虚拟语气重点难点.doc

_一虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用 1. a.在if 条件句中表示与“现在”、“过去”以及“将来”事实相反的虚拟语气 b.倒装型虚拟语气，即条件句省略if 后将主、谓倒装的情况 c.混合型虚拟语气，即错综条件句 d.使用含蓄条件的虚拟语气，即if 代用语和上下文暗示出的条件 2. if条件句的省略和倒装形式 在if 从句中，如果有were, had, should 这三个词，可以省去if，采用主谓倒置形式，多用于书面语。 e.g. Had I known about it, I would have told you. (If I had known about it, I would have told you.) Were I you, I would choose to study Japanese. (If I were you, I would choose to study Japanese.) Were I to do the test, I would do it in a different way. (If I were to do the test,)3. 错综时间条件句错综时间条件句是指虚拟条件句和结果主句中的动作发生在不同的时间，因此条件从句和结果主句中的谓语动词要根据各自的时间来确定其正确形式。eg. 如果汤姆打算今天早晨走，他就该在昨晚把东西收拾好。（条件句的时间是今天早晨this morning, 主句动作在昨天last night。）If Tom intended to leave this morning, he would have got everything ready last night.如果（当初）我把英语学好, 现在就该是个大学生了。（没有学好英语发生在以前，它对现在的情况造成了影响。） If I had studied English well, I would be a college student now.4. 含蓄虚拟条件句（含蓄型虚拟语气）指句子表面上没有使用if 等引起的条件句，但是在句中通过介词、形容词、动词、分词、不定式、定语从句、祈使句或上下文等表示出虚拟条件。常用的这类词有：but for, without, with, in the absence of, under, but, or, but that, otherwise, supposing, provided, and等。 e.g.如果没有电子计算机, 也就没有现代社会。Without electronic computers, there would not be modern society.要不是由于风暴, 我们就会按时到达了。 But for the storm we would have been here in time.(but for = if it were not for 或 if it hadnt been for)在别的社会制度下，这 样的大水就会造成巨大的灾难。（介词短语表明另一种情况）Under another social system, such floods would have caused terrible disasters.如果跟她谈一谈，你就会知道她听力不好。（用不定式代替从句If you should talk with her）如果我事先知道这件事就好了。（靠上下文衬托，省略主句I should have helped him.）If I had known it before!你为什么不把那件事告诉我？我会帮你的。（靠上下文的衬托，省略从句 if you had told me about it)Why didnt you tell me about it? I should have helped you.其它含蓄条件句含蓄条件句中可用比较级来表示条件A more careful person would not have made such kind of mistakes.含蓄条件句中可用从句来表示条件Anyone who had been in your case would have done the same.含蓄条件句中可用分词来表示条件Having arrived on time, she would have seen his father.二从句中的虚拟语气1.虚拟语气用于宾语从句中 虚拟语气用于主语从句中 虚拟语气用于表语从句和同位语从句中 虚拟语气用于状语从句中 2. 表示建议、意见、要求、请求、命令、劝告、需要等动词后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气 分类动词表示命令order（命令），command（命令），demand（要求）,ask（要求）表示请求ask(要求), request（要求）, require（要求）, instruct（下命令，下指令）表示建议suggest(建议), advise（建议）, propose（提议）, recommend（推荐）表示 、决定、安排等desire（希望）, insist（坚持）, assume（假设）, decide（决定）, arrange（安排）注：如果上述这些词在句中不表示要求、建议、命令等意义，就不需要用虚拟语气，而用一般的陈述语气，如 suggest 还可指“表明”；insist 表示“坚决要求、主张”时用虚拟语气，但表示“坚持说、坚持认为”时用陈述语气 3. 表示命令、建议、要求的形容词引起的主语从句，多是以it 为形式主语的主语从句，即：It is + a.+ that 句型 分类形容词和过去分词表示命令imperative（命令的，强制的），obligatory(必须的)，commanded（命令的），ordered（命令的）表示请求asked(请求的), requested（请求的）, required（必需的）, desired（想要的），demanded表示建议advisable（可取得，建议的）, recommended（推荐的）表示希望、重要、惊异、失望等desirable（值得做的，想要的）, insistent（坚持不懈的）, important, necessary, essential(基本的, 重要的)， vital（至关重要的）, urgent（紧急的）, appropriate（适当的）, proper（适当的）, right, good, better, preferable（好一点的）, strange, incredible（难以置信的）, amazing（令人惊奇的）, astonishing（令人惊奇的）, surprised（感到惊讶的）, adamant（坚定不移的）, decided（清楚的, arranged（安排的）4. 