官能够调节体液的渗透压。渗透压是指当两个体系之间存在浓度差时，使这两者的浓度趋向相等从而维持平衡的作用。兰寿体液的盐分浓度为0.5-0.8%。通常情况下，比体液浓度低的水通过鳃和体表被摄入体内，鱼为了维持渗透压，将多余的水分以尿液的形式排泄出去，从而调节体液浓度。可当鱼得病时，其调节能力下降，体液中的矿物质平衡失调，这时就需要进行盐水浴。病情较轻时，略微上调饲养水的盐分浓度有助于鱼进行体液的调节。一些脏器在淡水中为了维持体液平衡而满负荷工作，水的浓度升高后其负担能得到减轻。Healthy Ranchu is able to maintain a normal body fluid balance, gills and kidneys can assume its function, because these two organs can regulate body fluid osmotic pressure.Osmotic pressure means theeffectthat when there exist concentration difference between the two systems when the concentration of the two tends to make it equal to in order to maintain a balanced role.C. 盐水的浓度C. The concentration of brine低浓度盐浴法Method of Low concentrated salt-bath 以0.3-0.5%的浓度进行长时间盐水浴。因为比体液浓度低，所以对兰寿没有不良影响，用于早期治疗最为有效。由于水温不同药效也有差别，且多少会增加肾脏的负担（盐水浴会使血浆浓度上升，为了维持渗透压，细胞内液进入血液中，使血容量增加，从而增加了肾小球（glomerulus）的滤过负担），对繁殖可能会造成影响，因此产卵时，温度在25以下时浓度保持在0.3%，25以上时使用0.5%的盐水，并进行日常的饲养管理，以达到治疗的目的。高浓度浴（短时间浴）High concentrated bath (short-term bath) 使用浓度远高于兰寿体液的盐水进行盐水浴。一般情况下应尽量避免使用，除非病情十分严重，这其实是一种休克疗法。病情严重时，没有时间加强自愈能力等兰寿自己恢复，必须马上除去病原体。药浴时间要短，最长不能超过30分钟。药浴时需在旁边注意观察，若感到鱼的体力到达极限了就要立即捞出转移到0.3-0.5%的盐水中。超高浓度浴（极短时间的杀菌）Super-High concentrated bath (a very short time pasteurization) 这是一种对体表进行杀菌，让外部组织重新生长的方法。使用的盐水浓度达到5%，比海水还浓。在这种浓度下，体表的粘膜会随病原体一起坏死并剥落。该方法十分危险，要时刻注意观察鱼的体力情况，时间要尽量短，最长不超过60秒，结束后立刻捞出。D. 混合药浴D.mixed medicational bath用于进行早期治疗十分有效。药浴时须使用指定的药品按规定剂量投药。和福尔马林（formalin）（35-40%甲醛水溶液（formaldehyde solution）混合后毒性极高，绝对不可一起使用。It is very effective in early treatment and you should use dose of drugs as prescribed .It should not be used together with formalin (35-40% formaldehyde solution),for it has highly toxic when mixed .鳃病Gill disease正如其名字所表示的，这是侵袭鳃部的疾病。鳃受到损伤对兰寿来说是致命的。可以说饲养兰寿就是与鳃病的斗争。虽然都叫鳃病，但其原因多种多样，在发病初期可以用盐水浴治疗，但随着病情的发展，治疗方法也开始变得不同。在这里先整理一下鳃病的病因，分别进行解说。Just as its name indicates, this is a disease that invates gills. Damage of gill is fatal for Ranchu . It can be said that keeping Ranchu is a struggle with gill disease. While all called gill disease, but it has a variety of reasons, in the early stages,disease can be treated with salt water bath, but as the disease progresses, treatment methods have begun to make a difference. Here at first sort out the cause of gill disease, and to explain respectively.A. 柱状病（Columnaris）（初期为烂尾病(tail-rot disease)）A. Columnaris(called tail-rot disease at early stage)发病的直接原因The direct cause of morbidity由柱状屈挠杆菌（Flavobacterium columnare）感染导致发病。按其病灶部位不同，分别有烂尾病(tail-rot disease)、烂鳍病（Fin-rot）、烂嘴病等名称，但最终都会感染鳃部，所以归入鳃病。虽然感染部位不同，可实际上是同一种疾病。柱状屈挠杆菌能分泌强效蛋白质分解酶，使感染部位的细胞组织坏死、溶解，当感染蔓延至鳃时才是真正致命的时候。该病菌会在富营养化的水中大量增殖，因其具好氧性，所以不会感染内脏。Caused by Flavobacterium columnare,has the name of tail-rot disease, Fin-rot, Rotten mouth disease according to their different lesion sites. But in the end are affected by the gill, therefore, all called gill disease症状symptoms初期症状为鳍的尖端和边缘变得白浊不透明，周围组织充血。