第二十四单元 标点.doc

第二十四单元 标点 第二十四单元 标点 1787 标点是在文章中加上标记，使意思更容易理解。这些标记是：句号（），问号（？），感叹号（！），这三者表示较长的停顿；分号（；），冒号（：），这两种表示中等长度的停顿；破折号（）及逗号（，），这两者表示少许停顿；引号（ ），园括号（ ）及方括号（ ），这些都是一对一对使用的；还有省字号（），连字号（-），这些都是插在字内的；大写（ABC）及斜体（abc），这两者本身，含有标记。上述标点符号可以放在：1）有关词的后面：He came（句号放在陈述句后面）2）有关词前面：I will stay-Do you go with them？（破折号放在表示意思突然转折的字句前面）3）有关词的前面和后面：John，of course，will come（插入的短语前面加一逗号，后面也加一逗号。）4）有关两组词的中间：John came to me，and I asked him to dinner（逗号插在两个并列分句中间）5）一个词的内部：John，uncles（大写J安插在John这个词内部，省字号也安插在uncles这词内部。）句号（） 1788 句号（Period或Full Stop）有下面用法：1用在陈述句后：He came hereHe will help me但不可用在书名、文章题目、诗歌标题后面，即使是一个句子：She Stoops to ConquerMy Days Have Been Wondrous Free 2用在祈使句后：Come hereBe good enough to help me3用在形式上为问句而实质上是祈使句的句子后：Would you take dinner with me（或？）Could you wait a few minutes（或？）4用在省略句后：“Is he worried？”“No，just doubtfulDoubtful of every thing”“Who did it？”“George”“John，can you pay me back？”“Not today”5用在主体词后以强调在句末同位语：He is a great manA social reformer like Gandhi即使主体词是一主语，亦然：They all attended the partyPoliticians，scientists，and engineers如此句号也可强调句末副词（短语）：He works every dayAssiduously and patientlyHe has lost confidenceIn the world and himselfHe works extremely hardIn order to make money 也可强调状语从句：He lost more and more friendsBecause he became poorer and poorerOne can accomplish anythingIf one has patience enough6句号也可用于书信中地址的结尾以及日期的后面：Johnson and Company，988 Kings Street，HongkongMay 16，1982The Manager，Vin Loi Trading Company，684 Mekong Street，Bangkok，Thailand这些句号可以省略，而逗号有些也可省略，但地址及日期内部的逗号不能省略（如Bangkok，Thailand和May 16，1982）。7句号可用在小数前（前面是整数，后面是小数），作为小数点：23. 541（twentythree dollars and something）注意在数字中逗号和句号的差别：478，607，823.5418用在缩写词后面（可称为缩写号，现在在英国多省略）：MrEsqMrsDrRevStJrPhDBros；YMCAUSIS BBC；CoCIFCOD；32gr6ft4in； 9AM450 BCAD1150如果一个组织已很著名，句号可以省略：USIS UNO UNRRA UNESCO USSR TVR NBC有些缩写词可以分音节，像一个普通词那样读音：UNOU(:QoQ，UNRRA)QT+，USAFU(:K$G缩写词如果不能分音节，则必须按每个字母原来的音读（如bi：bi：si：）：BBCYMCAUSN注意，在下面这些字后不加句号：M，Miss；OE；Henry V，Book Four；1st，2nd，3rd，4th；via，vide，en route；flu，Pub，cab，bus，zoo；Fred，Sam；H2O，CaCo39用在括号内的完整句子中：He was very ill that day（I knew very well that he was）But he refused to see the doctor点点点（） 1789 1几个（）表示有几个字母省略：DeI take it（这里vi两个字母省略）2三个点表示一个引用的句子中在前面或中间有一部分词省略（必要时在三点的一边可加逗号或冒号）：“books，pencils，slates，glue，are on sale”在引用的句子后部用四个点也可表示未说完的话（也许是故意未说的）：“Put your hands up，otherwise”在两个完整句子之间，也需打四个点，表示有一个或更多句子省略（如果前面的句子以问号或感叹号结尾，则只需打三个点）：Then they got marriedAfter two years they had a baby”3引用的两段话之间的虚线表示有一段或多段话省略：4虚线还可引导视线到较远的词：Definition of Economicspage 275点点点还可表示一些不难猜出或让读者捉摸的东西：He whispered to herThen at midnight问号（？） 1790 问号有下面用法：1用在问句后面：Do you know him？用于用作书名或文章标题的问句后面：Where Is the World Going？不能用在作从句的问句中：They all asked whether I knew him用在引用的问句后：They asked me，“Do you know him？”用在选择问句的末尾（不能用在or前）：Will you stay here or start tomorrow？Is this yours or mine？用在一系列问句的每一个问句后面：Who is to blame？You？He？or I？Who started the war？who prolonged it？and who should end it？are questions hard to answer2用在形式为问句的祈使句后：Would you come and take lunch with me？（或）Could you wait a bit？（或）3用在以陈述句形式提出的问题后（句子用升调）：You know him？I dare not speak to her？4用在以问句形式提出的感叹句后：How could you say such a thing？（或！）What more do you want now？（或！）5用在括号中表示前面说法不能肯定：He made a trip on July 6（？）6用来说反话（也放在括号中，这种用法品味不高）：We had a good（？）（=unpleasant）time the other day感叹号（！） 1791感叹号有下面用法：1用在惊叹词后：Oh dear！