表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气该语法项目主要取决于能引起表语从句和同位语从句，同时表达建议、要求、命令等含义的若干名词。分类名词表示命令order（命令），command（命令），demand（要求）, instruction （指令）表示请求request（要求）, requirement（要求）表示建议suggestion(建议), advice（建议）, proposal（提议）, recommendation（推荐）, motion(动议)表示希望、遗憾等desire（希望）, insistence（坚持）, assumption（假设）,necessity(必要), understanding （理解）, instruction（命令， 指令）, resolution（决议）, shame（遗憾）, pity（遗憾） 5. 状语从句中的虚拟语气 a.以in case, lest, for fear that (以免，惟恐) 引起的目的状语从句，谓语动词用 should + 动词原形。e.g.他带上雨衣，以防下雨He took his raincoat lest/in case it (should) rain. 。他努力学习，惟恐被同学落下.Hes working hard for fear that he (should) fall behind. b. 在even if 或even though引起的让步状语从句中有时用虚拟语气（有时也用陈述语气） e.g.即使他来找我也找不到，昨天我外出了。Even though he had looked for me, he couldnt have found me. I was out yesterday. 一个人即使一时不能成功，也要坚持下去。Even if a man should for a time be unsuccessful, still he must persevere. （主句用陈述语气）c. 由as if或as though 引导的方式状语从句，一般要用虚拟语气，但如果表示实现的可能性较大，则可用陈述语气。与现在相反时，从句谓语用过去时；与过去相反，则用过去完成时 e.g. 她的举动就好象她是一个专家似的。(与现在情况相反)She acts as if she were an expert他们谈起话来像多年的朋友似的。(其实他们并非多年的朋友)They talked as if they had been friends for years. 6. 特殊结构中的虚拟语气 a. 表示愿望的wish 后的宾语从句 可译作“希望”，“但愿”，“就好了”。 表示目前的愿望，从句谓语动词用过去式，例：I wish I were as rich as he. 但愿我像他那么有钱。 表示过去的愿望，从句谓语动词用过去完成式或would/could + 现在完成时。I wish you had come to our New Years Party. 我真希望你参加了我们的新年晚会。表示将来的愿望，从句用 would/could/might + 动词原形，例：I wish it would stop raining tonight.注：wish用什么时态不影响从句后的动词形式。b. 用于Its (high / about) time that 句型 表示“是该干的时候了”，从句动词用过去式。使用high 表示较强烈的语气；about 表示较和缓的语气；time 前不加修饰语表示一般语气。 eg. Its time we started. 我们该出发了。c. 位于句首的“if only” 引起的感叹句 译为：要是就好了。其谓语动词的用法同 “wish”. “would+动词原形” 表示一时很难实现的愿望。 If only I were ten years younger. 我要是能年轻十岁就好了。If only he would not eat so much sugar. 他要是不吃这么多糖就好了。If only he had not left. 要是他没走就好了。 d. 由 would rather + that从句；would sooner + that从句；would (just) as soon + that从句；would prefer + that从句构成的虚拟语气 译为：“宁愿”。表示现在或将来时，从句动词用过去式；表示过去的情况，从句动词用过去完成式。e.g. I would rather it were summer now. 我倒希望现在是夏天。I would prefer he didnt stay here too long. 我倒希望他不要在这儿呆得太久。He would rather he had attended the meeting yesterday. 他倒宁愿参加了昨天的会议。 注：此类词后接动词原形（省略to 的不定式），表示“选择”，而非虚拟语气,e.g.The soldier would rather die than yield. 这名战士宁死不屈。He would rather live in the countryside than in the city. 他宁可住在乡下也不住在市里e. 用it作条件句主语的虚拟结构 If it were not for (如果没有) 表示与现在事实相反的假设。If it had not been for （如果当时没有）表示与过去事实相反的假设。 要不是由于你的帮助，我现在就该陷入麻烦了。If it were not for your help, I would be in trouble now. 当时要是没有你的帮助，我就考不及格了If it had not been for your help, I would have failed the exam. f. 虚拟语气表示说话人惊异、失望、懊悔等情感。在“It is amazing/surprising/odd/strange/not good/wrong/incredible/inconceivable/a pity/a shame+that”结构中从句用虚拟形式且should不可以省略。e.g. Its not good that the children in this primary school should be given so much home work to do. It is amazing tha he should have learnt such a long essay by heart in such a short time.g. 由had hoped/thought 引导的宾语从句表示未实现的愿望或令人失望的事时，从句中的谓语动词用“would+动词原形”的形式。e.g. His fath