阅读理解题的题型特点与解题技巧.doc

阅读理解题的题型特点与解题技巧北京市/聂成军阅读理解是测试综合运用语言能力的一种主要题型，旨在考查考生在单位时间内阅读理解、获取信息的能力。该题要求考生具有良好的阅读心理、较快的阅读速度和良好的语感。阅读过程中，考生要善于利用上下文，获取关键信息，解决难点问题。阅读理解采用的题材比较广泛，如科普知识、地理风貌、名人轶事、风土人情及幽默笑话等；体裁也多样化，如小故事、寓言、日记、情景会话、广告、通知、书信、记叙文、说明文、议论文等。因此，平时要注意各类文章的阅读训练。阅读能力测试的主要要求是：1、掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节；2、既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象概念；3、既理解字面意思，也理想深层含义，包括作者的态度、意图等；4、既理解整句、整段意思，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断；5、既能根据材料所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。以上这些能力可简称为：（1）中文意义理解能力；（2）图表，细节领会、判断、计算能力；（3）态度意图推断能力；（4）总结结论能力；（5）对单词及句子含义的推断能力。一、题型特点根据阅读能力测试要求，可把阅读理解的题型分为以下五种：（一）对主题思想的理解此类题目主要考查考生对文章的主题（subject）、中心思想（main idea）以及标题（title）的理解。在设计这种题目时，命题人常常用如下的问题：Whats the main idea of the passage?The article is mainly about .Which is the best title of the passage？What would be thebest title for the text？（二）对细节问题的理解此类题目要求考生对细节问题，如人物、时间、地点、事情的起因、过程及结局等进行仔细的分析与研究。这类考题可以是比较直接的，考生理解了字面意义就可以答题，也可能是比较间接的，考生通过归纳、综合或推理才能答题。在设计这种命题时，命题人常常用如下的题目：When did Alfred Butts first put his game on the market?(考查时间）According to the text,most Americans .(考查人物）The reason Father was in a hurry to get home was that he .(考查事情的起因）（三）对作者意图的理解此类考题主要考查考生对作者的写作意图、立场、态度、思想倾向以及感情基调能否作出正确理解基础上的推断。在设计这类问题时，命题人常用opinion、attitude、feel、suggestion、should、mean等词设计成如下问题：Whats the writers attitude towards ?The author probably feels that .What does the writer mean by saying？等等。（四）对细节、段落及全文的综合理解此类题目主要考查考生能否依据文章所提供的事实和信息作出正确的判断，合理的推论，以及恰如其分的评价能力。这种题型涉及面广，有时要对数据进行理解性的推算，或对文中未给出的事实作常识性的推断等。命题人常采用infer、conclude、learn from 等词设计成如下问题：We can infer from the text thatIt can be informed from the text thatWhat can we learn from the passage?We can conclude from the passage thatPeople may come to the conclusion that（五）对词义的猜测与理解这种题型要求考生根据上下文之间的联系去猜测与理解某个词、短语或句子的用法，这样的词可能是生词也可能是已经学过的词或旧词新义。二、解题步骤大部分考生在做阅读理解时，由于时间的关系，普遍存在的毛病是：低速做不完，快速易出错。因此掌握阅读理解题的解题技巧是很有必要的。一般说来，做阅读理解题常采用“整体部分整体”的三步做题法。（一）通读全文，掌握大意，注意首句，确定思路首先，集中精力，把短文快速阅读一遍。阅读时，即使遇到生词也不必惊慌，以免影响正常的思路及能力的发挥；也不要望而止步，徘徊不前。正确的方法是：跳过去暂时不考虑这个单词，或根据上下文进行猜测。只求尽快读完，对文章内容有个整体性基本了解。由于阅读理解是速度测验，最好第一遍阅读时就抓住主要信息，如时间、地点、人物、事件和主要情节，找出关键词。通读时，要特别注意文章的首句，因为首句有概括和预示全文大意的作用，也是判断文章体裁的突破口。如果是说明文，首句常常是文章的主题句；如果是记叙文，首句往往介绍文章的三要素：人物、时间、地点，也是了解全文的关键。因此，应首先根据首句给予的启示来了解全文的中心或故事梗概。（二）明确要求、捕捉关键词、关键句快速通读全文后，要吃透、准确理解题选项的要求，然后带着问题寻找关键词、关键句，并进行初选答案。在选择每个问题的答案时，可利用汉语对英语的正迁移作用，善于抓住段落大意和全文的中心思想，不要就词论词，就句论句。要从整体考虑，正确理解作者的大意，避免孤立地理解某一句，而做出错误选择。同时一定要根据作者的思想和意图来回答问题，注意作者的态度和语气，切不可根据个人的经验凭主观臆断选择。选择过程中不必强求一气呵成，不能立刻做出判断的可暂时放过，待大部分答案选出后，通过对文章理解的加深和前后照应，可能会找到一个“意外”的线索，从而确定该问题的答案。（三）把好最后检查关做好全部题目后，要仔细地再读一遍短文，逐一核对答案。这一步有助于理清思路，澄清一些模糊认识，注意各题答案是否前后照应。因为围绕一篇短文所设计的几个理解题目应该是相互关联的，因此各题的答案也应该相互照应，而不应自相矛盾，做阅读理解要充分注意的一点是利用题目之间的相互启示。短文后的三至五个测试题中必有一个是关键题，关键题答对了，则势如破竹；关键题答错了则会引起连锁反应，一错再错，全盘皆输。三、解题技巧（一）猜测词义理解词义是最基本的阅读能力。不懂词义，也就谈不上理解文章，而且同一个词的意义，往往因上下文不同而改变。同时还常遇到一些没学过的词，这就要求学生要根据上下文，对词义进行猜测，猜词时须注意对上下文已知部分进行逻辑推理，必要时进行语法分析，有时还要靠常识和经验。