管理学--计划.ppt

Chapter7 FOUNDATIONSOFPLANNING PrenticeHall 2002 7 1 LearningObjectives Youshouldlearnto DefineplanningExplainwhymanagersplanDescribewhatrolegoalsplayinplanningDistinguishamongthedifferenttypesofplansTellhowgoalsareestablishedDescribethecharacteristicsofwell designedgoals PrenticeHall 2002 7 2 LearningObjectives cont Youshouldlearnto IdentifythreecontingencyfactorsinplanningExplaintheapproachestodevelopingplansDiscussthecriticismsofplanningDescribewhatittakestoeffectivelyplaninadynamicenvironment PrenticeHall 2002 7 3 7 4 1 WhatIsPlanning 2 TypesOfPlans WhatIsPlanning Planninginvolvesdefiningtheorganization sgoals establishinganoverallstrategy anddevelopingacomprehensivesetofplanstointegrateandcoordinateorganizationalwork PrenticeHall 2002 7 5 TypesOfPlans BreadthStrategicOperational SpecificityDirectionalSpecific FrequencyofUseSingleuseStanding TimeFrameLongtermShortterm PrenticeHall 2002 7 6 HowDoManagersPlan cont TheRoleofGoalsandPlansinPlanning cont TypesofPlans cont long termplans timeframebeyondthreeyearsdefinitionoflongtermhaschangedwithincreasinglyuncertainorganizationalenvironmentsshort termplans coveroneyearorlessspecificplans clearlydefinedwithlittleroomforinterpretationrequiredclarityandpredictabilityoftendonotexistdirectionalplans flexibleplansthatsetoutgeneralguidelinesprovidefocuswithoutlimitingcoursesofaction PrenticeHall 2002 7 7 HowDoManagersPlan cont EstablishingGoals cont ApproachestoEstablishingGoals cont managementbyobjectives MBO specificperformancegoalsarejointlydeterminedbyemployeesandtheirmanagersprogresstowardaccomplishingthesegoalsisperiodicallyreviewedrewardsareallocatedonthebasisofthisprogressMBOconsistsoffourelementsgoalspecificityparticipativedecisionmakingexplicittimeperiodperformancefeedback PrenticeHall 2002 7 8 7 9 TheDifferencesbetweenscientificmanagementandMBO StepsinaTypicalMBOProgram PrenticeHall 2002 7 10 HowDoManagersPlan cont EstablishingGoals cont ApproachestoEstablishingGoals cont managementbyobjectives cont increasesemployeeperformanceandorganizationalproductivitydependsonsupportoftopmanagersforMBOproblemswithMBOcanbeuselessintimesofdynamicchangeoveremphasisonpersonalratherthanorganizationalgoalsmaybeviewedsimplyasanannualexerciseinpaperwork PrenticeHall 2002 7 11 7 12 CharacteristicsofWell DesignedGoals HowDoManagersPlan cont EstablishingGoals cont CharacteristicsofWell DesignedGoalsshouldbewrittenintermsofoutcomesshouldbemeasurableandquantifiableshouldbeclearastoatimeframeshouldbechallengingbutattainableshouldbewrittendownshouldbecommunicatedtoallorganizationmemberswhoneedtoknowthegoals PrenticeHall 2002 7 13 HowDoManagersPlan cont EstablishingGoals cont StepsinGoalSetting1 Reviewtheorganization smission2 Evaluateavailableresources3 Determinethegoalsindividuallyorwithinputfromothersshouldbecongruentwiththeorganizationalmissionandgoalsinotherorganizationalareas4 Writedownthegoalsandcommunicatethemtoallwhoneedtoknowthem5 Reviewresultsandwhethergoalsarebeingmet PrenticeHall 2002 7 14 HowDoManagersPlan cont DevelopingPlansContingencyFactorsinPlanninglevelintheorganizationoperationalplanningdominatesmanagers planningeffortsatlowerlevelsstrategicplanningmorecharacteristicofplanningathigherlevels PrenticeHall 2002 7 15 PlanningInTheHierarchyOfOrganizations TopExecutives Middle LevelManagers First LevelManagers PrenticeHall 2002 7 16 HowDoManagersPlan cont DevelopingPlans cont ContingencyFactorsinPlanning cont degreeofenvironmentaluncertaintywhenuncertaintyishigh plansshouldbespecific butflexiblelengthoffuturecommitmentscommitmentconcept plansshouldextendfarenoughtomeetthosecommitmentsmadewhentheplansweredevelopedthemorethatcurrentplansaffectfuturecommitments thelongerthetimeframeforwhichmanagersshouldplan PrenticeHall 2002 7 17 HowDoManagersPlan cont DevelopingPlans cont ApproachestoPlanningtraditional top downapproachplanningdonebytopmanagersformalplanningdepartment specialistswhosesoleresponsibilityistohelptowriteorganizationalplansplansfloweddowntolowerlevelstailoredtoparticularneedsateachlowerlevelmosteffectiveifplanisaworkabledocumentusedbyorganizationalmembersfordirectionandguidance PrenticeHall 2002 7 18 HowDoManagersPlan cont DevelopingPlans cont ApproachestoPlanning cont inclusiveapproachemployeesateachleveldevelopplanssuitedtotheirneedsemployeesacquiregreatersenseoftheimportanceofplanningwhentheyparticipateintheprocessplansmorelikelytobeusedindirectingandcoordinatingwork PrenticeHall 2002 7 19 7 20 下一次课堂讨论要求 学习收获大小取决于自己的投入多少 不要搭便车不要只凭直觉或常识参加讨论课堂发言者按面试标准 专业