unit 8 Music and the Brain.docx

Music and the BrainMusic surrounds us and we wouldnt have it any other way. An exhilarating（令人兴奋的）igzilreiti, orchestral :kestrl adj. 管弦乐的, 管弦乐队的 crescendo kriendu n. 声音渐增, 高潮, 顶峰 can bring tears to our eyes and send shivers iv v. 颤动 down our spines spain n. 脊柱, 脊椎, 书脊, 尖刺. Background swells swel v. （使）膨胀, （使）鼓起, （使）增长add emotive imutivadj. 感情的 punch pnt n. 感染力 to movies and TV shows. Organist :gnist n. 风琴手at ballgames bring us together, cheering, to our feet. Parents croon kru:n v. 低声歌唱soothinglyadv. 安慰地(缓和地, 减轻地, 减轻痛苦地)安稳的） to infants. 音乐围绕着我们,我们不会有任何其他的方法拥有它。令人激动的管弦乐演奏会使我们热泪盈眶并且带来神经深处的震撼。加入增强感染力的电影和电视节目。球类运动的风琴手们将我们彻底带到一起、欢呼。父母低声歌唱安慰自己的孩子。 And our fondness has deep roots: we have been making music since the dawn d:n n. 黎明, 曙光, 开端, 破晓 of culture. More than 30,000 years ago early humans were already playing bone flutes flu:t n. 长笛, 凹槽vi. 吹长笛, 发出笛声vi. 吹长笛vi. 发出笛声vt. 刻凹槽, percussive p:ksiv, pksiv adj. (乐器等)敲击的, 有强大冲击力的, 医叩诊的 instruments and jawd: n. 颚, 颌, 下巴, 钳口, 说教v. 喋喋不休, 教训 harps h:p n. 竖琴v. 反复诉说, 唠叨-and all known societies throughout the world have had music. Indeed, our appreciation appears to be innate. ineit, ineit adj. 天生的, 固有的 Infants as young as two months will turn toward consonant knsnnt n. 辅音adj. 一致的, 符合的, 辅音的, or pleasant, sounds and away from dissonant disnnt adj. 不一致的, 刺耳的, 不和谐的ones. And when a symphonys simfni n. 交响乐denouement deinu:m: n. (小说、戏剧等的)结尾, 结局gives delicious dilis adj. 美味的, 可口的chills, til v. (使)变冷, (使)扫兴, 冶冷淬n. 寒冷, 扫兴, 寒心, 着凉adj. 冷淡的, 寒冷的the same kinds of pleasure centers of the brain light up点亮, 照亮as they do when eating chocolate, having sex or taking cocaine. 我们的爱好有着很深的根源:在文化开始之初我们就创作音乐。30000多年前人类已经演奏骨笛、敲击的仪器和口琴所有世界各地已知的社会都有音乐。事实上,我们的欣赏能力似乎是天生的。婴儿早在两个月将转向辅音,或者怡人的声音, 离开不和谐的声音。而当一个乐团的演奏出美味结局发冷,同一种类型的快乐中心的大脑照亮他们当吃巧克力,性交或服用可卡因。 Therein rin, in adv. 在其中, 在那里, 在那一点上 lies an intriguing intri:gi adj. 吸引人的, 有趣的 biological mystery: Why is music-universally .ju:niv:sli, .ju:nv:sli adv. 普遍地beloved bilvid adj. 心爱的 n. 爱人and uniquely ju:ni:kli adv. 独特地, 唯一地, 珍奇地powerful in its ability to wring ri v. 拧, 绞出, 拧断（脖子）, 使痛苦, 强迫取得 n. 扭绞emotions-so pervasive p:veisiv, pveisiv adj. 普遍的, 渗透的, 遍布的and important to us? Could its emergence im:dns n. 出现, 浮现, 露出have enhanced human survival somehow, smhau, sm.hau adv. 以某种方式, 不知怎么地such as by aiding courtship, k:tip, kurtip n. 求爱, 求婚, 求爱时期as Geoffrey F. Miller of the University of New Mexico has proposed? Or did it originally help us by promoting social cohesion kuhi:n n. 凝聚力, 团结, 内聚力in groups that had grown too large for grooming, gru:mi n. 修饰, 美容, （动物）梳理毛发as suggested by Robin M. Dunbar of the University of Liverpool? On the other hand, to use the words of Harvard Universitys Steven Pinker, is music just auditory :ditri, :d.turi adj. 听觉的 n. 听众, 听众席cheesecake ti:z.keik n. 