随着病情的发展，白浊向鳍根部蔓延，鳍尖开裂，病情严重时，鳍会变得像只剩扇骨的团扇一样，十分悲惨，不久感染就会向鳃部转移致鱼死亡。有水霉病(Saprolegniasis)并发时，若不在早期进行治疗便无法治愈。Fins cutting-edge becoming opaque and the surrounding tissue hyperemia are the initial symptoms. As the disease progresses, gonorrhea spreads to the roots of fins, fin tip cracking, and when ill seriously, the fins become only bones, and soon transfer into gills and go die. when Saprolegniasis concurrent, if not treated at an early stage can not be cured.治疗药与治疗方法drugs and methods for treatment使用抗菌药物进行药浴能够杀灭病菌。有效的市售药品有Parazan D（3）（有效成分为吲哚基磷酸（Indole-based phosphate)）、Green F Gold（1）（有效成分为呋喃西林（Nitrofurazone）、磺胺甲嘧啶钠（Sulfamethoxazole-Na）、Haitoropikaru T0014（8）（有效成分为依沙吖啶-利凡诺（Ethacridine - rivanol）、磺胺间二甲氧嘧啶钠（sulfadimethoxine sodium）、碳酸氢钠（sodium bicarbonate）和氯化钠）等。治疗时先换水，再使用0.5%盐水浴与上述药物进行混合药浴。如果同时伴有水霉病(Saprolegniasis)感染，要加投亚甲基蓝（Methylene Blue trihydrate ）。该病发展到晚期后治疗会变得很困难，早期发现非常重要。Using antimicrobial drugs in medicated bath can kill bacteria. Commercially available and effective drugs are Parazan D (3) (the active ingredient is the indole-based phosphate), Green F Gold (1) (the active ingredient is the Nitrofurazone), sulfamethoxazole-Na), Haitoropikaru T0014 (8) (the active ingredient is the ethacridine - Rivanol), sulfadimethoxine sodium, sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride and so on. Change the water before treatment, then use 0.5% saline bath with the above-mentioned drugs, mixing drugs bath. If accompanied by Saprolegniasis, should aid Methylene Blue trihydrate. The treatment of advanced disease becomes very difficult, early detection is very important.预防Prevention 日常的饲养水管理，投饵保持八分饱，平时仔细观察鱼的情况，及时采取应对措施。The daily feeding of water management, feeding to keep eight full, carefully observed the situation of fish,and taking response measures at time. 感染了柱状病的金鱼The fish infected with ColumnarisB. 斜管虫病（Chilodonelliosis）B. Chilodonelliosis发病的直接原因The direct cause of morbidity由纤毛虫(ciliophora)类的鱼居斜管虫（Chilodonella piscicoola）寄生引起。春季前为该病的好发时节，水质、环境的恶化是疾病发生的主要原因。刚从冬眠中醒来的兰寿非常虚弱，较易得病。Caused by ciliophora class of fish living Chilodonella piscicoola. It usually happened before spring,and water quality, environmental degradation is the main reason for the occurrence of disease. Ranchu is very weak and more susceptible to disease.when just returned from hibernation. 症状symptoms初期为食欲下降，体表失去光泽，变成没有透明感的青白色。随着时间的推移，鳃部粘液开始异常分泌，病原体侵袭上皮细胞，不久鱼就会因呼吸困难而死亡。At initial period ,it loss of appetite, loss of surface luster, becoming no clear sense. As time goes on, gills began to abnormal mucus secretion, epithelial cells, pathogens, and soon the fish will die due to breathing difficulties.治疗药与治疗方法drugs and methods for treatment有效的市售药品为Green F（5）（有效成分为呋喃西林（Nitrofurazone）、亚甲基蓝（Methylene Blue trihydrate ）和氯化钠）等色素类药物。