高考英语语法.doc

第一章 高考英语语法第一讲英语语法原来可以这样记句法结构第二讲审时度态时态语态难点讲解第三讲四步搞定定语从句定语从句解题技巧第四讲帮你理清“情与态”情态动词重点讲解第五讲让难点成为你的得分点非谓语重点讲解第六讲从句实战演练 I第七讲从句实战演练 II第八讲情态动词实战演练一、英语语法原来可以这样记句法结构语法表象两个问题：高中英语语法体系为什么这样分？ 高中英语语法体系怎么记？语法体系先语言 后语法语法体系“我要你手里的桃子”Peach! 简单句动词词词：主谓一致 句：并列句情态动词 复合句时态语态 特殊句型非谓语词动词简单句 一个动词对应一个句号简单句I want your peach.并列句简单句动词词 讨论一个句号对应多个动词的可能。并列句 句号的替代品连接词She took my peach and rushed into the trees. 并列句 句号的替代品连接词She took my peach and rushed into the trees。but, or, while 真题演练：-English has a large vocabulary, hasnt it?-Yes. _more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.(2004 上海）Know Knowing To know Known -English has a large vocabulary, hasnt it?-Yes. _more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.(2004 上海） Know Knowing To know Known -English has a large vocabulary, hasnt it?-Yes. _more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.(2004 上海） Know Knowing To know Known 从句简单句动词词从属于主句的句子从句 并列句 句子句子 句子连接词从句V引导词从句V引导词从句V 从句引导词从句 句从词来定语从句名词从句状语从句形容词名词副词判断从句的类型状语从句时间，地点，原因，条件，让步 目的、结果，比较 状语从句时间，地点，原因，条件，让步 目的、结果，比较 状语从句时间，地点，原因，条件，让步 目的、结果，比较 状语从句时间，地点，原因，条件，让步 目的、结果，比较 状语从句从句V为什么“because”和“so”不能连用？ 从句引导词为什么“because”和“so”不能连用？Since everybody knows about it, so I dont want to talk any more. 为什么“because”和“so”不能连用？Since everybody knows about it, so I dont want to talk any more. 为什么“because”和“so”不能连用？Since everybody knows about it, so I dont want to talk any more. 简单句 并列句 连接词简单句 从句 引导词为什么“because”和“so”不能连用？Since everybody knows about it, so I dont want to talk any more. 两个从句，没有主句。形容词 定语从句定语从句一般到名词后去找定语一般可以翻译成“的名词名词从句名词从句到动词前后找名词从句包括：主语、宾语、表语、同位语词句并列句与从句考察的实质从句的分类、定位与理真题演练：Wind power is an ancient source of energy_ we may return in the near future. (2010 上海)on which by whichto which from whichWind power is an ancient source of energy_ we may return in the near future. (2010 上海)on which by whichto which from whichIn an hour, we can travel to places_ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.( 2006 上海)where when which whatIn an hour, we can travel to places_ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.( 2006 上海)where when which whatAfter Yang Li wei succeeded in circling the earth,_our astronauts desire to do is walk in space. (2004 上海)where what ThathowAfter Yang Li wei succeeded in circling the earth,_our astronauts desire to do is walk in space. (2004 上海)where what ThathowAfter Yang Li wei succeeded in circling the earth,_our astronauts desire to do is walk in space. (2004 上海)where what ThathowOne reason for her preference for city life is _ she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants. (2010 上海)Thathowwhat whyOne reason for her preference for city life is _ she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants. (2010 上海)Thathowwhat why二、审时度态 时态语态难点讲解 语态 主被动时态 动词变化一般进行完成过去现在未来时态：难点一一般过去 过去发生过去进行器 过去正在进行现在完成了 过去发生，对现在有影响一般过去 过去发生过去进行器 过去正在进行现在完成了 过去发生，对现在有影响语法的表达要求1.进行 ing形式一出现，动作变成慢镜头。时态 过去 一般现在 进行未来 完成2.过去进行时 过去+慢镜头=慢镜头重现过去进行时 慢镜头重现的表达需求 用于对现在状况的解释说明真题演练：-Has Sam finished his homework today?-I have no idea. He _ it this morning.（2010 嘉定区 一模） Awas doing B. has done C. did D. had done-Is there anything wrong, Bob? You look sad.-Oh, nothing much. In fact, I_ of my friends back home.（2007全国） Ahave just thought B. was just thinkingC. would just thinkD. will just be thinking3.将来进行 什么事情，还没有发生，你就开始想象它的全过程？是怎样的表达需求？将来进行 期待真题演练：Daniels family _ their holiday in Huang shan this time next week.