酪饼, 半裸体的女人照片-a happy accident of evolution that happens to tickle tikl, tikl vt. 使发痒, 逗乐, 使快乐 vi. 觉得痒 n. 痒, 抓痒the brains fancy? fnsi adj. 华丽装饰的, 复杂的, 引人注目的, 时髦的, 昂贵的, 好的 n. 喜爱, 幻想, 想像力vt. 想象, 希望, 迷恋 在这一点上存在一个有趣的生物谜团:为什么音乐有普遍的心仪和独特珍贵的能力，以至于扭住人们的情绪如此的普遍和重要对于我们？在某种程度上，它的出现可以增进人类的生存,例如帮助求爱,正如新墨西哥大学的杰弗里米勒提出的吗?还是原来帮助我们促进社会凝聚力的团体,长得太大了栽培,罗宾邓巴的建议(英国利物浦大学的?另一方面,运用哈佛大学史蒂芬.匹克的话，音乐只是“听觉芝士蛋糕”一个愉快的意外发生的进化来挠大脑的幻想?Why is music-universally .ju:niv:sli, .ju:nv:sli adv. 普遍地beloved bilvid adj. 心爱的 n. 爱人and uniquely ju:ni:kli adv. 独特地, 唯一地, 珍奇地powerful in its ability to wring emotions-so pervasive p:veisiv, pveisiv adj. 普遍的, 渗透的, 遍布的and important to us? Neuroscientists .njurusaintist n. 神经系统科学家dont yet have the ultimate ltimit, ltmit adj. 根本的, 极限的, 最后的, 终极的 n. 终极, 极品, 根本answers. But in recent years we have begun to gain a firmer f:m adj. 稳定的, 坚固的understanding of where and how music is processed adj. 经加工的, 处理的in the brain, which should lay a foundation for answering evolutionary .i:vlu:nri, .evlu:n.eri adj. 进化的, 发展的, 演变的questions. 为什么音乐普遍喜爱和具有独特的能力搅动情绪对我们如此普遍和重要吗?神经科学家尚没有最终的答案。但在最近几年,我们已经开始获得更牢固的理解，音乐在何处和如何在大脑中进行加工的,它应该为回答演化问题打下基础。Collectively, klektivli adv. 共同地, 集体地, 总体地studies of patients with brain injuries indri n. 伤害, 损害and imaging of healthy individuals have unexpectedly nikspektidli, .nikspektidli adv. 未料到地, 意外地uncovered nkvd adj. 无覆盖物的, 未经保险的, 光头的no specialized brain center for music. Rather music engages ingeid v. 雇佣, 啮合, 与交战, 答应, 订婚, 预定, 参加, 从事many areas distributed distribju:tid, distribju:tid adj. 分布的, 分散式的throughout the brain, including those that are normally involved in other kinds of cognition. kgnin n. 认识, 认识力, 认知The active areas vary with the persons individual experiences and musical training. The ear has the fewest sensory sensri adj. 知觉的, 感觉的, 知觉器官的cells of any sensory organ-3,500 inner hair cells occupy the ear versus v:ss prep. 对抗, 与 . 相对(略作v.或vs.) 100 million photoreceptors in the eye. Yet our mental response to music is remarkably adaptable; even a little study can retune ri:tju:n vt. 重调谐the way the brain handles musical inputs. 总的来说,研究脑伤患者和成像健康的个体，发现大脑没有特殊的“中心”给音乐。参与音乐的很多区域分布在整个大脑，包括包含其他各种认知的这些区域。这些活动区域由于个人经历和音乐训练而不同。耳朵有最低的敏感细胞在任何器官中相比与眼睛100万个感光细胞，耳朵内占据着3500个内在绒毛细胞。然而我们对音乐的心理反应是有非凡的适应力;即使是一个小小研究也能让音乐输入大脑的方式重新调谐。 Until the advent dvnt, dvent n. 出现, 到来of modern imaging techniques, scientists gleaned gli:n v. 拾落穗, 收集insights insait, in.sait n. 洞察力, 见识, 深刻的理解about the brains inner musical workings mainly by studying patients-including famous composers作曲者-who had experienced brain deficits deficitdefisit, defsit,defisit n. 赤字, 逆差, 亏损, 亏空, 不足as a result of injury, indri n. 伤害, 损害stroke struk n. 中风, 击打, 一笔（画）, 意外的运气v. 轻抚, 奉承or other ailments. eilmnt n. 小病, 疾病For example, in 1933 French composer Maurice Ravel began to exhibit igzibit v. 展览, 陈列, 展示, 表现n. 展品, 展览n. 证物symptoms simptm n. 