新编简明英语语言学教程 第二版 戴炜栋3 Morphology.ppt

Chapter3Morphology Definition Morphologyreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed Openclasswordandclosedclassword Openclasswords contentwordsofalanguagetowhichwecanregularlyaddnewwords suchasnouns adjectives verbsandadverbs e g beatnik 奇装异服言行乖僻的人 垮了的一代 amemberoftheBeatGeneration email internet 做秀 时装秀 inChinese Closedclasswords grammaticalorfunctionalwords suchasconjunction articles prepositionandpronouns Morpheme 词素 theminimalunitofmeaning Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes Wordsmayconsistofonemorphemeormoremorphemes e g 1 morphemeboy desire2 morphemeboy ish desir e ble3 morphemeboy ish ness desir e bl e ity4 morphemegentle man li ness un desir e abl e ity5 morphemeun gentle man li ness6 morphemeanti dis establish ment ari an ism 反对国家对教会不予承认论 Affix Prefix morphemesthatoccuronlybeforeothers e g un dis anti ir etc Suffix morphemesthatoccuronlyafterothers e g ful er ish ness able tive tion etc Freemorpheme boundmorpheme Freemorpheme 自由词素 isonethatmayconstituteaword freeform byitself suchasbed tree sing dance etc Boundmorpheme 粘着词素 isonethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme Theycannotstandbythemselves suchas s in dogs al in national dis in disclose ed in recorded etc Allomorph l m rf 词素变体 Somemorphemeshaveasingleforminallcontexts suchas dog bark cat etc Inotherinstances theremaybesomevariation thatis amorphememayhavealternateshapesorphoneticforms Theyaresaidtobetheallomorphsofthemorpheme e g TheindefinitenessmorphemeabaganappleEachoftheunderlinedpartiscalledanallomorphofindefinitemorpheme e g Thepluralmorphememap maps s dog dogs z watch watches iz mouse mice ai ox oxen n tooth teethsheep sheepEachoftheunderlinedpartiscalledanallomorphofpluralmorpheme WordStructures Aroot 词根 isthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixes inflectional derivational areremoved e g desire in desirable care in carefully nation in internationalism believe in unbeliev e able N noun V verb Af affix e g teacher teach er Derivationalmorpheme inflectionalmorpheme Derivationalmorphemes 派生词素 themorphemeswhichchangethecategory grammaticalclassofwords oraddsomelexicalmeaning e g modern modernize length lengthen fool foolish order reorder agree disagree etc Inflectionalmorphemes 屈折词素 themorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkers signifyingsuchconceptsastense number caseandsoon theyneverchangetheirsyntacticcategory neveraddanylexicalmeaning e g a number tablesapplescarsb person tense talk talks talking talkedc case John John s Morphological 形态学的 rules Therulesthatgoverntheformationofwords ingeneral Englishwordsareformedthroughsixways Derivation Affixation派生 词缀 toaddaprefixorasuffixtoawordoraroottochangeeitherthepartofspeechorthemeaning orbothoftheoriginalword e g play replay read readerCompounding合成 puttingtwowordsorrootstogethertoformanewwordwithacertainsyntacticrelationshipwithinthenewlyformedworde g blackboard Theboardisblack ladylike sbislikealady Conversion转化 tochangethepartofspeechofawordwithoutanychangeinitsform e g anewcarpet tocarpettheroom Abbreviation缩略Clippings examination exam influenza fluAcronyms FederalBureauofInvestigation FBIBlendings motorhotel motel breakfastlunch brunch Back formation逆成eg burglar burgle editor edit Jingles重叠e g inf diner din din Somepointsaboutcompounds Whenthetwowordsareinthesamegrammaticalcategory thecompoundwillbeinthiscategory e g postbox landlady 女房东 icy cold blue black Whenthetwowordsfallintodifferentcategories theclassofthesecondorfinalwordwillbethegrammaticalcategoryofthecompound e g head strong 固执 pickpocket 扒手 Compoundshavedifferentstresspatternsfromthenon compoundedwordsequence e g Themeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts Compare 1 Katefoundaredcoatinheraunt scloset 2 KatefoundaRedcoatinheraunt scloset red coat 红外套 redcoat 英国军人