最全的定语从句讲解.doc

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Handsome boys=the boys who are handsomeBeautiful flowers=the flowers which are beautiful2.定义定语从句(Attributive Clauses)：由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词和代词，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。被修饰的名词,词组或代词叫做先行词。关系词常有3个作用：引导定语从句。代替先行词。在定语从句中担当一个成分。3.分类定语从句：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句4.关系词以及基本用法关系代词指示对象作用例句That人.物主.（宾）The student that answered the question was John.回答问题的学生是约翰。The book （that） you lent me was interesting.你借给我的那本书很有趣。Which物主.（宾）Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏.This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔.Who人主.（宾）A doctor is a person who looks after peoples health.The man（who）you met just now is my friend.Whom人（宾）The man（whom）you met just now is my friend. 你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋友.Mr. Ling is just the boy（whom）I want to see. 凌先生恰巧就是我想见的那个男孩.Whose人.物定He has a friend whose father is a doctor.Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.AS介词+关系词1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如：This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club？ 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？Do you remember the day when you joined our club？5. whom在定语从句中只指人，做宾语，可用who或that代替，但后边的介词提前时，只用whom，也可以省略，例如：Do you know the man (whom/who/that) the teacher is talking to?= Do you know the man to whom the teacher is talking?She is the person (whom/who/that) you should turn to for help.= She is the person to whom you should turn for help6. Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）(1) They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。(2) Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。注意：当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同(1) She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。(2) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。注意：定语从句suchas 与结果状语从句such that的区别：as在所引导的定语从句中作主语，宾语；that在结果状语从句中不做成分(3)He has such a good laptop as I want to buy.(4)He has such a good laptop that I want to buy one.7.but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句There are very few but understand his idea。 ( but= who dont )练习：选择正确的关系代词填入题目中的空白处。(that which who whose whom )1.Do you see the bridge-was built last year2. The nurse _ we talked about can speak English well.3. The old gentleman _ you met just now is a famous writer.4. The girl to _ I lent my bike works in a hospital.5. She was the brave girl _ name is known to everybody.注意：that和which虽然都能指物，但是在某些情况下，只能用that指物而不用which1） 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时，例如：This is the most interesting movie that I have ever seen.（作宾语，可省略）This is the most beautiful park that we have visited.2）先行词被the very，the only the same, the last等修饰时，例如：This is the very book that Im looking for.（作宾语，可省略）The only thing that she could do was to wait patiently.（作宾语，可省略）3）先行词被序数词修饰时，例如：The first thing that we do in the morning is to clean the classroom.（作宾语，可省略）This is the third largest city that was founded in the 1980s.（作主语）4）当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等修饰时.Have you taken down everything (that) Mr. Li has said?There seems to be nothing (that) seems impossible for him in the world.All that can be done has been done.There is little (that) I can do for you.5）当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时Who is the man that is standing there?Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?6、当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?7）先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在从句中作表语，例如：He is not the boy that he used to be.China is no longer the country that it used to be.8.当在there be句型中，通常情况下用that，不用which2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that (in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。 I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。 We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。 关系副词：关系副词指示对象作用例句When时间状语Ill never forget the days when I worked together with youThe time when we got together finally came.Where地点状语This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled downShanghai is the city where I was born.Why原因状语(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.二、关系副词（在句中作状语）关系副词=介词+关系代词why=for which（先行词一般是reason）Where=in/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配)When=during/ on/ in/ . which (介词同先行词搭配)3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when ,where和why 互换。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day when you joined our club? This is the reason why he came late.This is the reason for which he came late.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时从句常由介词+关系代词引导(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.= The school in which he once studied is very famous.(2) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.= Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.(3) Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.= Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等T This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T正确)F This is the watch for which I am looking. (F错误)2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)(2) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which。(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：1、As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。(1) He married her, as/which was natural.(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.2、as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如，正像”的意思(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I dont believe.This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.（对） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和1.主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 Her house, which was built a hundred years ago, stood still in the earthquake. (那座房子在地震中依然耸立，它是一百多年前建造的。)2. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 3. 有时as也可用作关系代词 4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物5.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely gard我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍6.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。非限制性定语从句只是对主句内容，或先行词的补充、解释或附加说明。主句与先行词或从句之间一般用逗号分开，常常单独翻译。没有它，主句意思仍然完整。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有as，which，who， whom，whose等，作定语从句的主语、宾语、表语及定语。关系副词有when，where等，作定语从句的状语。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不能省。 一、as引导非限制性定语从句时，可以代主句的全部或部分内容。常表说话人关于说话的依据、态度、评论、看法等。有“正如、像”等意思。定语从句可以置主句句首、句中或句末。as后常接expect，know，report，say，see等动词的主、被动语态句。 1Mike，as we expected，attended the meeting像我们所期望的那样，迈克参加了会议。 2He wasnt unconscious，as could be judged from his eyes他并未失去知觉，这从他的眼神可以判断出来。 二、which引导非限制性定语从句的情况很多。 I指代主句的全部或部分内容时，常表事实、状态、起因等，有“这就使得、这一点”等意思，常置主句末。主句与定语从句用逗号分开。 II指代先行词有多种情况。定语从句置先行词后面。 1在“npronnumprep which”，“prepwhich”定语从句里。 1）They talked about a movie，the name of which Ive never forgotten他们谈论过一部电影，我决不会忘记片名。 2）In Sydney the Chinese team got 28 gold medals，165 of which were won by women在悉尼奥运会，中国队夺得了28枚金牌，其中165枚是女子夺得的。 3）China has thousands of islands，the largest of which is Taiwan中国有数千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾岛。 4）Chaplin went to the states in 1910，by which time he had learnt to dance and act in comedies卓别林1910年去了美国，那时他已学会跳舞和演喜剧了。 2表唯一性，或者就是指代先行词的事物时。 The dam，which is the biggest in the world，is 3，830 metres long大坝长3，830米，是世界上最大的坝。 3先行词是独一无二的事物时。 The moon，which doesnt give out light itself，is only a satellite of the earth月球本身不发光，它只是地球的一个卫星。4先行词表示类属的事物时。 Football，which is a very interesting game，is played all over the world足球是一项非常有趣的运动，全世界都踢足球。5先行词是专有名词时。 1）Three of the biggest man-made projects in the world are the Great Wall of China，the Pyramids of Egypt and the Aswan High Dam， which is also in Egypt世界上最大的三项人造工程是中国的长城，埃及的金字塔和阿斯旺高坝，它也在埃及。 2）The Nile，which used to flood every year，now runs more regularly below the dam尼罗河年年涨洪水，现在比较正常地在大坝下面流过了。 6先行词是表人的职业、品质、身份等名词，作定语从句的表语时。主句和定语从句之间含有对比的意思。 Mikes brother is a policeman，which he isnt迈克的哥哥是警察，他可不是。 7先行词是形容词作定语从句的表语时。主句和定语从句含有对比的意思。 Li Ling is very clever，which Li Long isnt李玲很聪明，李珑可不是。 8先行词是集体名词表整体意思时。 My family，which has 35 people，is a large one我家有35口人，是一个大家庭。 9先行词是国家名词表地域概念时。 Last year he went to Egypt，which is in Africa他去年去了埃及，埃及在非洲。 三、as，which是指代主句内容的非限制性定语从句时，表依据、评论与表事实、状态等没有多大差别，又在主句末时，有时可以通用。 1He is quite pleased，as which can be seen from his face他非常高兴，从他的表情可以看出来。 2You always work hard，as which everyone knows大家都知道，你一向勤奋学习。 但是，上面两句把定语从句置主句句首时，就只能用as。 3This elephant is like a snake，as anybody can see像任何人都能看见那样，这头象像条蛇。 4Bamboo is hollow，which makes it very light竹子是空的，这就使得它很轻。 在否定意义的非限制性定语从句里，一般用which引导。 5He came to my birthday party，which I didnt expect at all我完全没有想到，他来参加我的生日聚会了。 四、who，whom，whose等引导非限制性定语从句时，指代人的普通名词、专有名词等。表示正是或专指先行词等情况。在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。 1Bobs father，who worked on the project，spent four years in Egypt鲍勃的父亲从事这项工程，在埃及度过了四年。 2Dad，this is Zheng Jie，who I knew in Paris爸，这是郑杰，我在巴黎认识的。 这一句是用主格who代替宾格 whom。 3His mother，whom he loved dearly， died in 1818他非常爱戴他的母亲，她死于 1818年。 4Mr King，whose legs were badly hurt， was quickly taken to hospital金先生的腿受了重伤，他很快就被送去住院了。 五、when，where引导非限制性定语从句时，作定语从句的状语。when and then， where and there。why不引导非限制性定语从句。 1He was quickly taken to hospital，where a doctor wanted to examine Mr Kings legs金先生很快被送去住院，在那里一个医生要检查他的腿。 2We will put off the outing until next week，when we wont be so busy我们把郊游推迟到下个星期，那时我们不会那么忙了。 3He went to America in 1912，where and when he was noticed by an important film director他在1912年去了美国，当时他在那里引起了一个重要电影导演的注意。 在prepwhere when非限制性定语从句里，where there，when then。 4His head soon appeared out of the second storey windows，from where he could see nothing but trees他的头很快从第二层楼的一个窗户伸出来了，从那里他只能看见树木。 5That was in 1929，since when things have been better那是在1929年，从那时起情况就已经好转了。 6I went to bed at ten，before when I was reading for an hour我10点去睡觉，在那时以前我看了1小时的书。 有时候where when可以用prepwhich替换。 The southern states wanted to set up a country of their own，where they would be free to keep black slaves南方各州要建立一个属于他们自己的国家，在那里他们将自由地保留黑人奴隶。 8I still remembered January 10，on which when he came to see me我仍然记得1月10日，那一天他来看我了。其他注意点一、并列句中某些相同成分的省略。 This beeper works well, but that one doesnt (work wel