00522_英语国家概况自考大纲.doc

附件：英语国家概况自学考试大纲的考核目标 Part One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandChapter 1 Land and PeopleI. Different Names for Britain and its Partsstrictly adv. 严格地；完全地；确实地geographical adj. 地理的；地理学的remainder n. 数 余数，残余；剩余物；其余的人adj. 剩余的；吃剩的vt. 廉价出售；削价出售vi. 廉价出售；削价出售division n. 除法；部门；分割；师（军队）；体赛区regard n. 注意；尊重；问候；凝视vi. 注意，注重；注视vt. 注重，考虑；看待；尊敬；把看作；与有关imperialist n. 帝国主义者adj. 帝国主义的expansion n. 膨胀；阐述；扩张物ruled v. 统治；裁决（rule的过去分词）adj. 有横隔线的；有直线行的；受统治的empire n. 帝国；帝王统治，君权British Empire 大英帝国colonies n. 殖民地（colony的复数）commonwealth n. 联邦；共和国；国民整体association n. 协会，联盟，社团；联合；联想member n. 成员；会员；议员certain adj. 某一；必然的；确信；无疑的；有把握的pron. 某些；某几个arrangement n. 布置；整理；准备The British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones.The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland.The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.(Britain, the United kingdom or simply U.K.)Capital: LondonAnother country called the Republic of Ireland or Eire.(Ireland)Capital: Dublin.Great Britain(three political divisions):England, Scotland and Wales.Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the worlds people and one fourth of the worlds land area.Colonies: North America, Asia, Africa and Australia.The British Empire disappeared and it was replaced by the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931.The are 50 member countries within the Commonwealth(1991).II. Geographical Featuresnorth Atlantic Ocean 北大西洋coast n. 海岸；滑坡vt. 沿岸航行vi. 滑行；沿岸航行separated v. 分开；隔开（separate的过去式和过去分词）adj. 分开的；分居；不在一起生活的narrow n. 海峡；狭窄部分，隘路adj. 狭窄的，有限的；勉强的；精密的；度量小的vt. 使变狭窄vi. 变窄narrowest 狭隘的（ narrow的最高级 ）狭窄的（种类或数目）有限的Straits of Dover 利海峡最窄之处被称作多佛海峡 Channel tunnel- Chunnel n. 英法海峡隧道 (was open to traffic in May 1994)extend vt. 延伸；扩大；推广；伸出；给予；使竭尽全力；对估价vi. 延伸；扩大；伸展；使疏开provide vt. 提供；规定；准备；装备vi. 规定；抚养；作准备inland n. 内地；内陆adj. 内陆的；内地的；国内的adv. 在内地；向内地；向内陆；在内陆tilting n. 倾卸台v. 使倾斜（tilt的ing形式）adj. 倾斜；倾卸formation n. 形成；构造；编队beaches-flatflat n. 平地；平面；公寓adj. 平坦的；扁平的；浅的；单调的vt. 使变平vi. 变平adv. 平直地；断然地settlements n. 定居点，殖民地（settlement复数）routeway n. 通路，通道fertile n. 肥沃，多产adj. 富饶的，肥沃的；能生育的soil n. 土地；土壤；国家；粪便；务农；温床vt. 弄脏；污辱vi. 变脏farmland n. 农田sea routes 海上航线spectacular adj. 壮观的，惊人的；公开展示的mountain scenery 山景 Snowdonia n. 斯诺登尼亚（英国山峰）the Lake District 湖区（英国最美丽的国家公园）the Scottish Highlands 苏格兰高地valley n. 山谷；流域；溪谷waterfalls n. 瀑布；悬瀑（waterfall的复数形式）ribbon lakes 丝带湖泊 ribbon n. 带；缎带；（勋章等的）绶带；带状物；勋表vt. 把撕成条带；用缎带装饰vi. 形成带状floor n. 地板，地面；楼层；基底；议员席vt. 铺地板；打倒，击倒；（被困难）难倒steep n. 峭壁；浸渍adj. 陡峭的；不合理的；夸大的；急剧升降的vt. 泡；浸；使充满vi. 泡；沉浸boulder n. 卵石，大圆石；巨砾clay n. 土壤 粘土；泥土；肉体；似黏土的东西vt. 用黏土处理The English Channel between England and France is Straits of Dover.They rebuild channel tunnel called “Chunnel”was open in May 1994.the North-west slowly rising and the South-East slowly sinking.1. Englandoccupy vt. 占据，占领；居住；使忙碌southern n. 南方人adj. 南的；南方的south-west n. 西南the Severn valley 塞文谷 Cheshire-Lancashire plain(round Liverpool 利物浦) 柴郡兰开夏平原roll n. 卷，卷形物；名单；摇晃vt. 卷；滚动，转动；辗vi. 卷；滚动；转动；起伏，摇晃occasional moors /occasional adj. 偶然的；临时的；特殊场合的moors n. 沼泽；荒野vt. 系住；使停泊pennines n. 奔宁山脉；北乃恩山脉range n. 范围；幅度；排；山脉vt. 漫游；放牧；使并列；归类于；来回走动vi. 平行，列为一行；延伸；漫游；射程达到North Midlands 北中部the Scottish border 苏格兰边境principal adj. 主要的；资本的n. 首长；校长；资本；当事人chain n. 链；束缚；枷锁vt. 