时态 英语 高中.doc

非谓语动词一、非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。 * 动词的非谓语形式包括动词不定式(to do)、动名词(-ing)和分词(-ing/-ed)三种形式；其 中分词又包含现在分词 & 过去分词两种形式。它们在句子中不能单独作谓语。* 中，高考对非谓语动词的考查主要集中在以下三方面：1. 动词不定式和动名词作宾语；2. 不定式作宾语补足语、状语和定语；3. 固定句型和固定词组搭配。 Climbing mountain is a good exercise. (Climbing., 动名词起名词作用） Do you know the man wearing a white shirt. （wearing .分词起形容词作用） He gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch .不定式起副词作用)*谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别： 1) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。 Miss Mary teaches us English. 玛丽教我们英语。（teaches 动词作谓语） Mr. Li came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week. （to have a talk. 不定式作状语） 2) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。 Mike likes the pop music. （动词用单数第三人称形式） Lucy has nothing to do today。（do 用原形） *非谓语动词的特征： 1 如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语。 Studying English is my favorite.（studying 后跟宾语） To help him is my duty. 帮助他是我的责任。（help 后跟宾语） 2 非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。 Working under such a condition is terrible. (under such a condition 是 working 的状语） Its too difficult for him to master English in such a short time. （for him 作不定式的逻辑主语）3 非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。 I am sorry to have kept you waiting long.（to have kept.是不定式的完成形式） Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful. （Seen from.是分词的被动形式） 4 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。 Our coming made him happy.（coming 起名词作用） There are two big swimming pools here. (swimming 起形容词作用) 二、非谓语动词的形式变化： 不定式 主 动 被 动 一 般 to write to be written 进 行 to be writing完 成 to have written to have been written 完成进行 to have been writing 现 在 分 词 主 动 被 动 一 般 writing being written 完 成 having written having been written 过去分词 主动 被 动 一般 written 动名词 主动 被 动 一般 writingbeing written 完成 having written having been written 三、动 词 不 定 式： 动词不定式是由 to + 动词原形构成，在句中起名词，形容词和副词的作用，可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分。 1. 动词不定式作主语： To mast a language is not an easy thing. To teach English is my favorite. Its my pleasure to help you. 动词不定式作主语时可以放在后面，而用 it 作形式主语放在原主语的位置上。 Its very kind of you to have given us much help. 你给了我们那么多的帮助真是太好了。 Its necessary to find the witness. 有必要找到目击者。 2. 动词不定式作宾语： 某些及物动词可以用动词不定式作宾语，这些动词有decide, begin, help, begin, want, wish, like, forget, learn, ask. What I wish is to learn English well. I like to help others if I can. 3. 动词不定式作宾语补语 。 We expect you to be with us. 我们希望你和我们在一起。 Please ask him to come here quickly.请叫他快过来。 4. 动词不定式作表语 ： What I should do is to finish the task soon. 我应该做的是赶快完成任务。 The most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately. 当务之急是马上去找孩子。 5. 动词不定式作定语： There are many ways to solve the problem. 有许多方法能解决这个问题。 I have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事情要告诉你。 6. 不定式作状语： We went to the hospital to see our teacher. 我们去医院看了我们的老师。 She is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine from a Tibet flower. 她在做试验，从一种西藏花中提取某种有用的药物。 7. 动词不定式的否定形式： not + to + 动词原形 The teacher told us not to swim in that river. 老师告诉我们不要在那条河里游泳。 Its unfair not to tell us. 没告诉我们真是不公平。 8. 带疑问词的不定式： 疑问词who, what,which,when, where, how, why 可以加在不定式的前面，构成不定式短语，使含义更加具体。 Where to go is not known yet.去什么地方还不知道。 I dont know when to begin. 我不知道什么时间开始。 Can you tell me where to get the battery. 你能告诉我哪儿能买到电池吗？Do you know how to get to the station. 你知道怎样去车站吗？ 9. 带逻辑主语的不定式： 动词不定式可以带有自己的逻辑主语，构成方法是： for + 逻辑主语 + 不定式。 注意：逻辑主语用宾格形式， for 本身无实际意义，它只表明后面的主语从逻辑上分析是不定式的主语。Its necessary for us to help each other. 我们互相帮忙是必要的。 There are much work for me to finish, 有许多工作要我去完成。 10. 动词不定式的被动形式： 表示不定式动词同所修饰的名词是被动关系 。 He is the man to be examined. 他是受检查的人。 There are much work to be done. 有好多工作要做。四、 动 名 词1、动名词是由动词原形 + ing 构成，同现在分词形式一样，在句中可作主语， 宾语，表语和定语。 