What（or what）are you doing there？For shame！How（or how）could you do that？ Good heavens！（or，）is it you？He has，alas！failed again惊叹词意思较弱时可以不用（以逗号代替）：Why，that is easyOh yes，I have forgottenIt costs， oh，only a dollarAh，thats what I wantWell，Im wrong？2用在作惊叹词用的其他词类后：Fire！Quick！Silly fellow！Ridiculous！3用在以（to think）that引起的表示情绪的句子后：To think that bread should be so dear！That bread should be so dear！4用在“名词+关系从句”后，表示情绪：A pleasant trip we have had！The life we live！5用在以what开头的感叹句后：What a pity it is！What great work he has done！用在以how开始的感叹句后：How beautiful the poem is！How hard he works！甚至用在作书名、文章标题等的感叹句后：What a Silly Girl I Have Been！6用在表示一定情绪的祈使句中：Just imagine！Tell the truth！Speak no more！7用在表示愿望的句子后：Long live the king！O that I had wings！O for the wings of a bird！Curses upon him！God be thanked！8用在表示某种情绪的省略句中：No business of yours！Just a minute！And youll seeYou coward！No more！He is a doctor！9用在戏剧性的句子中（但这种用法品味不高）：I told you！He went abroad with only ten dollars in his pocket！冒号（：） 1792冒号有下面用法：1用在一个严肃的长引语前（在一般短的引语前用逗号）：Bacon said：“Reading makes a full man，”2用在正式信函的称呼语后（在非正式信函中用逗号）：Dear Sir：3用在总称之后，后面跟有例子：He has many books：Hamlet，Paradise Lost，Don Quixote，and othersCorrect the following words：childs，mouses，oxesOur question：Why（or why）should man kill himself？My opinion is this：Nobody thinks himself a bad man4用在举例后，后面跟总称：The sea，the sky，the ship：（或）these are all I seeTo work，to sleep，and to play：（或）all these are essential things in life5用在表示著作、时间等的词语内，把较大和较小单位分开：Macbeth 112Matthew 5635 am6用在比例中：138（The ratio of one to three to eight）7用在标题和副标题之间：Yiching：the Philosophy of Change 分号（；） 1793 分号有以下用法：1把没有连词连接而意思上都有联系的句子连接起来（可以用句号，但这时意思会被断开；也可用逗号，可能力量较弱不能把两句拉在一起；也可用冒号，但现在这样用时比过去少了）：It wont last long；its too weakHe is a clever fellow；even his enemy admits itI love you；I worship you；I want youHe is content；he lives happily2把内部包含有逗号的两个句子连在一起（这时不宜用逗号）：Dick is a generous，largehearted person；but John，Mary and some of his friends are selfish people（CfDick is a generous man，but John is a selfish fellow）Alan ran his business carefully，methodically，and efficiently；and he was a great philanthropist，too He has three wives：one，who married him 20 years ago；a second，who was a rich widow；the third，who has al ready married five times3用在后面跟有逗号的连接副词之前：He studies hard；moreover，he has to work for his livingHe has squandered all his wealth；therefore（或as a result），he has to beg his bread 4用在两个并列从句或两个短语之间（这时也可用逗号，但对比性较弱）：We know that country life is more quiet than city life；that it is more healthful；that it is happierTo work eight hours；to sleep eight hours；to do other things eight hoursthat is the best way for man That depends upon who do it；how they do it；and when5用在such as，that is这类词前：We learn several subjects；such as（or eg）chemistry，and physics（These are some of the subjects we learn）We learn several subjects；that is（or ieviz，to wit， namely），chemistry，physics，maths and biology（These are all the subjects we learn）在这种句子中也可用逗号或冒号代替分号：We learn several subjects，namely chemistry，physics， and mathematics We learn several subjects：namely，chemistry，physics， and mathematicsWe learn several subjects，namely，chemistry，physics， and mathematics但在下面这种句子中逗号、冒号或分号都不需要：We learn such subjects as chemistry and physics破折号（） 1794 破折号有以下用法：1用在毫无联系的两词句之间：I thoughtDid you see John？