症状, 征兆of what might have been focal fukl adj. 焦点的, 医病灶cerebral seribrl, serbrl adj. 大脑的, 理智的degeneration, di.denrein n. 堕落, 恶化a disorder in which discrete diskri:t adj. 不连续的, 分离的areas of brain tissue tiu n. 纸巾, 薄绢, (生物的)组织, 织物atrophy. trfi n. 萎缩, 衰退, 虚脱, 萎缩症v. 萎缩, 衰退, 虚脱His conceptual 概念的abilities remained intact intkt adj. 完好无缺的, 原封不动的, 未经触碰的-he could still hear and remember his old compositions and play scales. skeil n. 刻度, 等级, 规模, 音阶n. 天平, 磅秤n. 鳞片, 磷状物v. 攀登, 按比例决定v. 称重v. 刮磷, 剥落 But he could not write music. Speaking of his proposed prupuzd, prpuzd adj. 被提议的opera pr, upr n. 歌剧n. 挪威Opera软件公司的浏览器软件Jeanne dArc,达迈尔 Ravel confided knfaid v. 吐露, 委托, 信赖to a friend, .this opera is here, in my head. I hear it, but I will never write it. Its over. I can no longer write my music. Ravel died four years later, following an unsuccessful neurosurgical neurosurgery .njurus:dri, .njurus:dri n. 神经外科procedure. prsi:d n. 程序, 手续, 步骤The case lent lent n. (基督教的)四旬斋, 大斋节 动词lend的过去式和过去分词credence kri:dns n. 信任, 相信, 祭器台to the idea that the brain might not have a specific center for music. 直到现代影像技术的出现,科学家们通过研究病人收集音乐在大脑内主要的洞察力,其中包括有著名的作曲家由于曾经历过中风或其他疾病而造成的脑伤残。例如,在1933年法国作曲家莫里斯拉威尔开始出现症状，大脑病症的紊乱性恶化 ，是不连续性的脑组织萎缩。他仍保持完整概念的能力他也能听到并记住他的老作品和弹奏一些。但他不能写音乐。谈到他提议的歌剧，珍妮。达迈尔。拉威尔向一个朋友吐露,”这个歌剧是在这里,在我的脑海里。我听到它,但我永远写不了它。一切都结束了。我再也不能写我的音乐。“四年以后拉威尔去世了,随着一次不成功的神经外科手术过程。转借的情况接受了这个观念:大脑可能没有一个特别的中心有音乐。 The experience of another composer additionally dinli, dinli adv. 另外, 同时, 此外suggested that music and speech were processed adj. 经加工的, 处理的independently. After suffering a stroke struk n. 中风, 击打, 一笔（画）, 意外的运气v. 击打v. 轻抚, 奉承in 1953, Vissarion Shebalin, a Russian composer, could no longer talk or understand speech, yet he retained the ability to write music until his death 10 years later. Thus, the supposition of independent processing appears to be true, although more recent work has yielded ji:ld v. 生产, 获利, 屈服, 弯下去n. 投资收益, 生产量a more nuanced nju:nst, nu:nst adj. 有细微差别的, 微妙的understanding, relating to two of the features that music and language share: both are a means of communication, and each has a syntax, sintks n. 句法a set of rules that govern the proper prp adj. 合适的, 正当的, 真正的另外一位作曲家的经历表明音乐和言论的独立进行处理。1953年中风后,Vissarion Shebalin俄国作曲家,不能讲话或理解的演讲,然而他还保持着写音乐的能力，直到十年后去世。因此,假设独立的处理似乎是真的,虽然最近的工作产生了更为差别细微的理解,涉及两个音乐和语言分享的特色:两者都是一个沟通的方法,并各有一个语法,这套规则支配着恰到好处combination of elements (notes and words, respectively). According to Aniruddh D. Patel of the Neurosciences Institute in San Diego，.sndi:eigu, .sndieigu n. 圣地亚哥, 圣迭哥（美国加州港市）imaging findings suggest that a region in the frontal frntl, frntl adj. 前的, 正面的, 额的lobe lub n. 圆形突出部, 耳垂, 裂片enables proper construction of the syntax of both music and language, whereas hwrz conj. 然而, 鉴于other parts of the brain handle related aspects of language and music processing.元素的组合（附注和文字，分别）。据Aniruddh D.