信息技术环境下KM教学法在高中通用技术课程教学中的应用.doc

浅谈信息技术环境下KM教学法在高中通用技术课程教学中的应用 作者： 日期：一、理论基础1.信息技术环境信息技术主要是指利用电子计算机和现代通信手段实现信息的获取、传递、存储、处理、显示、分配等的相关技术。在这样的大环境下，教与学的过程也必然受到信息技术的影响。教师传递知识的方法、呈现内容的技巧与学生获取知识的技能、存储知识的方法、运用知识的能力都处在信息技术环境之下。利用好这样的环境，可以更加高效地教与学。2.KM教学法KM教学法的发明创始人是北京科技大学杨炳儒教授。杨炳儒教授总结自己长期丰富的教学经验于2006年设立关于KM教学法的研究课题。KM教学法是“知识逻辑结构图”（Knowledge Logic Structure）与“思维形式注记图”（Learning in Mind Form）的英文字母缩写。KM教学法不仅能够描述出知识概念的框架结构，同时也能将概念之间的关系和层次都表达充分。在知识结构框架的宏观构建过程中融入微观的知识思维形式注记，其宗旨是发挥教师主导作用；在课堂教学中以学生为主体，让学生在主动获取知识的同时站在全局的高度看待所学知识内容的框架结构，从而帮助学生更好地掌握理解知识与运用知识。KM教学法利用信息技术环境的更为高效的、符合人的心理特点的传递信息的方式从而使得学生学习效果更有成效。3.高中通用技术课程2003年，教育部颁发了普通高中技术课程标准是普通高中新课程学科课程标准的新成员。普通高中技术课程标准的颁发体现了国家对于培育迎接21世纪大发展的新兴复合型人才的重视。通用技术课程实施的宗旨是培养学生勤动脑、爱动手的勇于创新的精神，并在此过程中丰富学生学习的过程、倡导学生多样化学习的方法。二、KM教学法在高中通用技术课程教学中的具体应用1.“备教材”教师在课前要把教材“吃透”。“吃透”教材是说把教学目标、教学的重点难点、教学方法及可能用到的教学资源都非常熟悉。同时，在“备教材”时还要注意课程标准在这节内容的要求，在课堂中的案例的选取、课堂资源的选择都是紧密围绕着课程标准中要达到的目标进行，不能突进也不能不及。在这个基础上把教学内容所罗列出的知识点之间的关系详尽地掌握、认真领会和理解其体系、要点，这样才能做到最方便、最迅速、最有效地把知识传授给学生，才能使学生在学得知识的同时学习能力也得以提高。2.“备学生”“教”与“学”是辩证统一的，“教”是要通过“学”来起作用的。教师备课忽视了“学”，便会影响双方的交流；而“教”如果得不到“学”的积极主动的配合，提高教学质量就无从谈起。“备学生”要考虑学生的需要、动机、兴趣、情感等非智力因素和学生已有的知识对学习内容的影响。由于KM教学法是从图表、结构、框架的角度来呈现知识之间的联系的，所以在“备学生”时还要考虑学生的认知心理和视觉心理，比如颜色、大小对比、形状等。这些也会给学生接受知识造成影响。如果给出的KM图是合理的布局、适当的颜色、合适的大小，那么学生接受知识体系就更加容易。3.“备软件”“备软件”是指课前教师根据学生的身心特点将教学知识内容有机整合，制作出KM图。KM图可以用Microsoft Office Visio 2010绘制。Microsoft Office Visio 2010是一款在视窗操作系统下运行的流程图和矢量图绘制软件，它是Microsoft Office 软件的一个部分，但它不会捆绑在Office组件中，如果需要可以单独购买或使用试用版本。安装好Microsoft Office Visio 2010后，打开软件，选择“新建”|“基本流程图”的模板以后，就可以进行绘图了，如下图所示。这款软件简单易学，稍加练习就可熟悉。根据备好的教学内容绘制出课时的KM图来。完成绘制后的保存方式可以形成绘图文件（.vsd），也可根据需要形成图片文件（.jpg）。Microsoft Office Visio 2010工作界面在课前做好“备教材”“备学生”“备软件”的基础上，教师根据教材内容知识点的横纵联系，将课时教学KM图绘制出来。4.课堂教学课堂教学是教育实施的主要阵地，教师在做好充分的课前准备工作后将KM图应用到教学课堂中去。运用Microsoft Office Visio 2010软件制作好的KM图保存成图片格式（.jpg），并将这个JPG格式的KM图作为教学用的幻灯片的一张给学生进行展示。要将教材中的知识点有层次地展示给学生，通过这样的传递方式提升课堂知识的传递效率。教学过程应采用多种方法组织，特别是选择学生乐于接受的、喜闻乐见的、具有时代气息的方法讲授，能够使学生不断地产生新奇感，他们的大脑不停地产生兴奋中心，这样他们注意力便能较长时间地集中在教学内容上。同时要组织好学生的课堂提问讨论、设计实例实施等过程，让学生能够结合KM图将知识点有机地衔接在KM图中，形成比较完备的头脑中的知识塔。三、测评效果期末考试综合反映学生对知识的理解、记忆和运用的程度。通过比较实验班和对照班的成绩数据得出KM教学法在高中通用技术课程中的应用效果。对实验班和对照班进行同样试卷的测试，测试的要求一致。最后将学生的成绩数据进行整理，用软件进行统计分析，结果如下表：实验班与对照班成绩样本检验结果通过上表我们分析：3个实验班的平均成绩都分别高于3个对照班成绩，3个实验组的p值在表中都为0.000，小于 0.05。也就是说实验班和对照班的成绩存在差异显著。通过期末成绩的数据分析来看，KM教学法在高中通用技术课程教学中的应用是有成效的，是能够促进学生对课堂知识内容的记忆、理解和创新运用的。在信息技术的环境中，教学的互动性加强。学生不再是单纯地、被动地接受知识，更是自我搭建知识结构、运用知识的主角。利用KM教学法能够更主动地获取知识、知识之间的关联，获得更为宏观的、整体的知识体系，从而促进学生对知识的运用及创新。A, theoretical basis1. The information technology environmentInformation technology mainly refers to the use of electronic computer and modern means of communication and the information acquisition, transmission, storage, processing, display, distribution and other related technologies. In such circumstances, the process of teaching and learning is inevitably influenced by information technology. Teachers transfer method of knowledge, skills and students obtain knowledge skills render content, storage methods of knowledge, ability to apply the knowledge in the information technology environment. Make good use of such an environment, can be more efficient teaching and learning.2. KM teaching methodThe invention of the KM teaching founder is professor bing-ru Yang of Beijing university of science and technology. Professor bing-ru Yang of rich teaching experience in 2006 set up a research topic about KM teaching method. KM teaching method is the Knowledge Logic Structure (Knowledge Logic Structure) and thinking Form note figure (Learning in Mind Form) of the acronym in English. KM teaching method can not only describe the framework of the concept of knowledge structure, as well as to the relationship between the concept and expressive level. In the process of building a knowledge framework of macro thinking form note into micro knowledge, the aim is to play teachers leading role; Take the student as the main body in classroom teaching, let the students take the initiative to acquire knowledge at the same time stand in the height of the global view of knowledge in the content of frame structure, so as to help students better understand the knowledge and use of knowledge. KM teaching method using the information technology environment is more efficient, way of passing information in accordance with the persons psychology characteristics so as to make the students learning more effective.3. High school general technology curriculumIn 2003, the ministry of education issued the technology of average high school curriculum standard is the new members of the standard of ordinary high school new curriculum courses. The technology of average high school course standard issued by the embodies the country to cultivate meet the 21st century development of big emerging interdisciplinary talents. The aim of the general technology curriculum implementation is to cultivate students frequently brains, love