束缚；囚禁；用铁练锁住peak n. 山峰；最高点；顶点；帽舌adj. 最高的；最大值的vt. 使达到最高点；使竖起vi. 消瘦；到达最高点；变憔悴Scafell 斯科菲峰 cultivated v. 发展（cultivate的过去分词）；耕作；教化adj. 耕种的；有教养的North Yorkshire 北约克郡（英国一个地区）passage n. 一段（文章）；走廊；通路coastal adj. 沿海的；海岸的Northumberland n. 诺森伯兰郡（英国英格兰郡名）strip n. 带；条状；脱衣舞vt. 剥夺；剥去；脱去衣服vi. 脱去衣服England occupies the largest, southern part of Great Britain with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The highest peak of England is Scafell.2. Scotlandwild n. 荒野adj. 野生的；野蛮的；狂热的；荒凉的adv. 疯狂地；胡乱地rocky adj. 岩石的，多岩石的；坚如岩石的；摇晃的；头晕目眩的coastline n. 海岸线indented adj. 犬牙交错的；受契约约束的；缩进排印的v. 缩进；切割成锯齿状（indent的过去分词）Ben Nevis 本尼维斯山（位于英国苏格兰中西部，是英伦三岛的最高峰）western n. 西方人；西部片，西部小说adj. 西方的，西部的；有西方特征的Hebrides n. 赫布里底群岛（位于英国苏格兰西部）region n. 地区；范围；部位sea-lochs n. 苏格兰英语；湖，湖泊fiords n. 峡湾；海湾alternate n. 替换物adj. 交替的；轮流的vt. 使交替；使轮流vi. 交替；轮流hill n. 小山；丘陵；斜坡；山冈reached 到达boat n. 小船；轮船vi. 划船comprise vt. 包含；由组成the ForthClyde valley 克莱德谷coal n. 煤；煤块；木炭vt. 给加煤；把烧成炭vi. 上煤；加煤iron n. 熨斗；烙铁；坚强adj. 铁的；残酷的；刚强的vt. 熨；用铁铸成vi. 熨衣；烫平field n. 领域；牧场；旷野；战场；运动场adj. 扫描场；田赛的；野生的vt. 把暴晒于场上；使上场vi. 担任场外队员dairy pasture 乳牛用草地moorland 高沼地；荒野fertile n. 肥沃，多产adj. 富饶的，肥沃的；能生育的the Orkneys 奥克尼群岛 Shetlands 设得兰(郡)(苏格兰旧郡)；Hebrides n. 赫布里底群岛（位于英国苏格兰西部Edinburgh n. 爱丁堡（英国城市名capitalThere are three natural zones: the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands and the southern Uplands. Capital: Edinburgh.3. Wales:pasture n. 草地；牧场；牧草vt. 放牧；吃草cattle n. 牛；牲畜（骂人的话）；家畜；无价值的人arable n. 耕地adj. 适于耕种的；可开垦的massif n. 山丘；断层块；大厦fringe . 边缘；穗；刘海adj. 边缘的；附加的vt. 加穗于coal bearing 含煤的Most of Wales is mountainous.Snowdonia in the northwest is the highest muntain in Wales. Capital: Cardiff.4. Northern Irelandindentations n. 缺口；压痕；刻痕（indentation的复数）County Antrim 安特立姆郡 Lough Neagh 内伊湖（英国最大的淡水湖）Capital: BelfastIII. Rivers and Lakesfreeze n. 冻结；凝固vt. 使冻住；使结冰vi. 冻结；冷冻；僵硬Liverpool n. 利物浦Glasgow n. 格拉斯哥（英国城市名）the Tweedthe Tynethe Teesthe Thames 泰晤士河（英国河流）the Cotswolds 科滋窝丘陵区semicircle n. 半圆，半圆形flow n. 流动；流量；涨潮，泛滥vt. 淹没，溢过vi. 流动，涌流；川流不息；飘扬sail n. 帆，篷；航行vi. 航行；启航，开船vt. 航行The longest river is the Severn River (338K)The second largest is the Thames River.(336K)Oxford is on the Thames.the most important river in Scotland : River Clyde the largest lake in Britain (in Northern Ireland): the Lough Neagh (396).IV. Climate1. A maritime type of climateaverage n. 平均；平均数；海损adj. 平均的；普通的vt. 算出的平均数；将平均分配；使平衡vi. 平均为；呈中间色2. Factors which influence the climate in BritainHeilongjiang Province 黑龙江省moderate adj. 稳健的，温和的；适度的，中等的；有节制的vt. 节制；减轻vi. 变缓和，变弱seasonal adj. 季节的；周期性的；依照季节的relative n. 亲戚；相关物；语 关系词；亲缘植物adj. 相对的；有关系的；成比例的prevailing adj. 流行的；一般的，最普通的；占优势的；盛行很广的v. 盛行，流行（prevail的现在分词形式）；获胜current n. （水，气，电）流；趋势；涌流adj. 现在的；流通的，通用的；最近的；草写的forecast n. 预测，预报；预想vt. 预报，预测；预示vi. 进行预报，作预测break n. 休息，中断；破裂处vt. 打破，弄破；中断；弄坏；削弱vi. 突变pouring n. 冶 浇注；传布v. 倾泻；倾诉（pour的ing形式）uncertainty n. 不确定，不可靠cautious adj. 谨慎的；十分小心的drizzles vi. 下毛毛雨vt. 下毛毛雨n. 细雨，毛毛雨3. Rainfalldistribution n. 分布；分配surplus n. 剩余；贸易 顺差；盈余；过剩adj. 剩余的；过剩的deficit n. 赤字；不足额reservoirs n. 水库（reservoir的复数）；油箱；储液器；储藏所；贮液囊4.Natural calamities 自然灾害equable adj. 平静的；变动小的prolonged adj. 延长的；拖延的；持续很久的cubic adj. 立方体的，立方的remain n. 遗迹；剩余物，残骸vi. 保持；依然；留下；剩余；逗留；残存fog n. 雾；烟雾，尘雾；迷惑vt. 使模糊；使困惑；以雾笼罩vi. 被雾笼罩；变模糊smog n. 烟雾frost n. 霜；冰冻，严寒；冷淡vi. 结霜；受冻vt. 结霜于；冻坏crops n. 农作物（crop的复数）；收成；切头v. 