托福同义词替换大全.doc

托福写作同义词转换国内考生常用的表达 = 高分表达（一）名此类：1. things that one tries hard to do=名词 ones undertakings/ ones commitments 2. The fact is that=The reality is that 3. joy =happiness/ delight/ enjoyment 4. sadness =sorrow/ grief hazard/ peril (后面这个词语气很强， 危险程度 非同一般) 5. danger 派生 dangerous；hazardous 6. education schooling （指学校教育，家庭教育则用 upbringing/ parenting）区分家庭教育的两个词 upbringing 是从孩子的角度说的，比如 childrens upbringing；而 parenting 是从家长 的角度来说，比如 sensible parenting. 7. advertisement/ advertising如果你写过关于广告的题目，就一定体会过 不停轮换使用 advertisement/ advertising 有多郁闷。其实主体段论证中完全可以把广告类 细化，比如 commercials（电视或者互联网上的广告），flyers（传单广告，北京最常见的 形式就是“135*，办证”），billboards （大幅的广告牌）或者 non-profit advertisements= public-interest advertisements （公益广告） 9. car =automobile 10. economic crisis = economic meltdown（很接近）/recession（这 个一般仅仅还是衰退）/the Great Depression （这个则是特指 1929 年开始的那次了）11. famous people= celebrities （单数为 celebrity（娱乐界）名人；名声）=eminent person(知名人士) 12. human beings（备考生使用过多）=humankind= humanity（注意这个词的单数指人类，复数 指人文学科）/the human race 13. wealth 相关= fortune(s) （fortune作财富的意思时可以加复数） wealthy/ affluent (adj.) 富裕的14. rich skill 派生 skilledtechnique(注意这个词的正确解释是技能或者方法，而不是 technology 科技) adept/ adroit (adj.)15. a solution to sth.= method= methodology (国外学术写作中超级常用的 词，基本就是 method 的故作高深版） 16. range = field = sphere（of activity or interest，the sphere of international politics）/ domain领域/ arena舞台 grasp of/ command of option 17. cooperation collaboration 18. basic structure in a city or a country =infrastructure 19. tiredness = fatigue “疲劳，疲乏”20. is a must of =is a prerequisite for （是的必备先决条件）21. the Internet the information highway(一篇考生作文里 Internet 被使用十几次是常事儿) 22. honesty integrity “诚实，正直”= veracity23. strong belief = faith (in) 24. for a particular purpose = aim = intention 25. worries = anxieties (是的， 这两个词的确都可以加复数）26. influence =impact/ / implication/ repercussion反响=reflection27. influence on each other = mutual influence（类似的表达还有 mutual respect, mutual trust 和 mutual understanding/ interaction between A and B/ interplay between A and B 28. many different kinds of= a variety of/ a wide array of/ a wide range of 29. wrong ideas held by many people = misconceptions prestige/ sterling30 .fame= reputation spectrum recognition component （这个词不仅指零件，在学术写 作中也经常指“部分”） 相关 sensible (adj.) disparity a mechanism for a remedy for sth. （生活中经常指一种病的治 疗方法，但学术写作中经常用来指某种问题 的解决方法，注意搭配的介词不同） 31. bad students unruly students（不守规矩的学生）/ disruptive students （不遵守记录的学生）32.bad behavior = unethical behavior/ immoral behavior（不道德行为）33. organizations that help poor people =charities/ charitable organizations 34. difference 派生 =distinction be different from = be distinct from (adj.) 35. person= individual 36. personality disposition 37. businesses =enterprises（这里指企业） 38. prices that are too high = exorbitant prices价格过高的 （exorbitant housing price）39. the rate of= the incidence of（后面一般跟坏事儿，比如 unemployment/ crime/ a disease） 40. intense enthusiasm = zeal热衷（v. zeal for teaching /n. great zeal）/ passion 热爱（have a passion for）41. cultural globalization文化全球化（有过多人使用这个词）= global cultural homogenization全球文化同一化过程42. a thing that is necessary = a necessity 43. a thing that is new and interesting = a novelty 44. a thing that is rare = a rarity 45. things that people are not sure about = uncertainties 46. a world language = a universal language 47. friends = companions 48. relaxation recreation 49. self-respect respect sb./ sth. self-esteem and dignity = hold sb./ sth. in high regard反义 look down on= treat with contempt = despise (v.) 49. self-control =self-discipline 50. criminal prisoner = convict inmate51. drinks people who walk on the street alcoholic beverages52. old generations in history = pedestrians ancestors 53. a person who benefits from sth.= a beneficiary of sth. 54. a disease that spreads quickly = an epidemic （注意这个词虽然是-ic 结尾， 却不是形容词）55. a very unpleasant way of life= misery 56. a task that requires lots of effort = an arduous task 57. emotion sentiment 68. enemy opponent/ foe69. a way to do sth. an approach to doing sth./ an avenue towards sth. 70. narrow minds =insular minds （狭隘的头脑或者观念） 71. hobby pastime/ diversion消遣，分散注意力72. Progress= progression （经常指抽象的进步，比如写关于 society/ career/ technology 的话题） 73. failure =setback （注意作名词的时候中间不要加空格）74. importance = significance（当你用了一次 importance 之后， 第二次不妨用这个） 75. duty = obligation（用于比较重要的责任） 76. difficulty = hindrance妨碍/ impediment阻碍/ hurdles77. pressure from your classmates = peer pressure 78. citizens who can work problems =labor force/ workforce（都是总体概念，而且注意后面这个词的标准写法中间没有空格） 79. diseases that exist for a long time =persistent problems/ chronic diseases 80. a life without regular exercise= a sedentary lifestyle81. result= consequence （表示消极的结果更多一些）82. the lack of knowledge considerations ignorance （注意在地道英文里，这个词经常 并不表示“忽视”，而是表示“无知”） 85. bad luck = misfortune 86. trouble =adversity逆境，不幸/ dilemma困境/ predicament/ hardship 87. crime =delinquency offense/ criminal actcriminal =offender/ serious crime culprit/ perpetrator heinous crime/ felony a a minor crime =misdemeanor scarcity (of)/ 88. youth juvenile 89. shortage (of) =dearth (of)= lack of “缺乏”90. the only one places where animals live = habitat “栖息地”91. residents= inhabitants居民 townsman市民= dwellers92. free time= spare time= leisure= vacation = relaxation 93. computer= (二)形容词类91. very popular prevalent/ ubiquitous 普遍存在的92. true= genuine (truly a genuinely) 93. deep= profound （深刻的，后面经常跟 wisdom/ truths/ understanding/ impact/ thoughts） 94. strong = powerful/ mighty vulnerable hard-working= industrious “勤勉的”（注意不是 industrial，而 diligent 那个词在美语中是个挺大的词） 95. selfish= self-centered96. practical = materialistic97proud （贬义）=conceited98. smart = intelligent= be versatile99. not strict = lenient“宽大的，仁慈的”100. admirable = esteemed令人尊敬的 entire= highly-respected101. mature realistic sophisticated （这个词指人的时候意思是思维成 熟老练的） 102. very attractive= very appealing/ fascinating/ captivating 103. very careful =cautious 小心的104. sad= disappointing =frustrating 沮丧的105. cruel inhumane/ merciless 残酷的106. strict= stringent严厉的（后面一般跟 laws, measures 或者 rules） 107. fat = overweight/ obese（后面这个已经胖出病了）108.be very interested =be absorbed in/ be engrossed in 有兴趣109. quiet = tranquil 安静的and serene（美语中这两个词经常可以连 在一起用）110. very disappointing =lamentable可怜的/ pathetic可怜的感伤的96. be good (for)= be beneficial (to) = be in the best interests (of) 97. be not as good as = be inferior to 不如好98. be better than = be superior to 比好99. be the same = be identical完全相同的/ be homogenous/ be uniform（后面两个词比较正式，一般是说 cultural globalization 的时候常用，现在理解为什么小幅的名词叫 school uniforms 了吧，就是让大家都看起来一样的衣服）100. boring monotonous/ repetitive mundane （注意这个词其实再美国很多时候并 不是“世俗的”意思/humdrum 单调的无聊的Strange= complicated = intricate odd/ bizarre/ eccentric（weird有点过于口语化了）interesting stimulating 101. cannot be turned back= be irreversible 102. produce useful results = productive 103. different= distinctive与众不同的 = diverse /various各种各样的派生：differently= distinctively 例：People are paid distinctively by their contributions104. often= frequently经常 = constantly不断地 （One frequently citied the fact that）105. 