(2009 安徽） Aare enjoying B. are to enjoy C. will enjoyD. will be enjoying完成 现在完成持续到现在结束过去发生，对现在有影响现在完成持续到现在结束过去发生，对现在有影响现在完成过去发生，对现在有影响过去发生，与现在存在因果关系表达需求：强调现在的事情是由过去导致的真题演练：Each means _ to solve the problem, but none is effective. (2009 卢湾区 一模）Ahas been tried outB. have been tried out C. will be tried out D. are tried out过去完成过去发生，与之后发生的一个过去动作存在因果关系 表达需求：强调后一件事是由前者所导致的真题演练：John had to have his car repaired in a garage because it_ seriously.(2007 上海春季）. damaged B. was being damaged . had damaged D. had been damaged时态：难点一 过去 一般 现在 进行 未来 完成真题演练：The year 2008 _ the most splendid Olympic Games in human history in Beijing.（2009 松江区 二模） has witnessedB. witnessedC. had witnessedD. have witnessedThe year 2002_ remarkable changes in Shanghais landscape. (2005春 上海) Asees B. has seen C. saw D. had seen时态：难点二过去 一般 现在 进行 未来 完成现在完成进行时持续到现在+现在进行=有可能再持续过去持续到现在，可能会继续。表达需求：“(最近)一直在做”真题演练：She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she _ too long. (2009 普陀区二模) A. has been reading B. had read C. is reading D. read时态：难点三过去 一般 现在 进行 未来 完成一般现在时 均匀分布于时间轴上的动作表达需求：习惯、常态真题演练：The house belongs to my aunt but she_ here any more. (2006 全国) Ahasnt lived B. didnt live C. hadnt lived D. doesnt live审时度态杜绝“语感”干扰时态语态永远有线索高考时态语态四大线索：直接给时间 谓语参照 小词暗示 对话形式线索一：直接给时间When he turned professional at the age of 11, Mike_ to become a world champion by his coach and parents. （2006 上海） Aexpected B. was expecting C. was expected D. would be expected线索二：谓语参照Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is not easy task because technology_so rapidly. （2002 春 上海）A. is changing B. has changed C. will have changed D. will change线索三：小词暗示He_ to the lab than he set out to do the experiment. （2002 上海） A.has no sooner got B. no sooner gotC. will no sooner get D. had no sooner got线索四：对话形式-Oh, its you! I_ you.-Ive just had my hair cut, and Im wearing new glasses.（1996 上海）A. didnt recognize B. hadnt recognizedC. havent recognized D. dont recognize真题演练：-_ leave at the end of this month.-I dont think you should do that until_ another job. (2006 北京)A. Im going to; youd found B. Im going to; youve found C. Ill; youll findD. Ill; youd find-Has your father returned from Africa yet？-Yes, but he_ here for only three days before his company sent him to Australia. (2007 辽宁)A. wasB. has been C. will beD. would be三、四步搞定定语从句定语从句解题技巧 形容词 定语从句定语从句的由来People use mobile phones.People find mobile phones convenient.定语从句的由来People use mobile phones.People find mobile phones convenient.定语从句的由来 use mobile phonesPeople find mobile phones convenient. use mobile phonesPeople find mobile phones convenient.引导词从句V 从句定语从句的由来 who use mobile phonesPeople find mobile phones convenient.定语从句的由来代替被修饰名词，在从句中充当成分，使从句完整。People who use mobile phones find them convenient. 名词人、物定语从句引导词 在句中充当成分 时间 状语：地点原因 、定语从句引导词在从句中充当：who, whom, whosewhich, which, whose that名词 状语 when, where, why定语从句四步走从选项判断考察从句 从题干考察定语从句找到被修饰词，将被修饰词放入从句中，判断在从句中所作成分根据句意选出答案真题演练：In an hour, we can travel to places _ would have taken our ancestors days to reach. (2006上海) Awhere B. when C. which D. what-Is that the small town you often refer to? -Right, just the one _ , you know, I used to work for years. (2010 卢湾区 一 模）Athat B. whichC. where D. what定语从句难点一：介词+定语从句真题演练：Wind power is an ancient source of energy _ we may return in the near future.（2010 上海）A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from whichAmerican women usually identify their best friend as someone _ they can talk frequently. （2004 上海） Awho B. as C. about which D. with whomAlec asked the policeman_ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident. （2002 上海） Awho B. about C. whom D. with whom定语从句难点二：非限制性定语从句定语从句引导词People who use mobile phones find them convenient.非限制性定语从句用逗号隔开的补充类定语从句表达需求：补充说明People, who use mobile phones, find them convenient. 非限制性定语从句例外which代替整句在从句中充当名词成分I bumped into him yesterday, which was a coincidence.真题演练：The roots of the tree, _ water is absorbed, should be well protected. (2010 青浦区 一模）A. of which B. from themB. through which D. from that_ has been announced, we shall have our final exam next month. (2003 春 上海)AThat B. As C. It D. What限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句一个“逗号”引发的故事限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句补充说明作用关系不密切，可以删去不能用that代替可修饰整句限定作用关系密切，不能删去可以用that代替 AB A，B定语从句难点三：特殊情况限制性定语从句修饰人： 只能用who,不能用that 先行词 “不清不楚” 1.先行词是one, ones, anyone时用who Anyone who passes the exam will be admitted. 2.先行词为those，用who做关系代词 Those who passed the exam will be admitted. 3.当先行词有较长的后置定语时，用who I met a boy around the corner who told me that the old man no longer lived here. 4.在there be开头的句子中用who There is a girl who wants to see you.其它一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that,另一个是用who限制性定语从句：只能用that句子已有“重心”that“花心”句子已有重心先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词This is the best suggestion that I can give.先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词This is the first suggestion that I can give.that“花心”先行词既有人又有物，用thatDo you know the stars and scandals that they are gossiping?句子已有重心 that“花心”先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等代词All that I know is in that folder.先行词前面only, any, few, little, no, one of, the same, the very等词修饰I am the only person that knows the secret.其它主句已有疑问词who或which有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which, 另外一个用thatThe politician established a rule which advocates equal opportunities that had never been thought of before.四、帮你理清“情与态” 情态动词重点讲解究竟什么是情态动词？情态动词的实质情态动词不是动词情态动词有词意，用于修饰动词情态动词的表达需求：用于表示说话者的心情态度情态动词解题要点把握好句中的情与态情态动词难点之“七宗最”1、最易混淆：情态动词表推测 must, may, can, might语意理解：肯定、也许、可能must, may, can, might考点：3M无疑问，must只肯定真题演练：You might just as well tell the manufacturer that many customers _ not like the design of the furniture. ( 2004 春 上海)Amust Bshall Cmay DneedMr. Bush is on time for everything. How _ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony? (2001 春 上海)AcanBshould CmayDneed补充：can 和 be able to 的区别与生俱来 VS 后天努力获得He can speak English and he is able to write in French.真题演练：Black holes _ not be seen directly, so determining the number of them is a tough task. （2006 上海）AcanBshould CmustDneed2、最难把握：情态动词表允许may, can, might, could语意理解：可以真题演练：-Could I call you by your first name?-Yes, you _ .(1998 上海)AwillBcould CmayDmight补充：may的三个常用搭配You may well do that.你有足够的理由可以那样做。You may as well do that.你最好那样做。You may as well eat it as throw it away.你与其扔了它不如吃了它。3、最易出错：need和dare情态VS实义用法区别语义区别用法区别情态 need/dare + 动词原形实义 need/dare to do语义区别 情态 “有必要”need 实义 “需要”真题演练：The boss has given everyone a special holiday, so we _ go to work tomorrow.(2007 春 上海)Acant Bmustnt CneedntDshouldnt语义区别 情态 “竟敢”dare 实义 “不害怕”真题演练：I wonder how he _ that to the teacher.(1995 上海)Adare to sayBdare saying Cnot dare sayDdared say4、最易忽略：虚拟语气 have doneought to/should/might/need+ be doing翻译字面意思，理解背后意思真题演练：-Sorry, Professor Smith. I didnt finish the assignment yesterday.-Oh, you _ have done it as yesterday was the deadline. (2010 上海）Amust Bmustnt CshouldDshouldnt五、最难理解：would VS used toused to 比 would 更规律 would “总是”语义区别 used to “过去常常”真题演练：When he was there, he _ go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day.（1996 上海）AwouldBshould Chad better Dmight六、最似是而非：must VS have tomust主，have to客 must “有必要”语义区别 have to “不得不”真题演练：According to the local regulations, anyone who intends to get a drivers license _ take an eye test. （2005 春 上海）AcanBmust CwouldDmay七、最出人意料：被遗忘的情态动词would, should, shallwould表请求 Would you please?should表惊讶真题演练：You cant imagine that a well-behaved gentleman _ be so rude to a lady. （2001 上海）AmightBneed CshouldDwouldshall表命令真题演练：It has been announced that candidates _ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected （2002 上海）AcanBwill CmayDshall五、让难点成为你的得分点 非谓语重点讲解何谓“非谓语”？非谓语的实质动词不当动词用涉及动词词义的其它词性非谓语的实质动词经常充当的其它词性（动）名词、形容词非谓语做形容词用考察点：表语、定语、宾补、状语动词词义附加给非谓语的词义：现在分词ing表主动、进行过去分词ed表被动、完成 不定式表将来1、非谓语做表语实质：是“interesting”还是“interested”？物 ing 使感兴趣 有趣的interest人 ed 被激发兴趣 对感兴趣2、非谓语做宾补实质：动词用法真题演练：Lucy has a great sense of humour and always keeps her colleagues_with her stories. （2010 上海）A. amused B. amusing C. to amuse D. to be amusedShe wants her paintings_ in the gallery, but we dont think they would be very popular. （2007 春 上海） A. display B. to display C. displaying D. displayedShe cant help_ the house because shes busy making a cake. （1997 上海）A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned3、非谓语做定语非谓语做定语四步走当作定语从句来做 从选项判断考察非谓语从题干判断考察非谓语做定语找到被修饰词，判断主被动关系，排除明显错误选项找到参照动词，判断完成与否，选出正确选项真题演练：When the first English settlers arrived in the New World, the Indians_ jewelry made of animal bones greeted them warmly.（2005 春 上海） A. wearing B. to wear C. worn D. having wornBesides the Internet, television is another major way of communication _ us to see the performer as well as to hear the voice. （2009 静安区 二模）A. permittingB. to permitC. being permitted D. permittedTo fetch water before breakfast seemed to me a rule_.（1998 上海）A. to never break B. never to be broken C. never to have broken D. never to be breakingWith the governments aid, those _ by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements. (2009 上海）A. affectB. affectingC. affectedD. were affectedIm going to the supermarket this afternoon, do you have anything_?（2004 春 上海）A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought4. 非谓语做状语非谓语做状语四步走从选项判断考察非谓语从题干判断考察非谓语做状语找到被修饰词，判断主被动关系，排除明显错误选项找到参照动词，判断完成与否，选出正确选项真题演练：_the city centre, we saw a stone statue of about 10 metres in height. （2010 上海）A. Approaching B. Approached C. To approach D. To be approached_ from lightweight materials, the robots are about the size of a human arm or smaller. （2009 黄浦区 二模）A. To buildB. Being builtC. Having built D. Built_ automatically, the e-mail will be received by all the club members.（2006 上海）A. Mailed out B. Mailing out C. To be mailed out D. Have mailed outUnless_ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. （2003 上海） A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invitedHaving been attacked by terrorists,_. （2004 上海）A.doctors came to their rescue B. the tall building collapsedC. an emergency measure was taken D. warning were given to touristsIn order to make our city green,_. （2002 春 上海）A.it is necessary to have planted more trees