种植（crop的三单形式）；收割；修剪；产庄稼the sulphur n. 硫磺；硫磺色vt. 使硫化；用硫磺处理dioxide n. 二氧化物atmosphere n. 气氛；大气；空气dirt n. 污垢，泥土；灰尘，尘土；下流话hurricanes n. 飓风（hurricane的复数）storms n. 风暴；暴风（storm复数）；暴风雨v. 起风暴；大怒（storm的三单形式）typhoon n. 气象 台风cyclone n. 旋风；气象 气旋；飓风flood n. 洪水；泛滥；一大批vt. 淹没；充满；溢出vi. 涌出；涌进；为水淹没shipwreck n. 海难；遇难船vt. 使失事；使毁灭；使失败In 1952 the sulphur dioxide in the four-day London smog left 4,000 people dead or dying. V. The people.densely adv. 浓密地；密集地distributed adj. 分布式的，分散式的urban adj. 城市的；住在都市的rural adj. 农村的，乡下的；田园的，有乡村风味的tract n. 束；大片土地，地带；小册子barren n. 荒地adj. 贫瘠的；不生育的；无益的；沉闷无趣的；空洞的concentration n. 浓度；集中；浓缩；专心；集合distinguish vi. 区别，区分；辨别vt. 区分；辨别；使杰出，使表现突出regional adj. 地区的；局部的；整个地区的preserve n. 保护区；禁猎地；加工成的食品vt. 保存；保护；维持；腌；禁猎Population:57,411,00(1990)1. The Englishconquered vt. 战胜，征服；攻克，攻取vi. 胜利；得胜invaded v. 入侵；拥入；遍布（invade的过去分词）adj. 被侵入的Danes 丹麦人Vikings n. 维京人；北欧海盗（Viking的复数union n. 联盟，协会；工会；联合defeated v. 被击败，失败（defeat的过去式）adj. 挨打的，被打败的ancestor n. 始祖，祖先；被继承人estimated adj. 估计的；预计的；估算的division n. 除法；部门；分割；师（军队）；体赛区Bow Bells n. 伦敦broader adj. 广大的；一片的比较级noticeable adj. 显而易见的，显著的；值得注意的the English are Anglo-Saxons . 盎格鲁-撒克逊人；英国血统或国籍的人（Anglo-Saxon的复数）the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts 史前期的石斧；凯尔特人（Celt的复数）(from Germany and France, Spain and Britain)The Celts came to Britain after 700BC.2. The WelshBritons . 英国人；不列颠人，大不列颠人（shelter . 庇护；避难所；遮盖物vt. 保护；使掩蔽vi. 躲避，避难defended 辩护quarter num. 四分之一n. 四分之一；地区；季度；一刻钟；两角五分；篮球节vt. 将四等分；供某人住宿vi. 住宿；驻扎Celtic language 塞尔特语equality n. 平等；相等；数 等式poetry n. 诗；诗意，诗情；诗歌艺术they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called: Eisteddfodau.3. The Scotsborderland n. 边陲；中间地带；迷糊含混之情境serious adj. 严肃的，严重的；认真的；庄重的；危急的cautious adj. 谨慎的；十分小心的hospitable adj. 热情友好的；（环境）舒适的4. The IrishProtestants 新教徒bitter n. 苦味；苦啤酒adj. 苦的；痛苦的；尖刻的；充满仇恨的vt. 使变苦adv. 激烈地；严寒刺骨地dominant n. 显性adj. 显性的；占优势的；支配的，统治的the Roman Catholics 罗马天主教徒seek vt. 寻求；寻找；探索；搜索vi. 寻找；探索；搜索peace n. 和平；平静；和睦；秩序charm n. 魅力，吸引力；魔力vt. 使陶醉；行魔法vi. 有魔力；用符咒vivacity n. 活泼；快活；精神充沛Irish often called: Erse5. Immigrantsprotect vt. 保护，防卫；警戒unfair adj. 不公平的，不公正的discrimination n. 歧视；区别，辨别；识别力landlady n. 女房东；女地主；女店主club owners 俱乐部老板sack n. 麻布袋；洗劫vt. 解雇；把装入袋；劫掠Chapter 1 land and people 1.what are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain,England,the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth? The British Isles,Great Britain and England are geographical names. They are not the official names of the country. So the official name is the United Kingdom,but the full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The British Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. 2.Describe the geographical position of Britian? Britain is an island country. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 3.Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland? The north and west of Britain are mainly highland, while the south and south-east are mostly lowlands. 4.Does Britain have a favourable climate? why? Yes,it has a favourable climate, because it has a maritime type of climate-winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool, not too hot.It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.It has a small range of temperature,too. 5.what are the factors which influence the climate in Britain? Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest? The factors which influence the climate in Britain are the following three:1) The surrounding waters balance the seasonal differences;2) the prevailing south-west winds bring warm and wet air in winter and keep the temperatures moderate;3) the North Atlantic Drift,a warm current,passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them. The northwestern part has the most rainfall,while the south-eastern corner is the driest. 6.Describe the distribution of Britains population. Britain has a population of 57 million. It is densely populated, with an average of 237people per square kilometre. It is also very unevenly distributed , with 90%of the population in urban areas,10% in rural areas. Geographically, most British people live in England. Of the total of 57 million people, 47 million live in England, 14 million live in London and Southeastern England. 7.What are the three natural zones in Scotland? The three natural zones in Scotland are : the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands ,and the southern Uplands. 8.What is the difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish? The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons,while the Scots,Welsh and rish are Celts. 9.What are the differences in character and speech between southern England and northern England? How do the Welsh keep their language and culture alive? The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people.The Scots are hospitable ,generous and friendly.Irish are known for their charm and vivacity as well as for the beauty of their Irish girls. Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau.On these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry,music,singing and art and in this way they keep the Welsh language and Welsh culture alive. 10.What is the main problem in Northern Ireland? Hundreds of years ago Scots and English Protestants were sent to live in Northern Ireland.Since then there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants and the Roman Catholics.The former are the dominant group,while the latter are seeking more social,plitical and economic apportunities.The british Government and the government of Ireland are now working together to bring peace to Northern Ireland. Part OneThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandChapter 1 Land and People .Names1. Different names for Britain and its parts 2. British Empire (100 years ago)About 100 years ago, as a result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled anempire that had 1/4 of the worlds people and 1/4 of the worlds land area. It had colonies in North America, Asia, Africa and Australia.3. Commonwealth (1931) The commonwealth (of Nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.4. Reason for Britain Empire changed into a Commonwealth: the two world wars greatly weakened Britain.Features1. Location Advantage: No part of Britain is very far from the coast and it provides a valuable resource. The British coast is long and has good, deep harbours. Sea routes extend farinland, providing cheap transportation.2. General featuresa. Tilting: Rising in North-West cause highlands there; Sinking in