Unit 2 Determiners限定词.doc

Unit 2 Determiners2.1 Classification of Determiners Determiners determine the referential or quantificational properties of the italicized noun expression which follows them: a. I bought a new battery from the local garage. b. I prefer this painting to that photo. c. My studio apartment is no bigger than your garage. d. All good comedians tell some bad jokes.Determiners include: articles (definite article定冠词, indefinite article不定冠词, zero article零冠词), possessive determiners物主限定词:my, your, his, her, our, your, their, ones, its genitive nouns名词属格: Johns, my friends demonstrative determiners指示限定词: this, that, these, those, such relative determiners关系限定词: whose, which interrogative determiners疑问限定词: what, which, whose indefinite determiners不定限定词: no, some, any, each, every, enough, either, neither, all, both, half, several, many, much, (a) few, (a) little, other, another cardinal基数词 and ordinal numerals序数词, fractional分数词 and multiplicative numerals倍数词, and other quantifiers量词: a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great/good deal of, a large/ small amount/ quantity of, a great/ large/ good number of etc.2.1.1 Determiners and Adjectives Similarity: both modify a noun Difference: functionally, the former is determinative and indispensable, while the latter descriptive and dispensable; word order: determiners are always before adjectives.2.1.2 Determiners and Pronouns Quite a few determiners can be both determiners and pronouns determiners have the nature of adjectives and pronouns the nature of nouns.2.2 Collocations between determiners and nouns The head of a noun phrase limits the choice of determiners, and when more than one determiner occurs in the noun phrase, there is the problem of word order between determiners.2.2.1 Collocations between determiners and nouns singular count nouns, plural count nouns and noncount nouns1) Determiners with all three classes of nouns Determiners such as possessive determiners, genitive nouns and the definite article as well as some, any, no, the other, and whose can go with all the three classes of nouns, eg:2) Determiners with singular count nouns only Determiners such as a(n), one, another, each, every, either, neither, many a, such a can only collocate with singular count nouns, eg:3) Determiners with plural count nouns only Determiners such as both, two, three, etc, another two / three, many, (a ) few, several, these, those, a (great) number of can only collocate with plural count nouns, eg:4) Determiners with noncount nouns only Determiners such as a (little) bit of, a great amount of, a great deal of, (a ) little, much, less, least can only collocate with noncount nouns, eg:5) Determiners with singular and plural count nouns only Determiners such as the first, the second, the last, the next can go with either singular or plural count nouns, eg:6) Determiners with singular and noncount nouns only Determiners such as this, that can collocate with either singular or noncount nouns, eg:7) Determiners with plural and noncount nouns only Determiners such as a lot of, lots of, plenty of, enough, most, such, other can go with plural and noncount nouns, but not with singular nouns, eg:2.3 Collocations between determiners As has been mentioned before, besides the collocations between determiners and nouns, there is the problem of word order between determiners if a noun phrase contains more than one determiner.1) Central determiners, pre-determiners and post-determiners According to their potential position, determiners fall into three subclasses: central determiners中位限定词, predeterminers前位限定词 and postdeterminers后位限定词.Central determiners include: the articles: a(n), the, zero; demonstrative determiners: this, that, these, those; possessive determiners: my, your; genitive nouns: Marys, my friends; some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough; what (ever), which (ever), whose, etc. Note that central determiners are mutually exclusive and that no two members of the above-cited items ever occur together in a noun phrase. Predeterminers are those that precede central determiners. Predeterminers are also mutually exclusive. They include: all, both, half, double, twice, three times, etc; one-third, two-fifths, etc; what, such (a / an). Postdeterminers refer to those that follow central or predeterminers. Postdeterminers are not mutually exclusive, that is to say, two or more such items can co-occur in a noun phrase. This subclass includes: cardinal numerals; ordinal numerals; next, last, other, another, etc; many, much, (a ) few, ( a ) little, fewer, (the) fewest, less, (the) least, more, most; several, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great / large / good number of, a great / good deal of, a large / small amount of; such.2) Word order of three subclasses of determiners When a noun phrase contains all three subclasses of determiners, their normal order is “pre-determiner + central determiner + post-determiner(s)”: all the four students all these last few days both his two sisters If the noun phrase contains only two of the subclasses, they