论华兹华斯的自然观.doc

论华兹华斯的自然观语文学刊?外语教育教学2011年第2期OnWordsworthsConceptionofNatureoChenYanru(x/anUniversityofPostsandTelecommunications,Xian,Shaanxi,710121)AbstractInthisessaY1willtryt0defineWordsworthsconeeptionofnaturethroughanalyzinghispoemIWan.deredLonelyAsaCloud.Thereasonwhyheformedsuchconceptionofnamrellesinhispassiveness.Keywordsconeeptionofnature;NATURE;passiveness;中图分类号I106.4文献标识码A文章编号16728610(201I)0243080-02I.IntroductionInthe19thcentury,romanticismprevailedastheliterarymainstreamthroughouttheEuropeancontinent.W锄Wordsworth(17701850)wasoneofthepioneersintheromanticistmovement.Asagreatpoetofnature,hewrotemanyfamouspoemstoexpresshislovefornature.Aswelmow,nature,inallitsforms,wasimportanttoWordsworth,butherarelyusessirepledescriptions.Insteadheconcentratesonthewaysinwhichherespondsandrelatestotheworld.Heuseshispoetrytolookattherelationshipbetweennatureandhumanlife,andtoexplorethebehefthatnaturecallhaveanimpactonouremotionalandspirituallives.TepoemIWanderedLonelyasaCloudisoneofhismast:rpieces.Inthisnarrativepoem,thepoetSUCeessfullycomparedhislonelinesswiththehappyandvitaldaffo-dils.Tledaffodils,thesymbolofthenature,bringgreatjoyandrelieftothespeaker.SoWordsworthsconceptionofnatureisthatnaturehasalottodowithmall,itcannotonlyrefreshonessoulandfillonevithhappiness.butitcanalsobereducedintoabeautifulmemorywhichwillcomfortonesheartwhenjnsoil.tude.II.WordsworthsConceptionofNatureOnJuly14,1789,theParisianpeoplestormedtheBastille,whichmarkedtheoutbreakoftheFrenchRevolution.BeforelongitsgreatinfluencesweptthewholeEuropeancontinent.InEnglandallsocialcontradictionssharpenedinthemeantime.Wl0rkers,peasants,andindeedallpeopleofthelowerclassesaswellastheprogressiveintellectualshailedtheFrenchRevolutionanditsprincipleliberty.equalityandfraternity.Incompanywiththepohticalmovementinprogress,anewtrendalsoaroseintheliteraryworld,namely,romanticism.ItprevailedinEnglandduringtheperiod17981832.In1798,LyilealBallads,thonlyabouttenthousandwords.cameoutasthemanifestot0theEngIishRomanticism,markinganewerainEnglishlitera?ture.Anditsauthors,WilliamWordsworthandhisconfidantSamuelT.Coleridge(17721834)becamewidelyknownastheLakePoets.InthePrefacetotheLcalBallads,Wordswohsetforthhisprinciplesofpoetry,whichreadsallgoodpoetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeehng.TiffsforillsacontrasttotheclassicismthatmaderegBon.orderandtheold,classicaltraditionsthecriteriainitspoeticalcrea-tions.Wordsworthholdsthatfirstlythecontenofapoemshouldfocusonconunoncountrylifeandthebeautyofnature,whilethedictionofapoemshouldbeplainandvividwiththeapplicationoflowerclasspersonsdailylanguage.ThetwomainprinciplesposedastrongchallengetotheupperclassonlyNeoclassicismandquicklywentpopular.Intheeighteenthcenturypoems.weresupposedtosercetheupperclass.andthethemeusuallyhadsomethingtodowitlltheupperclasslife.Incontrast,romanticismgavemuchattentiontothenature.Asagreatpoetofnature,Wordsworthwastheflinttofindwordsforthemostelementarysensationsofmollfacetofacewitl1naturalphenomena.Thesesensationsa挖universalandold,butonceexpressedinhispoetry,becomecharminglybeau-tifulandnew.HisdeeplovefornatureFUllSthroughsuchshoalyricsas,WanderedlonelyasaCloud:1wanderedlonelyasacloudThatfloatsonhighocrvalesandhills,WhenallatonceIsawacrowd,Ahost,ofgoldendaffodils;Besidethelake,beneaththethess.Flutteringanddancinginthebreeze.Continuousastl1estarsthatshineAndtwinkleonthemilkyway,Theystretchedinneverendingfine作者简介陈彦茹,女,西安邮电学院外语系讲师,硕士,研究方向:语言文学,大学英语教学,语篇分析.一80LITERATUREChertYanru/OnWordsworthsConceptionofNatureAlongthemarglnofabay:TenthousandsawIataance,Tossingtheirheadsinsprightlydance.Inthefirsttwostanzasthenarrator,oneversionofthepoet,tellsusthatonedaywhenwanderingthroughalandscape,hewasstruckbythesightofafieldofdaffodils.Thefirstline1wonderedlonelya8acloudimmediatelyestablishesthenarTatorsloneliness.Andinsharpcontrastwiththepoetsloneliness,thedaffodilsarehappyandbristlingwithlife:theyaredancing,andtossingtheirheads.Inaddition,thedaffodilsareinlargenumbers.Theirvastnumberisemphasizedinthesecondstanzawhenthepoetdescribesthemascontinuousandinaneverendingline.Actually.theemphasisonthehappinessofthedaffodilsandtheirlargenumberservestofoiltheisolationanddispiritednessofthespeaker.Butthiscontrastbetweenthepoetandthelandscapesoonbecomesfusedorintegratedinthethirdstanza,wheretherela-tionshipbetweenthepoetandthelandscapeisoneofintimateunion.suggestinganidentityofmoodbetweensubjectandob-jeet:Apoetcouldbutbegay,Insuchajocundcompany;Andlater,inmomentsofsolitude,herecallstheexperience,seeingthefieldagaininhismind.Foroft,whenonmycouchIlie,Invacantorinpensivemood,TheyflashuponthatinwardeyeWhichistheblissofsolitude;Andthenmyheartwithpleasurefills,Anddanceswiththedaffodils.Lonelinessonceagainseizesthepoetasheliesonhiscouch.Thoughphysicallyheisfarfromnature,hesomehowfeelssortofconnectiontIlitthroughthepowerofimagination.Asinglebriefeventwhichoccurredinadistantsummerlandscapeisrecapturedinthepoetsmind.Meanwhile,theemo-tionalmoodattachedtothatsceneisalsorevived.Thedictionofthispoemis,ingeneral,simple,direct,andclear.Theimageofthedaffodilsconveysqualitiesofmovementandradiancethrou【ghcarefullychosenwords.Atfirstsight,theflowersareseenasflutteringanddancing:thenthepoetGomparestheflowerstothestarsthatshine/Andtwinkleonthemilkyway.andthentothesparklingwavesofanearbylake.Thedaffodilsaredescribedasgolden,notyellow,becausegoldensuggestsmorethanacolor;itconnoteslight.Thesewordsofmovementandradiancecreateapictureofnatureasvital,animated,andglowing.Wordsforjoy(ee,sprightly,gay,jocund,bliss)areusedinacrescendothatsuggeststheintensityofthespeakershappiness.Adifferentkindofrepetitionappearsinthemovementfromlonelinesstosolitude.Bothwordsdenotealoneness,buttheyareradicallydifferent.Thepoemmovesfromthesadlyalienatedseparationfeltbythespeakerinthebeginning,tohisjoyandsatisfactioninreimaginingthenaturalscene,amovementcharacterizedinsuchwordsaslonelinessandsolitude.Asimilarmovementisdepictedwithinthefinalstanzabysuchwordsasvacantandfills.Theemptinessofthespeakersspiritistransformedintoafullnessoffeelingasheremembersthedaf-fodils.Wordsworthdevelopsthevisionofthedaffodils;andthroughthissimpleevent,hetriestoexploretherelationshipbetweenhumanityandnature.Therefore,inhiseyes,naturecannotonlyrefreshoneselfandfillonewithhappiness,butitcanalsobereducedintoabeautifulmemorywhichwillcomfortonesheartwheninso】itude.ConclusionWordsworthistherepresentativeoftheromanticwriterswhoreflectedthethinkingofclassesminedbythebourgeoisie,andbywayofprotestagainstcapitalistdevelopmentturnedtothefeudalpast,i.e.,themerryoldEngland,astheirideal,or,frightenedbythecomingofindustrialismandthenightmaretownsofindustry,theywereturningtonatureforprotection.Thesewriters.whohavebeencalledpassiveores.capistromanticists.endeavoredtoreconcileman出hislifebyembellishingthatlife,ortodistracthimfromthethingsaroundhimbymeansofabarrenintrospectionintohisinnerworld,intothoughtsoflifesinsolubleproblems,suchaslove,deathandotherimponderables.Soitisnotsurprisingthatnature,oftenpersonified,playsanimportantroleinWordsworthsworks.Thepassionsofmanandthebeautiesofnatureappealedstronglytotheimaginationoftheromanticwritem,andallbecamethefountainheadsofthepoetsinspiration,asthepoetknewwellthatonlywithinspirationcouldhespeakouthistrueeling,whichwastheloudestcalloftheromanticmovement.Therefore,althoughWordsworthputmoreattentiontotheindividualthantheneoclassicistwritersofthe18thcentury,hisintimacywithnaturerevealedhispassiveaitudetowardllfe.Natureishisrelief,hisharbor.Toconclude,Wordsworthsconceptionofnaturehasitsrootinthepoetspassiveattitudetowardlife.【References】1刘炳善.英国文学简史M.河南人民出版社,20oo.2TheOverSoulEB/OL./oversou1.htm3Buell,Lawrence.RalphWaldoEmerson:ACollectionofCriticalEssaysM.EnglewoedCliffs:PrenticeHall,1993.4Nature.http:/w.VCU.edu/engweb/transcendentalism/authors/emerson/nature.html5王佐良,李赋宁,周钰良,刘承沛.英国文学名篇选注M.商务出版社,1999.(下转第91页)一81文学研究李佳慧/女性异化在田纳西?威廉斯作品中的表现虽出身南方淑女,却有名无实.她把自己比作热铁皮屋顶上的猫,总是处于焦躁的状态.不同于阿曼达与布兰奇只懂得把希望寄托于男人,玛吉依靠着自己的力量在残酷虚伪的现实中打拼.一方面她用计害死了布里克的密友斯基普,以同性恋之名逼他自杀,另一方面,有在与布里克兄嫂争夺财产的战斗中孤注一掷,谎称自己已有身孕,为自己获得财产取得时间.这表明玛吉的形象本身已经摆脱了完全的他者形象,她开始为自己的未来和幸福努力,而非一味地依靠男人.玛吉已经能够独立思考,并蜕变成为一个心狠手辣,城府颇深的女人.相比玛吉,布里克的形象显得苍白无力,不能给读者留下多少好感.在猫中,男权的威力相比女性已悄然弱化了,女性相比男性,则站在了更为强大,起决定性作用的位置上.从玛吉发挥的作用上看,她拯救出了沉沦于密友死亡