帕特尔在圣地亚哥神经科学研究所，影像学检查结果表明，在额叶的地区可以适当的建设音乐和语言的语法，而大脑的其他部分掌握相关的语言和音乐处理。 Imaging studies have also given us a fairly fine-grained faingreind, faingreind adj. 有细密纹理的, 细颗粒的picture of the brains responses to music. These results make the most sense when placed in the context of how the ear conveys knvei vt. 表达, 传达, 运输, 转移vt. 律让与sounds in general denrl adj. 普遍的, 全面的, 一般性的, 大致的, 笼统的, 常规的, 总的, 首席的n. 将军, 一般to the brain. Like other sensory systems, the one for hearing is arranged hierarchically, .hairkikli adv. 体系地, 分层地consisting knsist vi. 由 . 组成, 构成, 在于, 符合of a string stri n. 线, 弦, 一串, 字串vt. 串起, 收紧, 悬挂, 系, 扎, 抽去筋, 使紧张, 使兴奋of neural njurl, njurl adj. 神经的processing stations from the ear to the highest level, the auditory :ditri, :d.turi adj. 听觉的n. 听众, 听众席cortex. k:teks n. 外皮, （大脑）皮层The processing of sounds, such as musical tones, begins with the inner ear (cochlea), which sorts complex sounds produced by, say, a violin, into their constituent knstitjunt, knstitunt n. 成分, 选民, 构成物adj. 构成的, 组织的, 立宪的elementary frequencies. The cochlea kkli n. 耳蜗then transmits this information along separately tuned fibers faib n. 纤维(物质), 性格, 质地of the auditory nerve as trains of neural discharges. dist:d v. 排出, 释放, 解雇, 放电, 解除, 清偿债务n. 卸货, 释放, 发射, 放电, 准许离开, 排出物Eventually these trains reach the auditory cortex in the temporal temprl adj. 现世的, 暂时的, 当时的n. 世间的事物lobe. lubn. 圆形突出部, 耳垂, 裂片Different cells in the auditory system of the brain respond best to certain frequencies; neighboring cells have overlapping uvlpi adj. 相互重叠的tuning curves so that there are no gaps. Indeed, because neighboring cells are tuned to similar frequencies, the auditory cortex forms a frequency map across its surface. 成像研究也给了我们一个相当细纹理的图片关于大脑如何反应音乐。这些结果放在耳声音传达一般的大脑中最有意义的时候 耳朵怎样全面的把声音传给大脑。与其他感觉系统一样，听力是分层排列，从耳朵到最高水平，听觉皮层是由一系列神经处理站组成。就像音乐语言，声音过程开始于内耳（耳蜗），从这里各种复杂的声音，比方说，小提琴，被制作成组成声音的基本频率，如音乐铃声，开始处理。耳蜗然后沿着听觉神经的神经元放电的列车单独调谐的光纤传输信息。最终，这些传输到达颞叶的暂时裂片的听觉皮层。大脑的听觉系统不同的细胞对特定的频率响应是最好的;邻近的细胞有重叠的调谐曲线，以便没有差距。事实上，因为类似的频率调整到邻近的细胞，听觉皮层形式在其表面的一个“频率图”。 The response to music per se, p:sei, p:si （固定词组）本身though, is more complicated. kmplikeit, kmpl.keit v. 使复杂化, 使起纠纷adj. 复杂的Music consists of a sequence si:kwns n. 顺序, 连续, 次序, 一系列vt. 按顺序排好of tones, and perception psepn n. 观念, 洞察力, 认识能力of it depends on grasping the relationships between sounds. Many areas of the brain are involved in processing the various components kmpunnt n. 零组件, 成分of music. Consider tone, which encompasses inkmps vt. 围绕, 包围, 包括, 完成both the frequencies and loudness of a sound. At one time, investigators suspected that cells tuned to a specific frequency always responded the same way when that frequency was detected. ditektid adj. 检测到的虽然音乐本身的反应较为复杂。音乐是由一系列音调组成，洞察它必须依靠抓住声音之间的关系。大脑的很多区域都涉及处理音乐不同的成分。考虑基调，其中包括声音的频率和响度。在同一时间，调查人员怀疑，当频率被检测到是一个特定频率的细胞调整总是以同样的方式反应。