将之加入11.5%的浓盐水进行混合药浴，1天1次，每次1590分钟左右，持续23天，这会使早期治愈会变得比较容易。盐水浴后，持续用Green F（5）进行药浴直到痊愈。此外，高锰酸钾（mineral chameleon）也是治疗该病的特效药。虽然可以在药房买到，但由于不是常备药，需要先订购（在中国很容易）。取5g用500毫升纯净水稀释，每10L水中加入上述溶液2.5毫升药浴40分钟。如果是斜管虫病的话，溶液会由粉红色变为橙色。The commercially available and effective drugs fare the Green F (5) (the active ingredient is the Nitrofurazone), Methylene Blue trihydrate and sodium chloride) and other pigment-type substances. To incorporate it into a 1.5% of the brine mixed medicated bath, 1 day a time, each 15 to 90 minutes for 2 3 days, this would become easier to cure early stage. After the brine bath, continued to use Green F (5) to conduct drug bath until fully recovered. In addition, mineral chameleon is also a cure for the treatment of the disease. Although you can buy in pharmacies, but not a stand-by drugs, need to order (in China is easy). Take 5g diluted with 500 ml of pure water, every 10L accession to the above solution, 2.5 ml water, medicated bath for 40 minutes. If it is Chilodonelliosis, then, the solution from pink to orange.预防Prevention 日常的饲养水管理，投饵保持八分饱，平时仔细观察鱼的情况。The daily feeding of water management, feeding to keep eight full, carefully observed the situation of fish.C.车轮虫病（Trichodinosis）.C. Trichodinosis发病的直接原因The direct cause of morbidity由纤毛虫(ciliophora)类的车轮虫大量寄生引起。车轮虫是一种圆形的纤毛虫(ciliophora)，以吞食兰寿体表的代谢物和细菌为生。少量寄生时不会有大的危害，但在饲养水变质或饲养密度过高时，会大量增殖而致病。车轮虫圆形的虫体周围长有齿状体环，大量寄生时会刺激患部，使粘液分泌量增多。Caused by ciliophora class ,a large number of parasitic insects. Trichodina is a kind of ciliophora, living by devour metabolites and bacteria of Ranchu surface. When a small amount of parasitic will be no major harm, but in keeping the water deterioration or when stocking density is too high, will be a substantial proliferation of the disease.It have a large number of parasites around the body would stimulate the affected part, for an increase in the amount of mucus secretion.症状symptoms初期为鳍、体表、鳃等部位变红，如果经常观察鳍根部和体表的话，应该能在早期阶段发现。随着病情的发展，鳞片变得容易剥落，鳍也一碰就掉，粘液分泌量增多，使得鳃盖鼓起。如果在鳃部大量寄生，鱼会因呼吸困难而死亡。First, fins, body surface, gill and other parts will go red, and if observe them,you can be able to find at an early stage. As the disease progresses, fins becoms easy to peel off scales, mucus secretion increased, making the fishs muster. If a large number of parasites in the gills, the fish will die due to breathing difficulties.治疗药及治疗方法drugs and methods for treatment发病初期，Green F（5）在一定程度上有效，剂量为每60升水中加入10g。该病在饲养水变质时较易发生，因为没有特别有效的药物，所以比较棘手。除了Green F（5），在介绍斜管虫病时提到的高锰酸钾对初期的疾病也有一定效果，投药剂量也和斜管虫病时相同。In the early stages, Green F (5) does effective to some extent ,dose for every 60 liters of water add 10g. The disease are more prone to deterioration in the rearing water occurs ,because there is no particularly effective drugs, its tricky. In addition to Green F (5), echinococcosis mentioned at the beginning of the