例如：It was a very hot summer Sunday.Most of the neighbours were indoors with their air conditioners(空调器）and colour TVs going on.Suddenly there was a power failure.After about half an hour,most houses had lost their pleasing coolness and people began to come outdoors in search of a gentle breeze.Before long,everyone was sharing all kinds of soft drinks and iced tea or coffee.Food began to appear;someone brought some small tables,and an impromptu block party developed.All around me,people were getting aquainted,and no one seemed to care that the power was still off.Nor did the spirit of the party die with the end of the evening.We have since organized a block football team and a number of clubs.Ever since that power failure,our neighbourhood has been a more pleasant place to live in.1.The underlined wordinpromptuprobably means . A.not arranged or prepared beforehand B.well prepared C.ready to accept D.very popular2.The underlined wordacquaintedrefers to . A.making familar B.knowing each other C.meeting with D.informing以上两题可以根据上面介绍的猜词的方法来解答。本文描述一个炎热的夏天的夜晚，突然停电，人们出来乘凉的情景。大家喝着饮料，拿出食物，搬出桌子，举行晚会。显然这种晚会是未经安排的，毫无准备而进行的。因此第一题的答案为A。再根据acquainted一词所在的上文得知：一般说来，大多数人都是在有空调器和电视的家里度过炎热的夜晚，暗示大家互不认识，而下文提到那一夜他们玩得很高兴，自此还组织了街区足球队和一些俱乐部。由此可推断出acquainted一词的意思是“结识”，与选项B同义，故第二题的答案为B。（二）归纳主题思想一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心思想展开的。不少文章一开始便展示出文章的主题，特别是新闻报道。第一小段通常是故事的梗概，这一段往往表达了文章的中心思想。不少文章的中心思想贯穿在全文中，要弄清文章的中心思想，必须有归纳和概括等方面的能力。例如：Insects come in many sizes.Some are big and some are small.The smallest ones are so small that it takes one hundred of them to form one inch.The biggest insects are not big,but they are one thousand times as big as the smallest.They are about ten inches in length!第一句即为主题句，概述本段的主题思想。即一开段就把要告诉读者的看法陈述出来：“昆虫的大小不同”，接着，作者为支持自己的这种看法，使读者信服，便指出昆虫有大、有小，并以最小的昆虫和最大的昆虫的大小比较，分别陈述在后面的句子中。主题句一般意思比较概括，结构简单，其它句子必定是用来解释、支持或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。有的主题句在段首，有的在段尾，有的暗含在段落中，考生应当正确理解作者提供的所有细节，形成初步印象，然后发挥自己的逻辑概括能力，归纳形成一般概念，找出主题句。（三）提高阅读速度，准确理解文章细节的能力。一篇文章确定了中心思想，还必须通过细节的描写来进一步解释或表达中心思想，例如：Water is not only important but also is necessary to men,animals and plants.Drinking is one of many uses of water.If we dont have any water for a few days,we are sure to die.All livings must have water to keep themselves alive.If there is no water , plants cant grow,we can get food.Moreover,if there are rich water sources,we can use them to make power to run machines.From above,we can see that life and civilization（文明）would be impossible without water.这篇文章说明了水的重要性和必要性。首先写水与人的重要关系，再写水与动植物的重要关系，最后写水与社会文明的关系。条理清楚，语言简练。细节的描写是文章的大部分篇幅，也是阅读过程中需要理解的主要内容，多数理解题是针对文章的细节而设计的，尽管题型多种多样，没有固定模式，但也有一些常见的题型。例如：1.Which of the following statements is true(NOT true)according to the passage?2.Which of the following is mentioned?3.All the following statements are not true except .4.Choose the right order of the events given in the passage.5.Which of the drawings/maps/pictures gives the correct one?（四）准确判断在阅读过程中，常常要做出判断，近几年NMET阅读理解中都有这样的题目，正确的判断是进一步理解文章内容与深层含义的关键，进行判断时，要尽量考虑文中的全部信息或事实，并要真正理解他们，正确评价他们，然后做出合理判断。“I would almost rather see you dead,”Robert S.Cassatt,a leading banker of Philadelphia shouted when his twenty-year-old eldest daughter announced that she wanted to become an artist.In the 19th century,playing at drawing or painting on dishes was all right for a young lady,but serious work in art was not.And when the young ladys father ranked（跻身于）among the best of Philadelphias social families（社交界）,such an idea could not even be considered.That was how Mary Cassatt,born in 1844,began her struggle as an artist.She did not tremble before her fathers anger.Instead,she opposed him with courage and at last made him change his mind.Mary Cassatt gave up her social position and all thought of a husband and a family,which in those times was unthinkable for a young lady.In the end,after long years of hard work and perseverance,she became Americas most important woman artist and the internationally recognized leading painter of the time.What made Mary Cassattsstrugglebecome a recognized artist especially hard?A.She was a woman.B.Her father opposed her.C.She had social position.D.She did not come from an artists family.本文中Mary的父亲坚决反对她成为一名画家，究其原因是在那个时代女人是决不可能把绘画作为其事业的。为使自己成为一个大家公认的画家，Mary与这种旧的偏见和传统作了艰苦卓绝的斗争，并最终获得成功。虽然B、C、D选项都是正确的，但就其全部事实来讲，它们不是最佳答案，其最佳答案应是A，这才是文中全部事实所依赖的合理推断。（五）逻辑推理每一篇文章都有一定的写作目的，作者希望读者读了文章之后应当怎样去做某些事情或按某种方式思考问题。作者的这种目的往往隐含在文章之中，这就要求考生阅读时要认真阅读、仔细考虑、正确理解作者的言外之意。要做出正确判断，必须注意以下四点：1.仔细了解文中全部信息；2.分析已知信息，用正确的观点捕捉到信息的本质，即正确理解文章寓意；3.要注意词、句子的本意，还要注意与之有关的其它含义；4.做出的判断必须与作者的原意相符，不要用自己的观点取代作者的原意。这种推断，包括数据推断、常识推断、逻辑结论和推断作者的写作目的、态度、倾向等。例如：House prices in England increased sharply between 1971 and 1972.The following records how much a house in Chelsea London,had risen in price since 1955:Take No.29 Smith Terrace for example.In 1955,Jane Grey sold it for $ 2,000. Mrs Bowena Black bought it for $ 4,900 and sold it nine years later to Bill and Dreen Whitle for $ 22 ,950 .Now four years later in 1972, the house is valued at $ 30,000. 1.The price of the house was as high in 1972 as in the year Jane Grey sold it.A.about ten times B.twiceC.150 per cent D.fifteen times2.Mrs Bowena Black made a profit(利润)of .A. $ 2,900 B. $ 8,050C. $ 7,050 D. $ 18,0503.Of all the tenants,who earned most?A.The Whites. B.Jane Grey.C.Mrs Black. D.Mr White.4.When did Mrs Black buy the house?A.1971 B.1972C.1968 D.19595.Jane Grey lived at No.29 Smith Terrace .A.for four years B.for nine yearsC.between 1971 and 1972 D.before 19556.If Mrs Black had waited four years to sell the house she would have earned as much as .A. $ 28,000 B. $ 18,000C. $ 30,000D. $ 25,100以上各题的推理前提均可在原文中找到。第1题的正确答案须从“In 1955，Jane Grey sold it for $ 2,000”,“in 1972，the house is valued at $ 30,000.”这两句话推知，D项对。第2题的正确答案应从“Mrs Bowena Black bought it for $ 4,900 and sold it nine years later to Bill and Dreen White for $ 22,950”推断，得知D项对。第3题的正确答案应从“Jane Grey sold it for $ 2,000.Mrs Bowena Black bought it for $ 4,900 and sold it nine years later to Bill and Dreen White for $ 22,950.”推知，Mrs Black获利最多。第4题须从“Mrs Bowena Blackand sold it nine years laterNow four years later,in1972, ”得知Mrs Black是在1959年买的房子，故D项为正确答案。第5题可从“In 1955，Jane Grey sold it for $ 2,000.”推知D项正确。第6题须从“Mrs Bowena Black $ 4,900.”“the house is valued at $ 30,000”两句话推知D项为正确答案。四.阅读理解例析：（一）Most animals have little connection with animals of a different kind,unless they hunt them for food.Sometimes,however,two kinds of animals come together in a partnership(伙伴关系)which does good to both of them.You may have noticed some birds sitting on the backs of sheep.This is not because they want a ride,but because they find easy food in the parasites(寄生虫)on sheep.The sheep allow the birds to do so because they remove the cause of discomfort.So although they can manage without each other,they do better together.Sometimes an animal has a plant partner.The relationship develops until the two partners cannot manage without each other.This is so in the coral(珊瑚)of the sea.In their skins they have tiny plants which act asdustman,taking some of the waste products from the coral and giving in return oxygen which the animal needs to breathe. If the plant are killed,or are even prevented from light so that they cannot live normally,the coral will die.1.Some birds like to sit