South-East cause lowlands.b. Ice Age: responsible for Britains spectacular mountain scenery.3. England (more than 130,000 square kilometres which takes up nearly 60% of the whole island)a. Pennines, principal mountain chain.b. Scafell (978 m), the highest peak of England.c. Capital: London.4. Scotland (78,760 square kilometres)a. Three zone: Highlands in the north: plateau; Central Lowlands: Most important area in Scotland which contain most of the industry and population; Southern Uplands: moorland.b. Ben Nevis (1,343 m), the highest mountain in Britain.c. Capital: Edinburgh.5. Wales (20,761 square kilometres which takes up less than 9% of the whole island)a. Most of Wales is Mountainous;b. 12% of the land is arable;c. Massif 断层;d. Snowdonia (1,085 m), highest mountain in Wales;e. Capital: Cardiff.6. Northern Ireland (14,147 square kilometres which takes up 1/5 of Ireland)a. It has a rocky and wild northern coastline;b. Capital: Belfast.Rivers and Lakes1. Riversa. Importance: Great ports (through river) to sea; Rivers to both European Continent and fishing grounds; Rivers (carry raw materials) to inland.b. Rivers: Severn River (338 km): longest river; Thames River (336 km): second largest and most important (water transportation, Oxford site); River Clyde: most important river in Scotland.2. Lakesa. Lough Neagh: largest lake in Britain (located in Northern Ireland).b. Lake District: One of the popular tourist attractions in Britain; 15 lakes, the largest ones are Windermere, Ullswater, Derwentwater and Coniston Water; The home of the lake poets of 19th century: Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.Climate1. Maritimea. Favorable one, winters are mild not too cold and summers are cool not too hot;b. Steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year;c. Small range of temperature.2. Factorsa. The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer;b. The Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;c. The North Atlantic Drift, which is a warm current, passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.3. Rainfalla. General: Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000 mm;b. Character: Water surplus in north and west;Water deficit in south and east.c. Reservoirs have to be built in highland areas such as Central Wales, the Lake District and the Scottish Highlands.4. Natural calamitiesa. In 1952 the sulphur dioxide in the four-day London smog, an unhealthy atmosphere formed by mixing smoke and dirt with fog, left 4,000 people dead or dying. So most cities in Britain have introduce “Clean air zones” whereby factories and households are only allow to burn smokeless fuel.b. Many areas are subjected to severe gales, which cause flooding, shipwrecks and loss of life, especially in winter.People (Britain has a population of 57,411,000 in 1990)1. General features:a. Densely populated with an average of 237 people per square kilometer;b. Unevenly distributed: 90% in urban, 10% in rural;c. Concentration: most in England (most in London and south-eastern England);d. Composition: English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Welsh 1.9%, Irish 2.4%, Northern Irish 1.8%, Immigrants 2.8%.2. Englisha. Origin: Anglo-Saxons.b. Language:Southern: