地质英语.doc

Master of crustal movement, prevention of geological disastersIn recent years our country geological disasters have occurred frequently, to the national economy and the peoples lives and property caused heavy losses. Investigate its reason has the natural factors, as well as man-made factors, geological structure plays a dominant role, it is internal cause, external environmental changes, human destruction is external cause, played a role of inducing1 Geological DisastersGeological disasters in Chinas economic development has become one of the factors. According to concerning data report, our country is annual because of geological disasters caused by the economic losses amounting to 274 billion yuan. Among them, soil erosion, land desertification, debris flow is ranked in the top three.1.1 natural factors ( tectonic ) induced geological hazardThe development and distribution of geological hazards and the degree of hazard and geological environment conditions, meteorology and hydrology and vegetation conditions, human engineering activities and economic strength has a very close relationship. China is located in circum-Pacific tectonic belt and Himalayan tectonic belt storage site, the subduction of the Pacific plate and India plate northward to the Asian plate collision makes mainland China under the main earth force of. The two belt of convergence and West or East descending terrain contrast, not only the formation of the Chinese tectonics and topography of the underlying contour, but also the formation of geological hazards in China a wide range of underlying causes. Geological disasters in China regional spatial distribution has East, North and South Asia with partition, bring into network characteristics. From west to East, roughly divided into three major areas. The western plateau mountain, mainly include earthquake, freezing and thawing, debris flow, desertification and other geological disasters. Central to the plateau, plain transition zone, landslide, debris flow are the main earthquake, landslide, soil erosion, land desertification, ground deformation, loess collapsibility, mine disasters and other geological disasters. The eastern plain and coastal and continental shelf, mainly include earthquake, ground deformation, collapse, slide, flow, and disaster, coastal disasters, saline ( stain ), cold spring paddy fields and other geological disasters. From north to south, Tianshan, Kunlun Mountain Qinling Mountains, Nanling and other great mountain ranges across the Chinese mainland, along these mountains, landslides, slide, flow, soil erosion, geological disaster. The white strip ( River Valley ), land desertification, salinization, and soil erosion of loess collapsibility, ground deformation and collapse, slide, flow, karst collapse and severe geological disasters. In the new tectonic movement relative to active southeast, southwest and the Tibetan Plateau, earthquake and related geological disaster is more obvious1.2 human factors induce geological disastersIn recent years Chinas rapid economic development and population growth rate, the natural demand increasing, the natural environment is more and more strong interference. The irrational human economic activities of engineering geological disaster development that intensifies day by day. In the East, mid area, due to the large number of groundwater extraction and exploitation of mineral resources ( including oil and gas resources ), led to the underground water resources balance condition damage and rock tectonic stress state changes, induce and exacerbate the ground settlement, ground subsidence, ground fissure, saline land, swamp, landslide, sliding, flow, mine disaster geological hazards such as development and harm. In the west, due to excessive development of land, grassland, forest and water resources, accelerate soil erosion, land desertification and other disasters, development, collapse, landslide and debris flow, disaster also subsequently grow in quantity.1.3 prevention of geological disasterDue to geographical, geological environment and human activity differences, different regions of geological disaster type, characteristic and development, harm degree each are not identical, have obvious regional characteristics and regional variation. Coming along with the changes in the global environment and economic construction of our country large-scale development, most of Chinas geological disaster development degree and extent of damage will be enhanced continuously. Therefore, geological hazard exploration, research and prevention and control work in China has special significance.1.4 geological disaster forecastIn 1995 the Northwest China Railway Science Research Institute of Gansu province Yongjing County accurate forecast of Huang Cicun Yu Danian thirty occurred in the early hours of the landslide, the error is only 3min, saved over 1000 lives. The country has 100 many counties to establish a geological disaster mass detection early warning network. 