on a sheep because .A.they can eat its parasites B.they depend on the sheep for existenceC.they enjoy travelling with the sheepD.they find the position most comfortable2.The underlined wordtheyin the last sentence of the first paragraph refers to .A.birds and parasites B.birds and sheepC.parasites and sheep D.sheep,birds and parasites3.It can be learnt from the text that coral depends on the plant for .A.comfort B.light C.food D.oxygen4.What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?A.Some animals and plants depend on each other for existence.B.Some animals and plants develop their relationship easily.C.Some plants depend on each other for food.D.Some animals live better together.析：此篇文章谈的是动物和动物之间、动物和植物之间的相互依附关系。1、A。这是一个推断题，主要测试能否抓住文章中所提供的原因。文章第一段第4句中的“find easy food in”和试题选项中的“eat its parasites”含义相同，可用判断法确定此题答案为A。2、B。这是一个指代判断题，本题答案从第一自然段第5句中已得知。可采用对应法，句中的词“The sheep allow the birds”对号入座，正确答案是B。也可采用排除法，A、C、D均不符合文意，birds总是爱吃parasites，sheep不容许parasites存在自己身上。3、D。这是一个分析判断题，第二段第4句可得知。注意“which the animal needs to breath”是定语从句，关系代词Which的先行词是oxygen，这时的答案已明确，其余三项句中没提及，可排除。4、A。这是一个主旨题。此题主要是要求考生在理解整段乃至整篇的基础上去推断。我们可以从文中第二段首句和尾句提供的线索综合判断，得出正确选项是A有些动物和植物是相互依存的。第二段没提C、D项信息。B项的干扰大一些，因文中有relationship develops，但发展关系应在互相依存的情况下，故B项不正确。（二）Tom Brennan was working in a Philadelphia office building when he noticed a black bag.The bag contained a book.The chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasure-a 120-page diary kept 190 years ago by Deborah Logan,a woman who knew everybody in her day,James Green,the librarian told the magazine American Libraries.Most of the diary is a record of big events in Philadelphia.It also includes a description of British soldiers burning Washington D.C in the war of 1812.She desribes President James Madison on horseback as perfectly shaking with fearduring the troubled days.George Washington,she writes,mistook her for the wife of a French man,and praised her excellent English.The adventure of the lost book began on September 4 when Cory Luxmoore arrived from England to deliver the diary of his ancestor(祖先)to the Library Company,which he and his wife considered to be the best home for the diary.Green told American Libraries he had the diary in his possesionabout five minuteswhen Luxmoore took it back because he had promised to show it to one other person. On returning to his hotel after showing the precious book to Green,Luxmoore was shocked to realise that he had left it in the taxi.Without any delay,Green began calling every taxi company in the city,with no luck.Ive felt sick since then,Luxmoore told reporters.According to Green,no one has yet learned how the diary came to the office building.Tom Brennan received a reward(奖励)of $1,000. Philadephia gained another treasure for its history,and Luxmoore told reporters,Its wonderful news. Im on high.1.This article tells about the story of .A.a lost diary B.Cory Luxmoore C.Deborah logan D.the Library Company2.From the text,we learn that the diary is now owned by . ,A.Tom Brennan B.a philadelphia magazineC.an unknown person D.the Library Company of Philadelphia3.Philadelphia is thought to be the best home for the diary because .A.it was written in philadelphiaB.it tells stories about philadelphiaC.People in the city are interested in old thingsD.the British and the Americans once fought in philadelphia4.Which of the following shows the right of what happened to the diary?a-Tom Brennan found the book in an office building.b-The book was shown to James Green.c-Cory Luxmoore arrived from Englandd-The book was left behind in a taxiA.a,b,c,d B.c,b,d,a C.a,c,d,b D.c,a,b,d5.What did Cory Luxmoore mean when he said Im on high?A.Im rich B.Im famousC.Im excited D.Im lucky析：本篇文章围绕一本失而复得的日记本，充分体现了本文主人公Luxmoore保护历史资料的积极性和历史责任感，有很高的社会和文化价值。1、A。此题属主旨题，要求考生通读全文后掌握整篇文章的主题思想，全文围绕“a lost diary”充分体现了Luxmoore保护珍贵历史资料的积极性和历史责任感。故正确答案是A。2、D。此题属推理判断题，想从原文直接找到答案是不可能的，此篇文章的故事情节是这样的，Luxmoore和他的妻子认为the library Company of phialdelphia 是保存“the diamy”的最好地方。于是他们决定把“the diary”达到这里，结果“the diary”在途中不幸丢失后又失而复得，最后“the diary”的归宿自然还是“the library company of philadelphia”故正确答案是D。3、B。此题属细节题，题干中出现because一词，考查事情的起因，细读文章第三段不难看出正确答案为B。4、B。此题也属细节题，很多考生误 选A，这是由于没弄清楚文章的次序，其实这篇文章采用了“倒序”的手法，所以要求考生细读原文再去排序。故正确答案为B。5、C。此题属含义推断题。做这一题时，考生要从整个事件的发展过程中来把握当事人的心理变化。首先，“Luxmoore was shocked to realize that he had left the diary in the taxi”，然后，Luxmoore对记者描述自己当时的心情：“Ive left sick since then.”最后当珍贵的日记被找回时，Luxmoore对记者说：“Its wonderful news. Im on high.”不难看出，这时的Luxmoore显得非常兴奋和激动，故正确答案为C。（三）Excused from recycling(回收利用)because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute(垃圾道)?You wont be for long.Miamis Mark Shantzis has made it simple for those living in tall buildings to use the chute and recycle too.In Shantzis Hi-Rise Recycling System, a chute leads to a pie-shaped container with six boxes that can turn around when operated.The system,which fits in the same space as the chute and container now in use,enables glass,plastic,paper,metal,and other rubbish to go into separate boxes.The system is controlled from a board fixed next to the chute door.The board has abutton for each class of recycling materials(as well as for unrecyclables).At the press of a button,a microcomputer locks all other floorschute doors and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute.The computer also counts the loads and gives a signal by phone when the box is full.And a particular piece of equipment breaks up the nonrecyclables.Sorting(分类)recyclables before they are collected saves the use of expensive materials recovery equipment which otherwise has to do the sorting.Such equipment often makes recycled materials very expensive,so expensive that tons of recyclables remain wasted.Shantzis believes his system could help recycled materials become more cost-effective.1.The purpose in writing this text is .A.to encourage people to recycle their rubbishB.to introduce a recycling system for high risesC.to describe the use of computer technology in recyclingD.to explain the need for rubbish collection in high rises2.When he saysYou wont be for longthe writer means that .A.youll soon be living in a cleaner buildingB.rubbish chutes will become out of date before longC.you wont wait long for your turn to recycle rubbishD.it wont be long before youll have to recycle your rubbish3.Before dropping rubbish into the chute you have to .A.lock the other floors chute doors B.check if the container is fullC.press the correct buttonD.break up the rubbish4.The biggest advantage of this new system is that .A.it reduces the cost of recyclingB.it saves time and space C.it saves money for people living in high risesD.it makes better use of the existing recovery equipment析：本篇文章介绍为高层楼房住户设计的一种回收垃圾的新方法，此方法简便又科学，为高层楼房住户带来了便利。1、此题属主旨题，推断作者写此篇文章的目的。通读全文后不难发现此篇文章是向