106. 107 most suitable =fitting合适的，适宜的/ optimal最佳的，最理想的 108. lonely = isolated/ alienated solitary 109. be easily influenced by sth.=be susceptible to sth. （一般是坏事情，比如 a disease/ attacks）109. useless =redundant 110. 111. famous= distinguished = renowned著名的，有声望的 112. positive desirable令人满意的 / encouraging 113. happy enjoyable = delighted delightful 114. can be used = be available 115. hard to understand (laws/ rules/ people) = bewildering/ baffling/ confusing “不解，困惑”116. 117. healthy = wholesome（注意说人的健康还是要用 healthy， 但是如果说事物有益健康，就可以用 wholesome“合乎卫生的，健全的”） 118. Good for the environment = eco-friendly（比如 Biking is far more eco-friendly than driving their SUVs.） 119. be familiar with = be well-acquainted with120. nervous/ anxious = apprehensive忧虑的，不安的- disturbing121. doubt sth = be skeptical about sth. quintessential （这个语气非常强） 122. fair = justified 123. unfair unwarranted/ unjustifiable 124. huge =enormous/ massive/ vast/ colossal、numerous（注意要跟可数名词） 125. small =tiny/ miniscule（后面一般跟抽象名词）/ 126. have many different abilities =be well-rounded 面面俱到，多才多艺的proper = appropriate precise/ accurate unsightly127. poor-quality = substandard不符合规格的 (housing/ accommodation/ work/ goods/ machines) 128. in be qualified for =be eligible for合格的，符合条件的 129. the present= the current/ the existing（比如 the current financial crisis/the existing environmental problems) 130. outdated = antiquated废弃，过时的/ obsolete 废弃的，老式的131.132. lead an extravagant/ a lavish life133. progressive （开明的，逐步的，经常 用来形容 government 或者 society） 134. sth. must be carried out = sth. is compulsory/ sth. is mandatory 强制的135. continuing with long history = time-honored（后面经常跟抽象名词，比如 tradition/ practice/ methods/ heritage） 136. forever = perpetual永久的 137. important = significant/essential/vital(这三个词的重要性依次递增) 138. 142. wrong = erroneous 错误的，不正确的143. long and a bit annoying =lengthy144. very difficult = daunting令人怯步的，使人畏缩的/ formidable强大的，可怕的，艰难的 145. being spread in uncontrolled way= rampant 猖獗的（后面经常跟负面现象，比如 crime, pollution 或者 discrimination） 146.148. having wrong opinions including many things = skewed歪斜的/ biased （这两个词一般在 IELTS 媒体类 话题使用，表示“有偏见的”） 149. enough = comprehensive （综合的，全面的） adequate/ sufficient/ ample/ abundant 注意这四个 （ 词的语气是逐渐递增的) complete(adj.)完全的完整的150 .too much= excessive151. very little= minimal （注意不是 minimum）152. 153. 154. urgent = pressing (problems) 155. manage sth. perform/ conduct （注意这里的 perform 不 是“表演”而是“从事”）156. make sth. strong= 动词 strengthen/ fortify/ reinforce/ consolidate sth. 157. make sth. better =enhance/ better /boost（很少看到国内考生用 better 当动词，其实在学术写作中 better sth.是挺常见的表达 ） become more than = exceed/ surpass / grow fast = grow dramatically/ soar/ rocketfall fast = fall drastically/ plunge/ plummetcause bad effects=counterproductive “达不到预期目的的”（其实地道英文写作里这个词 不见得和生产有关，只要阻止人们达到目的，都 可以写它 counterproductive)harm (vt.) 