1) 动名词作主语： Talking like that is not polite. Learning from others is important . Putting on more clothes is not so good . （注：动名词可以象动词不定式一样，用 it 先行祠代替， 而把动名词写在后面。 Its no use waiting here, lets go home. Its very difficult climbing this mountain. 2) 动名词作表语 The nurses job is looking after the patients. Seeing is believing. 3) 动名词作宾语 有些动词须用动名词来作宾语,它们是begin, mind, suggest, finish, stop, need, enjoy, miss, keep. Please stop smoking in the house. I like reading in the forest. Do you mind my opening the windows?4）动名词作定语 She is studying in the reading room. He slept in the sleeping bag. （动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词 He pretend not knowing it at all. 他假装全然不知。 We considered not doing it now. 我们考虑现在不做这件事 。 动名词的被动形式 ： （当动名词和它的逻辑主语是被动关系时，用动名词的被动形式来表示。）His being looked down upon made him sick. I cant really stand being treated like that. 2、动名词的几种特殊情况： 1) 有些动词的后面能跟动名词做宾语，有些动词能跟不定式，有些两者都可以， 它们的具体含义有时还不一样。 能跟动名词的动词有： avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, forgive, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest, understand, cant help, 等。 能跟不定式的动词有： decide, desire, expect, hope, mean, pretend, promise, refuse, undertake, want, wish, agree, manage, 能跟动名词和不定式的动词有： love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, continue, intend, attempt, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, try, deserve, start, 动词后面跟动名词还是不定式，含义不相同，总的来说，表示习惯的， 一般性的动作多跟动名词，一次性的具体的被动动作多跟不定式。 I like to go with you.我想和你一块儿去。 I like reading. He promised to help her. We love watching VCD. 2) remember, forget, regret后面跟动名词时，动名词表示过去的动作， 后面跟不定式时，不定式表示将来的动作。 I remember meeting him in the street. I remember to write a letter to my parents. 3) stop + 动名词表示停止动名词所表示的动作， stop + 不定式表示停下来 做不定式所表示的动作。 Stop smoking, please. 请不要抽烟 。 Lets stop to have a rest. 咱们停下来休息一下吧。 4) 动名词和分词的区别： 动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系，而分词作定语时， 分词和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系。 reading text 阅读课文 动名词 developing country 发展中国家 分词a sleeping bag 睡袋 动名词 boiled water 开水 分词 五、 分 词 分词是由动词 +ing 或 动词 + ed 构成，它在句中起形容词或副词的作用，可以作定语，表语，状语。 working worked washing washed 分词可分为现在分词和过去分词两种，现在分词的形式同动名词一样，在动词后面加 ing 。 而过去分词的形式则在动词后面加 ed. 分词在句中可作定语，状语或表语。 1.分词作定语 China is a developing country. Thats an interesting story. The girl singing for us is ten years old. 作定语的分词要放在被修饰的名词之前，如果是分词词组则放在被修饰的名词之后， 如被修饰的名词是 something, anything, everything, nothing 等，分词放在被修饰名词的后面。 The working people have played a great role in the activity. The boy hurt by the car was sent to the hospital immediately. There is nothing interesting. 没什么有趣的事。 分词和动名词都可以作定语，判断是分词还是动名词，可以根据它们和被修饰词有无逻辑上的主谓关系来判断， 有主谓关系的是分词， 否则判断为动名词。 a swimming girl 游泳的女孩。（分词） a swimming pool 游泳的池子 （动名词） 2.分词作状语 Being a student, he likes to help others. Wearing a new pair of glasses, she can read easily. She is there waiting for us. Told by the teacher, she knew she was wrong. 3.分词作表语 The story is interesting . We are interested in computer. The glass is broken. The water is boiled. 4.分词作宾语补足语 可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有 see, watch, hear, set, keep, find, have, get 等词。 I saw him walking in the street. I heard them singing in the classroom. We found the boy sleeping. have 后面的宾语补足语用过去分词常表示动作不是句子的主语发出的，而是由别人做的。 I have my hair cut. 我理发了。（是别人给我理发） She has her bike repaired. 她把自行车修理了。（别人修理的） They have their house rebuilt. 他们重修了房子。 分词的否定形式 not + 分词 Not knowing what to do next, she stopped to wait. 不知道下一步干什么，她停下来等着。 Not having finished the homework, the little girl doesnt dare to go to school. 小女孩没完成作业不敢去学校。 分词的时态 分词的一般时表示动作同谓语动词的动作同时发生或之前发生。 Seeing the teacher is coming, the students stopped playing. 看到老师进来，学生们停下来不玩了。 Coming into the room, he lied on his bed. 回到家后，他就躺在床上。 分词的完成时表示的动作在谓语动词的前面发生。 Having received a latter, I knew everything is all right. 收到一封信后，我知道一切都很好。 