to the spirit of innovation, and enrich students learning process in the process, advocating students diverse learning methods.Second, the KM teaching the application of general technology curriculum teaching in high school1. case teaching materialTeachers need to understand materials before the class. Read teaching material is the key of the said the teaching target, teaching difficulties, teaching methods and possible use of teaching resources are familiar with. Even when case teaching material at the same time, pay attention to the curriculum standard in the requirements of this section, the selection of cases in the classroom, classroom resource selection is closely around the course standard, to achieve the goal of in can dash nor less. Based on this list by the teaching content of the relationship between the knowledge points in detail, earnestly to grasp and understand the system, the main points, so as to accomplish the most convenient, most quickly and effectively imparting knowledge to students, to make students in learning knowledge at the same time it also increased the ability to learn.2. for studentsTeaching and learning is a dialectical unity, teaching is to work through learning. Teacher prepares a lesson ignored the learning, can affect both sides of communication; If do not have learning and religion actively cooperate with, is impossible to improve teaching quality. For students to consider the students non-intelligence factors such as needs, motivation, interest, emotion, and students of the existing knowledge of the impact of learning content. Because the KM teaching method from the Angle of the chart, structure, framework to present the connection between the knowledge, so in for students to consider the students cognitive psychology and visual psychology, such as color, size comparison, shape, etc. These also can give students accept knowledge. If KM figure is rational layout, appropriate color, the right size, so the students accept knowledge system is more easily.3. The softwareSoftware means the class teacher according to students body and mind characteristic, organically integrate knowledge teaching content to produce KM figure. 2010 KM figure can use Microsoft Office Visio drawing. Microsoft Office Visio 2010 is a running under the Windows operating system flow chart and vector graph drawing software, it is a part of the Microsoft Office software, but it does not bind in Office components, if need to separate the purchase or use the trial version. After installed Microsoft Office Visio 2010, open the software, select new | basic flow template, you can proceed to drawing, as shown in the figure below. The software easy to learn, can be familiar with a little practice. According to the prepared mapped the KM in class diagram of the teaching content. After drawing the preservation of the ways to form the drawing file (VSD), can also according to the need to form image files (JPG).Microsoft Office Visio 2010 working interfaceWell before the class for teaching material and for students for software, on the basis of teachers according to the teaching material content knowledge of transverse and longitudinal connection, the class teaching of KM graph.4. The classroom teachingClassroom teaching is the main position for the implementation of education, the teacher after make full preparations before class to apply KM figure into classroom teaching. Using Microsoft Office Visio 2010 software produced good KM figure save image format (JPG), and will this JPG format KM figure as teaching students in the form of a slide show. The key points in the textbook to have layers to show students, through this way of passing the transmission efficiency of the classroom knowledge. Teaching processes a variety of methods should be adopted, especially choose the students willing to accept, popular, with modern methods of teaching, can make the student constantly produce novelty, their brains constantly generate excitement center, so that they can be a long time to concentrate on the teaching content. Discussion, at the same time to organize the students classroom questioning implementation process design example, lets the student can figure the knowledge organically combined with KM cohesion in KM figure, form a relatively complete knowledge in mind.Three, the evaluation resultThe final exam comprehensive reflect the students understanding of knowledge, memory, and to use. By comparing the experimental classes and that in comparative classes data from KM teaching effect of the application of the general technology curriculum in high school. To test the experimental classes and that in comparative classes for the same test paper, test requirements. The last student performance data to arrange, using the statistical analysis software, the result in the following table:The experimental c