英语语法--主谓一致.doc

高中一阶第十二天笔记一、 词汇学习：（教程）二、 语法学习-主谓一致A.主谓一致是指：1） 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。2） 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。3） 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，一般来说，不可数名词及可数名词单数用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。 There is much water in the thermos.但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。 Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.B. 具体用法1）主谓一致中的靠近原则 a)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。 There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.b）当either or 与neither nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。 Either you or she is to go.c) 如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。 Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. d) not only but also谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致 Not only Lily but also her parents were excited about the match yesterday.e) not but 谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致 Not me but Mary is responsible for the accident.f) or 谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致 You or anybody else goes to help them quickly.2) 舍近求远原则： 三个with两个除了和一个包括 with, together with, along with, except, no/ not / nobodybut, as well as, including, like, no less thanNobody but two girls is in the roomHe as well as I is right.He and I are right.Either he or I am right.3) 必单情形a) 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语是each, every, every one, no one, either, neither, another, the other,（位于句首）谓语用单数。 Each of us has a tape-recorder. There is something wrong with my watch. We each have parents.b）当主语是一本书, 一种报刊或节目，或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。 The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。 New York Times has a wide circulation.c） 表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语 时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。) Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.Ten yuan is enough.d) 在一些限定词及短语，如either, neither, each, every, many a，many a and many a , eachand each, noand no, everyand every, 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。Many a person has read the novel.许多人都读过这本书。No man and no animal is to be found on the moon.More than one students makes such mistakes.Neither of them want(s) to come. e) 有些无生命的集体名词，如：machinery, merchandise作主语，谓语用单数。All the machinery in the factory is made in China.f) 专有名词具有独一无二的含义，谓语用单数。 There is only one Himalayas nowhere else like it. g）用作运算的数词作主语， 谓语通常用单数。两数相加或相乘单复兼可Ten plus one is / are eleven.Six from two leaves four.h) 由 who, why, how, whether, that 引导的句子作主语， 谓语常用单数。 Why she did this is not known.i) 由how and why, when and where, 引导的从句作主语，谓语仍用单数。How and why he had come to Beijing is a story of struggle and success.j) 由不定式，动名词结构作主语，谓语一般用单数。 To see is to believe. k) 有些单词以s结尾但是单数或不可数，谓语仍用单数。 the United States, news, mathematics, physics, politics等4）必复情形a）并列结构作主语时谓语用复数 Reading and writing are very important.注意： 当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.To say and to do is different.When and where to meet is not decided.Ancient and modern history are the subjects we are studying now.The last and most difficult lesson of lesson 14.典型例题 The League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. isB. was C. are D. wereb) The + -sh / -ch结尾的表民族的形容词结构作主语,谓语用复数 The Irish, the welsh, the polish, the French, the English, the Chinese The English have a wonderful sense of humour. The Chinese are hard-working.c)有些有生命的集合名词作主语，谓语用复数。Cattle, police, people, youth, poultry The police have caught the thief.People wave their hands in order to get rid of flies.d)有部分单形复数名词，谓语用复数Glasses, trousers, scissors, spectacles, jeans, pants, underpants, shorts, tights, Her glasses are new.This pair of glasses is new.Two pairs of her glasses are old.e)有些只有特定意义的名词Arms, manners, clothes, brains, goods, earnings, spirits, savings, belongings,只有复数,谓语用复数。My earnings are $ 20,000 a month.f) 由thousands of, millions of, hundreds of, a number of, a group of , a variety of +n , 谓语用复数。Millions of dollars have gone into the building of the factory.The number of , the variety of +n ,谓语则用单数。The number of the students is increasing.The variety of goods on sale in the shop is surprising. g) 由both, few, many, several等限定词修饰的主语，谓语用复数。 Both of these films are boring. Few of the guests were familiar to us. h) one of + 名词复数形式（宾从），谓语用复数。 the only one of+名词复数形式（宾从），谓语用复数。 This is one of the best novels that have appeared this year.He was the only one of the boys who was given a prize.i) 由and连接的两个名词性从句作主语， 如表示两件事，谓语用复数。 What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a mystery to us . 5）可单可复情形a）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。 His family isnt very large.他家不是一个大家庭。 His family are music lovers.他的家人都是音乐爱好者。 但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。 Are there any police around?有些集体名词只有单数形式与冠词连用如：the minority, the majority, the public等，谓语根据意义决定。 The public consists of you and me. The public were not admitted to enter the hall before 9:00. b）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。 a number of +名词复数+复数动词。 the number of +名词复数+单数动词。 A number of books have lent out. The majority of the students like English.c）单复数同形的名词做主语，谓语根据意义决定。 Deer, fish, means, sheep, species, series, works, crossroads, headquarters等 The species of fish are numerous. This species of rose is very rare. The means of communication between here and outside are interrupted. Every means has been tried.d) 名词化的动名词表抽象用单数谓语，表具体则有单复之别。 Painting is very relaxing. Seeing is believing. He has a painting/ many paintings by Qi Baishi.e）代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。 All is right. (一切顺利。) All are present.(所有人都到齐了。) What we need is money. What we need are books.f）分数，百分数+名词、代词作主语，谓语取决于其后的名词或代词。由more than of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。Fifty percent of the students in our class are girls. Only twenty percent of the work was done yesterday.g)用half of, part of, most of, 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。Most of his money is spent on books.Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. h) kind, form, type, sort, species, series, portion, quantity of +名词作主语，谓语根据这些词的单复数而定，而不是后面的名词。 A new type of car is now on show. All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome. A portion of the reports is missing. Large quantities of water are needed for cooling purpose.i) 代词+从句， 从句中谓语要与被修饰词保持一致。 I, who am your friend, will try my best to help you. Each one of us who are now living is responsible for it.三、完型：内容概要：本文是描述科学家们对小猩猩Washoe所进行研究与实验，以及它所体现出来的聪明和智慧。1、选B。根据全文，可知文章对小小猩猩Washoe的评价是“不同寻常的”。2、选D。“对进行研究”是do (make) a research on.3、选D。civilized作表语，前面要加联系动词。4、选C。考查常识，Washoe作为被研究的一种动物，和人交换的只能是一些较简单的“信息”而不可能有较高的思维能力的“感情”、“观点”和“行为”等。5、选A。根据常识，Washoe作为一种动物只能掌握“手势语”。6、选D。只有“pick up“才是拾起、拿起的意思。7、选A。until和since明显不合文意,while所引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词要用延续性动词。8、选B。从上文“doing a research on her” “has been learning”等可得知。9、选C。从下文的“ceiling”可得知。10、选D。此处食物在高处应是reach (够)而不是pull (拉)等。11、选A。食物吊在天花板上太高，够不着怎么办？这是一个要解决的问题。12、选B。在箱子上，“在上用”on。13、选C。这里够高处的东西应用“长杆”。14、选B。从上文的“a tall box to stand on”可得知。15、选A。因太高手够不着，所以应该knocked down (敲掉)。16、选A。根据上下文，Washoe lives like human,