派生 harmful 派生 be harmful to = damage= destroy/ ruin （这两个词比 damage 程度更重） （后面跟 the cityscape/ scenery/ spoil environment）undermine （后面跟抽象概念， 比如 stability/ social order/ harmony） jeopardize （后面跟抽象概念，比如 ones future/ ones career）tarnish使失去光泽，玷污 （后面跟 ones reputation/ image） sap伤元气，使衰竭/ dampen 抑制（后面跟 ones enthusiasm/ interest/ confidence） make sth. worse = aggravate/ exacerbate使加剧 sth.cause bad effects=counterproductive “达不到预期目的的”（其实地道英文写作里这个词 不见得和生产有关，只要阻止人们达到目的，都 可以写它 counterproductive)make sth. weak = weaken/ erode （侵蚀）/control(a negative trend) curb抑制(crime/ pollution/ economic recessions) regulate sth./oversee sth. emerge/ arise （后者的主语一般是抽象概念，比 如 debate） refrain from doing sth.84. adverse effect不利的影响=detrimental 不利的，有害的(adj.) pose a threat todecrease= decline/ dwindle 特指逐渐缓慢的减少） dip/ slip （ / (后两个词用来指短促的下降)reduce = diminish使减少（多 用于文化类或者发展类中的抽象话题） increase = augment增大（多用于政府投资类话题）lead to= act as a catalyst A has made B+adj.= A has rendered B+adj./ n.致使 （这里的宾语 B 后面 只能是跟形容词或者名词） A has made B do sth.= A has promoted/ impelled sb. to do sth. （注意这两个词后面的宾语之后不能省略 to） much higher= considerably/ substantially大体上，实质上/ significantly higher a little higher = marginally ma:dinli少量地，最低限地 higher/ slightly higher/ fractionally极小地，微小地 higher 160.begin = initiate (后者跟抽象概念更多，比如 initiate the conflict)/commence161. stop =cease 162. do not appear = disappear = go extinct =evaporate 蒸发，消失例. I am a somewhat shy individual, but I have found that within the medical environment my shyness evaporates. 163. setfree = release (prisoners/ stress) 164. fail to see =neglect/ overlook 165. narrow= bridge the gap between A and B(注意 这里 bridge 作动词）反义 widen the gap between A and B 166. be forced to do sth. = be compelled to do sth. 167. keep complaining about sth. = grumble rmbl about sth. “抱怨”168. try hard to do sth. pursue sth.(ones goal/ones career/ business interests/ maximum profit/ hegemony) carry out = implement使生效turninto= convertto/ intospread = propagate传播，宣传/ disseminate （这两个词后面经常跟 information/ ideas/ belief 这类名词） flourish/ thrivedevelop （这里作“培 cultivate/ foster/ nurture（这三个词后面经常跟和 养”的意思 教育有关的名词， 比如 an interest in social issues） 相关fast-developing burgeoning 萌芽的adopt（注意这个词不是 adapt 适应，而是接纳， accept 采纳的意思）build = construct gather measure teach sth. garner :n “获得”，但这个词只能用在很正式的意思，而且略有贬义，比如 garner funding, garner support during the UN climate conference at Copenhagen gauge, 比 measure 稍正式一点 impart sth./ inculcate inklkeit 谆谆教导sth.（注意如果 teach 后面是人则不要替换）start = create= initiate “开始，创造”多用于政府类话题 generate（一般是大规模的产生，比如 generate employment opportunities/ generate tax revenue/ electricity) breed（一般是产生消极的东西，比如 conflict/ crime/ resentment）spawn（一般是产生 新事物，比如 spawn inventions/ innovations）support = espouse ispauz 支持，后面跟某种重要的事业，类似的还有动词 champion（作动词不是冠军的意思了）和 动词 sanction “制裁，处罚，认可支持”（它作名词则变成了“制裁”） praise compliment/ extol（后面这个语气很强）be worthy of sth = deserve sth.值得拥有 例：she deserves our praise and appreciationsupport buttress支持物，扶壁/ bolster支持prove= confirm verify核证，查实understand to mean/ to be choose sth./ choose to do sth. appear in large numbers use utilize/exploit recycle work assiduously gain acquire（注意 acquire/ gain knowledge 比 learn knowledge 在地道英文中更加常见） consider = contemplate/ reflect on/ pondermeet = encounter，多用于政府，文化或者 success 这样偏大一些的话题provide = afford sth. （在正式英文写作中，afford 经常可以表示“提供” need= require （注意主语如果是人称则一般还需要使用 need，但如果主语是事物，则可以改用 require）raise = elevate使振奋情绪，就是正式版的 raise，但只是“提高”而 不能表示抚养小孩的意思like sth. very much have an affinity for sth./have a strong attachment to sth.be unhappy about= complain about (v.)/ be discontended with (adj.)ask for= request look like sth.= resemble sth. treatpoorly = mistreat/ abuse “虐待”consider sth. valuable = value sth./ treasure sth./ cherish sth.“珍惜，珍藏某物” maintain/ preserve（这个词后面经常跟 traditions/ cultural heritage/ wild animals/ natural resources 等） keep mix together = blend/ combine/ synthesize tackle/ combat/ address discern interpretas（很多时候这个词并不是口译， 而是把理解为） opt for sth./ opt to do sth. achieve= fulfill (ones dream/ ones goal/ ones potential/ ones obligation/ ones promise/ ones task) sprout up/ mushroommake less serious= relieve/ ease/ alleviate （作文中经常用到的搭配有 relieve stress/ alleviate poverty/ ease the traffic congestion 等） payfor (ones loss)= compensatefortry to do sth.= attempt to do sth. make a strenuous/ an arduous/ a painstaking effort to do sth. contribute to = rewardfor/ payfor (ones effort)accelerate sth./ speed up sth. participate in prevail over make sth. faster（大家应该已经注意到了，新托福议 论文的题目中经常出现 outweight 这个词用来比 较事物的重要性或者利弊， 在作文中最好不要重 复考题中出现过的特征词汇） promote/ facilitate（这两个词都是及物动词，所 以不需要跟 to）prevent the development of = hinder/impede/ inhibit/ obstruct notice identify motivate sb. to adore sth. dislike sth. very much= hate= abhor/ detest/ loathe resent/ hold a grudge againstavoid bypass/ eschew避开/ limit = restrict/ constrain is not limited to= shun is not restricted to/ is not confined to（经常用 来描述一个 trend 不仅限于某个范围）be so surprised= be astonished/ be astounded/ be startled decide = determine下决心move to= relocate to重新安置/ have been relocated to come from= originate from/ inimprove= boost/ enhance（比如 boost solidarity 增进团结/ enhance productivity 提高生产率）waste= use lavishly attack = assail “着手解决，质问”（语气更强烈） curtail “剥夺特权，缩减”（多用于政府投资类话题）/help= assist assistance set up = establish change = alterchange a lot = fundamentally change/ radically change/ transformsolve =address/ combatcorrect (vt.)= rectify (a mistake) take down = demolish拆除，破坏/ raze拆毁（谈到拆老建筑的时候常用） ban altogether/ strictly/ prohibit criticize = condemn/ denounce 这两个词一般用于政府类话 （ 题，但不要用在教育类） increase = show an upward trend/ be on the rise 反义：show a downward trend hinge on= be contingent on（意思是：取决 于 ） depend on = rely on（意思是：依靠）deal with = cope withdo ones best to do sth.= commit oneself to doing sth./ strive to do sth./ do ones utmost to do sth./ spare no effort to do sth. use up = exhaust (energy/ resources)/ stretch (resources) to the limit report the details of sth. = report sth. In graphic detail prevent sb. from focusing on= distract sb. fromspend A on B dedicate A to Buse too much = stretch to the limit/ put a strain onpour= discharge 排放， （ 环境类话题常用， 比如 discharge chemical waste into rivers, streams and lakes） get used to = get accustomed to die out = go extinct continue to exist =persist come with= be attended by / be accompanied by broaden ones horizons = expand ones outlook/ enlarge ones vision (broaden ones horizons 这个句型已经被考生使用过多惨遭贬值) break the law = violate the law put sb. In prison = incarcerate sb. make laws against= legislate against相关lawlegislation (名词，注意 law 在特指具体的法律时 可以用复数，但是 legislation 不能用复数） obey服从，顺从 = abide by/ comply with/ conform to (后面跟 the law/ rules/ regulations 等） commit a crime （注意作文中不要用 make a crime 这样不地道的英文） revert to crime （这里的 crime 作不可数名词）punish 派生punishment penalize处罚 penalty罚金make sth. active = stimulate （后面经常跟 imagination/ creativity/ interest/ economic growth 等词汇） make ones dream come true = fulfill ones potential/ attain ones goal have the right to do sth.= be entitled to do sth. stick to = adhere to/ cling to （注意后面这个有时候略带贬义）meet the demand/ satisfy the need take away from sb.= deprive sb. of（省略号中可以填入 freedom/ leisure time/ the right to 等值得拥有的内容)例：Traffic congestion and environmental pollution deprive city-dwellers of the healthy living condition.交通拥堵和环境污染剥夺了诚实居住者健康的