2002 throughout the successful prediction of 75 cases of major geological hazards, avoid 3806 casualties, reduce the direct economic loss of 1 yuan ( ).2 geological siteGeological site refers to the evolution of the earth s long geological history, due to internal and external force of geological action, formation, development and leave precious, non-renewable geological heritage.2.1 rational development and geological siteGansu province has more than eight provincial geological site. In Liu Jiaxia dinosaur Geological Park dinosaur footprint fossils, is by far the worlds largest a dinosaur footprints. Wudu county is located in the Xi Jingshan mountain Wanxiang cave, is present in the northwest region of China was one of the largest, best underground cave landscape. Jingtai county is located in the southwest side of the village of Long Wan of the Yellow River Shilin, scenic area of about 10km2, area of cliff volley, scenes of thousands, strange shapes, styles, called the wonders of nature. These geological site spectacle attracts numerous tourists and adventurers, on some domestic and foreign tourism development corporation is an attractive ( 2 ).2.2 protection of geological relicsOur country region is vast, diverse climatic conditions and complex geological conditions, forming a wide variety of geological sites, such as the Guilin karst landform, landforms of Wudalianchi volcano groups in Heilongjiang, Guangdong, Jiangxi Yingtan Renhua Danxia landform, in the natural world treasure in the prestigious. Especially in recent years, gradually discovered the Henan Nanyang, Hubei Yunxian, Inner Mongolia and other places of dinosaur eggs fossils in western Liaoning, and bird fossils called the worlds rare and rare fossils. These are not only the wealth of China, is one of the world s wealth. Geological site has a very important scientific value and ornamental value, in the biological evolution and human survival and development is becoming more and more important in the position. They not only human understanding of earth history and looking for mineral resources of the empirical data, but most of people to return to nature, culture and tourism resources. Geological relics as a kind of geological resources, development and utilization can be people, change is social benefit and economic benefit.3 geological environment3.1 geological structure and local disease closely relatedGeological structure is not only the landform pattern formation and the difference of the core factors, is also the cause of endemic disease distribution and the basic factors. The impact of the geological structure can pass on the rocks in the control to determine the overall distribution of endemic diseases. Fault is a geological tectonic activity factors, China s geothermal endemic fluorine disease mainly focused on the fracture structure on both sides, in a linear distribution. High Shenmei induced by endemic arsenic poisoning is endemic to China an endemic disease, are mostly distributed in such position -, parallel to the anticlinal axis development on both sides of the above faults especially ( 3 ).The 3.2 task is arduous and protection of geological environmentImprove and perfect the protection of geological environment laws and regulations, the protection and management of geological environment system; actively promote the mine geological environmental protection and management; strengthen the city geological environment and water resources protection; strengthen geological relics protection and finishing work, have important ornamental and significant scientific value of geological landscape, some important geological section and structural features, has the important value of fossils and their origin, have a special value of minerals, rocks and their typical location, a typical and special significance of geological disaster sites, as well as other needs to protect geological sites in the protection of patients. To the protection and rational utilization of geological relics protection, rescue of a batch of damaged geological sites, and actively promote the national geological park plan, deal with the relationship between protection and development.The 4 endingThrough the study of geological theory, master the crust movement, aimed at the prevention of geological disasters, geological disasters as far as possible to reduce damage to a minimum, and rational development of geological relics, geological environment protection, in order to better serve humanity.掌握地壳运动规律,预防地质灾害的发生近年来我国地质灾害频繁发生,给国民经济和人民生命财产造成了重大损失。究其原因有自然因素,也有人为因素,地质构造起着主导作用,是内因,外部环境变化,人为破坏是外因,起诱导作用。 1.地质灾害地质灾害已成为制约我国经济发展的因素之一。据有关资料报道,我国每年因地质灾害造成的经济损失达274个亿人民币。其中,水土流失、土地荒漠化、泥石流居前三位。1.1自然因素(地质构造)诱发地质灾害地质灾害的发育分布及其危害程度与地质环境背景条件、气象水文及植被条件,人类经济工程活动及其强度等有着极为密切关系。中国地处环太平洋构造带和喜玛拉雅构造带聚汇部位,太平洋板块的俯冲和印度板块向北对亚洲板块的碰撞使中国大陆承受着最主要的地球动力作用。这两种活动构造带汇聚和西升东降的地势反差,不仅形成了中国大地构造和地形的基本轮廓,同时也是形成我国地质灾害种类繁多的根本原因。我国地质灾害的区域空间分布具有东西分区、南北分带、亚带成网的特点。从西向东,大体分为三大区。西区为高原山地,主要有地震、冻融、泥石流、沙漠化等地质灾害。中区为高原、平原过渡地带主要有地震、崩塌、泥石流、滑坡、水土流失、土地沙化、地面变形、黄土湿陷、矿井灾害等地质灾害。东区为平原及海岸和大陆架,主要有地震、地面变形、崩、滑、流、河湖灾害、海岸灾害、盐碱(渍)化、冷浸田等地质灾害。从北向南,阴山天山、昆仑秦岭、南岭等巨大山系横贯中国大陆,沿这些山系,崩、滑、流、水土流失等地质灾害严重。它们的相间地带(大河流域),土地沙化、盐碱化、黄土湿陷及水土流失、地面变形及崩、滑、流、岩溶塌陷等地质灾害严重。在新构造运动相对活跃的东南、西南及青藏高原地区,地震以及与之相关的地质灾害较为明显。1.2人为因素诱发地质灾害近几十年来中国经济的高速发展和人口的过速增长,对自然的索取不断加重,对自然环境的干扰也愈来愈强烈。不合理的人类经济工程活动使得地质灾害的发育日趋加剧。在东、中部地区,由于大量抽取地下水和大规模开采矿产资源(包括油气资源),导致地下水资源平衡条件破坏和岩土构造应力状态发生变化,诱发并加剧了地面沉降,地面塌陷,地裂缝,土地盐渍、沼泽化、崩、滑、流、矿山灾害等地质灾害的发育和危害。在西部地区,由于超量开发土地、草原、森林和水资源,加速了水土流失、土地沙化等灾害的发展,崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等灾害也随之增多。1.3地质灾害预防由于自然地理、地质环境和人类活动的差异,不同地区地质灾害的类型、组合特征和发育、危害程度各不相同,具有较明显的地域特征和区域变化规律。今后随着全球环境的变化和我国经济建设的大规模发展,我国大部分地区地质灾害的发育程度和破坏程度将不断增强。因此,地质灾害的勘查、研究以及防治工作对于我国有着特别重大的意义。1.4地质灾害预报1995年中铁西北科学研究院准确预报了甘肃省永靖县黄茨村将于大年三十凌晨发生滑坡,误差只有3min,挽救了1 000多人生命。全国已有