2用来表示句子没说完：I think so，but 3用来表示口吃（结结巴巴）：IIIdontdont know4用在对不同人的讲话之间：You are right，MaryDo you think so，John？ 5用在不同人讲的话之间：Do you think so？NoWhy？Just because I dont think soWhat do they say？They say honesty is not the best policy6用在后来想起的话语之前：I saw her two days agoon the streetwith her mother7用在一个重复性同位语（又加上修饰语）的前面或前后：It was a racea race against timeHis sonhis only sondied8用在同位语或纠正语的前面和后面：Marys relativesin fact，all her acquaintancesknew it Marys acquaintancesespecially her relativesknew it These two streetsor rather most of the alleys of this city were dirty9用在一个名词及其同位语从句之间：They ignored his requestthat everyone must be punctualNobody can answer his questionwhen can we be happy and free？10用在内部含有自己标点的许多同位语的前面和后面：These three poetsByron，Shelley，Keats are good friends11用在谓语和后移的主语同位语之间：Some friends will come tomorrowJohn，David，and George12用在举例后面及总括性词（如these，such，all）之前：Cereals，fruits，vegetablesthese are daily foodHe wrote a letter，spoke with John，listened to the re portall at the same time13用在加以强调的词前：It is a matter of capital，of techniqueof courage，tooHe likes books，travels，pictures andmoneyYou can be a millionaireif you know how to become one14用来表示有字母省略：DI take it！（这里 e，v，和i省略）15用来表示到（这时用短横）：The years 19581960（=1958，1959，1960）pages 2732，或pp，2732paragraphs 1820，或gg 182016用在某些编号中（这时也多用短横）：U235Class 5A17用在表示出处的词前：The course of true love never did run smoothShakespeareLove can turn a cottage to a gold palaceGerman proverbTo be or not to be，that is the questionHamlet18用在移行的句子前（这时也可不用）：We want to knowaWhen Black killed his friend KingsleybWhat he had said to Kingsleys wifecWho he first saw after the murder逗号（，） 1795 逗号有下面用法：用在由并列连词连接的两个平行词句之间，连词可说出，也可省略：1a用在平行的词之间：A good house，a good car，a good wife are what he wantsI can read light，serious，amusing，or profound works of English authorsDo you see that tall，big，husky fellow？ Butterflies flew before，behind and above the huts He is honest，but sillyI like this，rather than that但：He is an English grammar teacherIt is a diamond wedding partyIt is a Chinese New Year celebrationb注意写法：Music，painting，and poetry are all interesting to him（美国英语中and前多加逗号）Music，painting and poetry are（正确，英国多这样写。）Music，painting，and poetry，are（不好）c逗号可由and，or，nor代替：Music and painting and poetry areNeither music nor painting nor poetry isd逗号须用在etc，and so on，and the like的前面和后面：Music，painting，poetry，etc（or and so on，and the like），aree逗号须用在重复的词前：What I need is money，money，moneyLong，Long ago and far，far，far away there was a king2用在平行的短语之间：You can meet him at church，at school，or on the streetI went to talk with him，to return the book，but not to see his sisterReading Englishspeaking it，and writing it are different processes3用在并列的分句之间：He has learned Japanese for years，but he does not know it He must come back as soon as possible，or I cannot wait He was tired，so he took a rest He is very ill，so he does not go to schoolHe seems to be very ill，for he looks so pale但由but，and，or连接的简短分句之间可以不加逗号：He is silly but his sister is cleverJohn studies art and I study science4用在由or，and或but连接的两对知识之间：You can go by night or by day，by sea or by landHe is honest but clever，thin but hard-working 5如果两个相似结构共有一个宾语，逗号须要用在第二个结构的前面和后面：He depends on，and is trusted by，his uncleHe did it in accordance with，and in defence of，the lawShe is fond of，but seems poor