follow the same order, ie pre-determiner + central determiner : half his income both his parents all the tourists central determiner + post-determiner : the authors last books his last few words pre-determiner + post-determiner : all three books all other students half such people post-determiner + post-determiner : several hundred tourists three other girls many more copies2.2.3 A comparative study of some determiner usagei) many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of Many and much can function both as determiners and as indefinite pronouns, Many / much often take such modifiers as how / too/ so/ as. as, etc, eg: How much money is needed for the project? I have (far) too many books to carry by myself. He took so many boxes that he had to call a taxi. They can spend as much money as they need on the project. In informal style, especially when they do not take any modifiers and do not appear in the subject area, many / much are normally used in negative and interrogative sentences, while a lot of, lots of, plenty of are commonly used in affirmative sentences, e.g.: He hasnt got much money, but he has a lot of / lots of / plenty of friends. -Are there many animals in the park? -No, not many. -Yes, quite a lot. Just as many / much sometimes carry a non-assertive tone, they are commonly used in the object clause introduced by whether / if, e.g.: I doubt whether / if therell be many people at the show on this rainy day. I wonder whether / if he has much information on this subject.ii) (A) few, (a) little a few/ a little: a positive evaluation on the part of the speaker, few / little: a negative evaluation. When a few is preceded by quite or not, it does not denote the idea of small quantity but that of “a fair number (of)”. Likewise, a good few also denotes the idea of “a considerable number (of)”, e.g.: Quiet a few of us are getting worried. Youll have to wait a good few weeks. Less/Least: the comparative / superlative degree of little, commonly go with mass nouns 物质名词.iii) Some, any As an assertive word, some is generally used in affirmative sentences, and any, which is a nonassertive word, is generally used in negative or interrogative sentences, in conditional sentences or in sentences with negative implications. When some occurs in questions, it is implied that the speaker expects an affirmative answer. expecting letters: Are there some letters for me? showing hospitality to his guests: Would you like some chocolate cake? When some is followed by a singular count noun, it means a certain (某一) instead of “一些”. When any is followed by a singular count noun, it denotes the idea of no matter which (任何一个), eg: Some boy has broken a window. Any child can answer that question.iv) All, both, every, each, either, neither, any All the items with the exception of any: both as determiners and as indefinite pronouns every: a determiner only.a) To express the idea of “全体”, we can use all and both. All: the whole of three or more than three, Both: the whole of only two. The negative forms of all and both are respectively none and neither. None, which means no one, can be used both for personal and for impersonal reference, while no one for personal reference only, e.g.: None of the students failed the exam. Ill have none of your stupid ideas. No one in the class failed the exam.b) To express the idea of “每个”, we can use every and each. 1) Every: cannot be used to speak of only two people or things, or in phrases like “each of the boys” / “the boys each”, eg: Each side of the street was crowded with people. Each / Every side of the square was crowded with people. 2) Every: when thinking of a whole group Each: when thinking of one at a time We want every child ( = all the children) to succeed. Each child will find his own way to success. The Queen shook hands with each player in turn after the game.c) To express the idea of “任何一个”, we can use any or either. Any: three or more than three people or things, Either: two people or things only. In phrases like “on either side” / “at either end”, the word either is used to mean “both” “on both sides / at both ends”: There are warehouses on either side of the river. He got off the train with a bundle on either arm.2.4 the most typical of determiners: articles (Articles)There are definite, indefinite and zero articles in English. 3.4.1 The definite article (the) 3.4.2 The indefinite article (a/an) 3.4.3 The zero definite (omission of a/an/the)2.4.1 The definite article (the) A. 特指用法, 通常都是确定特指，如u 重提上文提到过的人或物 e.g. I saw a girl and an old man in the house. The old man must be the girls grandfather.u 名词之后带有限制性修饰语或者其前带有最高级形容词 e.g. Is this the train for Shanghai?u 说话人和听话人双方都知道的人或物 e.g. Im just back from the market.u 名词前带有first, next, last, same, only, sole等表示“独特”含义的词语 e.g. When is the next flight to Beijing?2.4.1 The definite article (the) B. 类指用法u 用“定冠词+单数名词”可泛指同一类的人或物 e.g. The tiger and the cat belong to the same family of mammals.u 用“定冠词+某些形容词”可泛指同一类的人或物 e.g. During the War of Resistance Against Japan, both the rich and the poor were united to fight the invaders.u 用“定冠词+表示国籍的形容词”可泛指整个的民族或国人 e.g. The