But in the late 1980s Thomas M. McKenna and I, working in my laboratory at the University of California at Irvine, raised doubts about that notion when we studied contour, kntu n. 周线, 轮廓, 等高线, 概要, 电路vt. 画轮廓(画等高线) adj. 显示轮廓的which is the pattern of rising and falling pitches pit n. 球场, 程度, 音调, 推销, 投掷, 街头商贩摊位, 沥青, 树脂, 松脂v. 投, 颠簸, 搭帐篷, 定调, 推销, 用沥青覆盖that is the basis for all melodies. meldi n. 旋律, 曲子, 曲调, 美妙的音乐We constructed melodies consisting of different contours using the same five tones and then recorded the responses of single neurons神经元in the auditory :ditri, :d.turi adj. 听觉的n. 听众, 听众席cortices k:ti.si:z, k:t.si:z adj. 外皮的of cats. We found that cell responses (the number of discharges) varied with the contour. Responses depended on the location of a given tone within a melody; cells may fire more vigorously vigrsli adv. 有力地, 健壮地, 精力旺盛地when that tone is preceded pri:si:d vt. 在 . 之前, 先于vi. 在前面, 领先by other tones rather than when it is the first. Moreover, cells react differently to the same tone when it is part of an ascending contour (low to high tones) than when it is part of a descending or more complex one. These findings show that the pattern of a melody matters: processing in the auditory system is not like the simple relaying of sound in a telephone or stereo steriu adj. 立体声的, 有立体视觉的n. 立体声, 固定形象system. 但在20世纪80年代后期，托马斯M麦肯纳和我，在我加州大学欧文分校的实验室工作，当我们研究的轮廓，关于这一概念提出怀疑。这是音调格局上升和下降，是所有旋律的基础。我们构建的不同轮廓，使用相同的五个音组成的旋律，然后记录猫的听觉皮层中单个神经元的反应。我们发现，不同轮廓的细胞反应。在一个曲调内响应依赖于一个给定旋律音的位置;细胞可能会火时，语气是由其他色调，而不是当它是第一个前面更加积极。此外，细胞对同一音调有不同的反应，当同一色调在上升阶段、下降阶段或更复杂的一部分时。这些发现表明，旋律事宜的格局：在听觉系统处理声音与简单在电话电话或立体声系统中播放不一样。Brain responses also depend on the experiences and training of the listener. Even a little training can quickly alter the brains reactions. For instance, until about 10 years ago, scientists believed that tuning was fixed for each cell in the auditory cortex. Our studies on contour, however, made us suspect that cell tuning might be altered during learning so that certain cells become extra sensitive to sounds that attract attention and are stored in memory.大脑反应还取决于听者的经验和培训。哪怕是一点点的训练，可以迅速改变大脑的反应。例如，直到大约10年前，科学家们认为，调整为“固定”在听觉皮层的每个单元格。然而，我们的轮廓研究，使我们怀疑，细胞调整可能会改变在学习过程中，以至于某些细胞变得格外敏感的声音吸引注意力，并存储在内存中。To find out, Jon S. Bakin, Jean-Marc Edeline and I conducted a series of experiments during the 1990s in which we asked whether the basic organization of the auditory cortex changes when a subject learns that a certain tone is somehow important. Our group first presented guinea pigs with many different tones and recorded the responses of various cells in the auditory cortex to determine which tones produced the greatest responses. Next, we taught the subjects that a specific, nonpreferred tone was important by making it a signal for a mild foot shock. The guinea pigs learned this association within a few minutes. We then determined the ce