in，her homeworkHe loves，or pretends to love，his wife但在一个短的不强调的词前后不加逗号：He was murdered inside or near the jungle6用在插入词的前面和（或）后面：a用在yes，no，sure，personally，probably，certainly， usually；in general，in the first place，in my opinion，in any case，as a matter of fact；strictly speaking 这类修饰语的后面Unfortunately，Mary caught cold yesterday Inevitably，he will be sent to prison On the whole，he is a nice fellow Generally speaking，New York is a nice place用在句子修饰语的前面和后面：Tom，in the first place，must respect his parentsJimmy，I must say，shouldnt listen to the rumourb用在furthermore，similarly，accordingly，anyway， otherwise；above all，in the same way，in other words，in contrast这类连接副词（短语）的后面：He lost lots of money；as a result，he got sickHe is sick；therefore，he must restI do everything；in addition，I must not complainLiza is noisy；Tim，by comparison，is quietI am too busy；Bill，on the other hand，fools about7a用在句子开头的分词（短语）之后：Seeing the police，the thief began to run away 用在句子开头的不定式（短语）之后：To earn more money，the boy worked harderb用在松松地插在主语后面的短语的前面和后面：The thief，seeing the police，began to run awayPlants，with enough water and sunshine，will grow fastThe boy，to earn more money，worked harder 但是：The thief seeing the police began to run away （还有其他没看见警察的小偷，这里的分词短语为限制性定语，而前面句子中，逗号后的分词短语为非限制性（或解释性）分词，带状语性质。）The house on the opposite side is my unclesThe boy to earn more money worked harder（There were other boys who did not have to earn more）c用在句末的非限制性（解释性）分词（带状语性质）前面：He sat in a chair，reading papers但在句末的不定式前不宜用逗号：He sat down to read papers 8用在呼语的后面或（和）前面：John，come hereCome here，JohnWhat，John，are you doing？9用在句子开头的副词短语后（也可不用）：At eight（，） he goes to the officeThanks to his help（，）I got a good job但句子末尾的副词（短语）前不宜用：He goes to the office at eightI got a good job through his help10用在主句与从句之间：用在一个非限制性定语从句（相当于一个并列分句）前：I asked a boy，who（=and he）kept silentHe went to France，where（=and there）he planned to see her但：I asked the boy who kept silent（There were other boys who did not keep silent这里的定语从句是限制性的。）He went to the city where he planned to live a year or two11用在引话动词（如said，replied）及直接引语之间：He said，“You are wrong”用在引话动词和半直接引语（不带引号，第一个字母大写）之间：He replied，She was wrong用在插在直接引语中间的he said这类词句的前面和后面：“In the morning，”he said，“I dont feel well”在引话动词和由that引起的间接引语之间不用逗号：He thought that she was wrong引话动词及由疑问词引起的间接引语之间也不用逗号：He knows what she saidIt may be asked whether anyone could stand the insult12a用在状语从句之后，主句之前：If you are careful，you will make fewer mistakesSince he is ill，he cannot workWhen it was raining，he came to meb若主句在前，状语从句在后，主、从句之间一般不加逗号：You will make fewer mistakes if you are carefulI love her just because she looks pretty He works hard so that he may succeed John speaks Chinese better than Lee speaks English但是：You will make fewer and fewer mistakes in your composition，if you are careful enough（如果主句较长，主句后可以加逗号。）I will ，if I can（如果状语从句需要强调，前面也可以加逗号。）He will come，only when he needs your help 13用在较长的主语和它的谓语之间：That the city had been lost to the enemy，was trueStudying every evening after the office hours for the past ten years，enabled him to know French and German 14用在同位语前面：用在一个专有名词和它的普通名词同位语之间：John，my brother；William Shakespeare，the greatest poet of England；London，the capital of England但在一般名词和特别名词之间不宜加逗号：the word“flame”，the year 1942，the historian Herodotus 但a great historian，Herodotus，my brother John，our greatest poet William Shakespeare，William Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet，the question “to be or not to be”，the idea that man is mortal在下面这类名称中也不加逗号：Alexander the Great，John the Baptist，Richard the Lion hearted，Henry the Fifth不过，在人名后的尊称或学术头衔前可加逗号：Mr John Lee，Senior；MrJohn Lee，PhD15用在较小部分和较大部分之间：用在街名、房间或公寓号码，城镇名、州名及国名之间（但门牌和街名之间不用）：138 Liberty Street，Room 408，Fresno，California， USA用在日期中（但月份和日期之间不用）：Sunday，July6，1960用在数字中：6742856135（=six billiontwo millionsix thousand）654321（4=4 thousand）（但在654321这个数字中，4=4）用来代替of：President Do，Far East University 16用在某些词后，表示停顿，以防止误解：Outside，the streets are wet Such boys as you，are not to be found elsewhereHe is eating，mummyEver since，he has been very illWhoever wished to escape，escaped into the jungle 用在省略句中：17和分号一道表示某些重复的词已被省略：John has one；Mary， two但：John has one，Mary twoReading makes a full man；conference，a ready man但：Reading makes a full man，conference a ready manEgyptians give us agriculture；Romans，lawMy father takes care of John；my mother，MaryPainters express their feeling by forms and colours；musicians，by sounds；poets，by words用在倒装句中：18用在句子中倒装部分（提前的部分）的后面：That man，I have known for many yearsThe war is over，I am glad to sayIt is vicious，that dog of yoursJohn is a young man，honest，kind and intelligent用在信函中：19用在右上角自己的地址及日期中：645 Beal Street，New York，NY 11109February161970用在左上方收信人的地址中：MrJames Read，68 StJames Road，Hongkong用在称呼语中：Dear Sirs，（或不加标点）（英式）Gentlemen：（正式）Dear John，（非正式）（美式）用在结尾的客套语中：Sincerely yours，（或Faithfully yours，美国很少这样说）David White注：在双方地址中每行末尾的逗号或句号均可省略。引号及斜体 A引号（“”） 1796 1引号可用在直接引语的两头，可以是双引号“”（美式），也可以是单引号（英式）：He said，“I will do it”His question is “What can we do？”可以放在某人讲话的重要部分的两头：He can put down the revolt“in three days”He decides to“settle accounts”with his antagonist但不可用在间接引语的两头：He asked whether he could do itHis question is what we can do也不可用在半直接引语的两头：He asked，Could he do it？His question was（or，What puzzled him was，He thought to himself），Could he say anything against it？不可用在剧本台词的两头：John：Can I do it？Mary：Certainly you can2注意直接引语被分成两段时，引号及其他标点的用法：He said，“I know that she is right”“I know，”he said，“that she is right”He said，“I know；she is right，”“I know，”he said；“she is right”He said，“I knowShe is right”“I know，”he said“She is right“I know”He nodded his head“She is right”3注意句号和逗号都放在末尾引号的前面，而不是后面：“If I can，”he said，“I will do it”和句号、逗号不同，分号通常放在引号的后面，冒号也如此：He thought over the matter，and then he said，“Let us wait and see”；but he ordered his men to act the same night 如果句号和逗号不属于所引用的词，而属于整个句子，则应当放在引号外面：We dont know who is“right”，and who is“wrong”（不过在美国用法中，常把逗号和句号放在引号前面，如“right，”及“wrong”）They call him“patriot”，but we call hum “fanatic”如果问号属于引述的问句，它应放在引号之内：He asked，“Shall we go this way？”如果问号不属于引用的话，则应放在引号之外：Did he say，“I will leave very soon”？惊叹号亦如此：He exclaimed，“What a fool I am！”What a fool of him to say“Even my little finger is more powerful than anything of yours”！4如果摘引三段或更多的文章（或诗歌），必须注意缩行（即每行第一个词要向后缩）。引号只用在每一段的前面，只是最后一段引文末尾要加引号，但引号也可完全省略，如果是诗，要按原来形式排列：Tell me not in mournful numbers That life is but a dream5如果引语内还包含一个引语，整个引语用单引号，里面的引语用双引号（英国用法）：John said，I told him“to look before he leaps”6谚语、引语、俚语等都可放在引号之内：“A wise man thinks all that he says，a fool says all that he thinks”He is“a saint abroad，a devil at home”Dick is“on the rocks”He has a m