Having had my supper, I went out for a walk. 晚饭后，我出去散步了。 Having known that he won the match, he threw the cap into the sky. 他知道自己比赛获胜，高兴地把帽子扔上了天。 分词的被动形式 分词的被动形式表示分词动作同所修饰的名词有一种被动关系。 The entertainment building being built will be completed next year. 正在建设的娱乐大楼明年完工。 * 六、动名词1. 动词名词的基本形式为：动词+ ing 2. 动词不定式的句法功能：. 作主语Eating too much is bad for your health. 吃得太多对你的健康有害。Learning English all by yourself is not so easy. 自学好英语不那么容易。 Watching English movies is a great way to learn a language.看英文电影是一个学习语言的很棒的方法。* 动词不定式和动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。. 作宾语 A、作动词宾语We enjoy listening to the pop music. 我们喜欢听流行音乐。 She stopped crying when she saw her mother. 当她看见她妈妈时，她就不哭了。 Do you mind my closing the door? 把门关上你介意吗？ She hates travelling by air. 她讨厌坐飞机旅行。 They went swimming every afternoon. 他们每天下午去游泳。 Tony keeps exercising every morning. Tony一直都保持每天早上锻炼。 My brother has finished writing his novel. 我哥哥已经写完了他的小说了。 * 有一些动词或词组后面常跟动名词作宾语：like, enjoy, finish, mind（介意）practice, keep, spend (in), stop, forget, remember, consider, suggest,be busy, be worth, cant help, have fun, have trouble/problem (in),have a lot of experience (in) Would you mind? B、作介词宾语Thanks for taking care of my dog. 谢谢你照看我的狗。Stamps are used for sending letters. 邮票是用来寄信的。The Little girl is very good at swimming. 这个小女孩非常擅长游泳。Children always look forward to receiving gifts on Christmas Day. 孩子们总是盼望着在圣诞节时收到礼物。Cant you stop your son from getting into trouble? 你能不能制止你儿子别惹上麻烦?They tried to keep the ice from melting.他们试图阻止冰融化。* 有一些带介词的动词短语后面常跟动名词作宾语：be good at, do well in, be afraid of, be interested in, thanks for, end up, give up, feel like,stay up, be/get used to, make a contribution to, look forward to, What/How about? preventfrom（阻止做）, keepfrom, stopfrom, protectfrom prefer doing sth to doing sth.（和相比，更喜欢）* 注意prefer的用法： prefer 名词 to 名词 与相比，更喜欢 prefer doing . to doing . 与做 事相比，更喜欢做 事prefer to do . rather than do . 宁愿做而不愿做 I prefer coffee to tea. 和茶相比，我更喜欢咖啡。I prefer walking to taking a bus. 和坐车相比，我更喜欢走路。 I prefer to walk rather than take a bus. 我宁愿走路也不愿坐车。 * would rather do . than do . 宁愿也不愿 I would rather stay at home than go to a party. 我宁愿呆在家也不愿去聚会。. 作表语 多数情况下，动名词和不定式作表语可转换成作主语。His hobby is collecting stamps. = Collecting stamps is his hobby. My work is to clean the room every day. = To clean the room every day is my work.1. 作定语 表明它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等。in the reading room 在阅览室 in the waiting room 在侯（诊、车）室a walking stick 拐杖 a sleeping car 卧铺车厢. 记住以下一些固定搭配：go shopping, go swimming, go boating, go hiking, go trekking, go skiinggo skating, go skateboarding, go fishing, go surfing, do some cleaning, do some shopping, do some washing, do some reading, do some cooking,do some writing, * 七、动词后接不定式和动名词的区别. stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事 stop doing 停止做某事 They stopped to have a rest. 他们停下来休息一会儿。 Stop making so much noise! The baby is sleeping. 不要弄出噪音！孩子正在睡觉。. forget to do忘记要去做某事 (未做) forget doing忘记做过某事 (已做) The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还亮着，他忘记关了。（没有做关灯这个动作） He forgot turning the light off. 他忘了他已经关了灯了。（灯已经关了，但他忘了）. remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做) remember doing记得做过某事 (已做) Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学去趟邮局。 Dont you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过这个人了吗？. regret to do sth.对要做的事感到遗憾（未做） regret doing sth.对做过的事感到遗憾（已做） I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样做，我也是实在没办法。2 To this day, I do not regret having made that remark.我至今不后悔说了那话。. try to do努力，尽力做某事try doing 尝试，试着做某事 Please try to do better next time. 下次努力做得更好些。 He tried communicating with those foreigners in English. 他试着用英语和那些外国人交流。. go on to do接着做某事（做了一件事以后，接着又做另一件事，是不同的两件事）go on doing继续做某事（做事时中间可能有停顿，但之后还是继续做原来做的事） Last night, we had dinner and went on to watch TV. 昨晚我们吃过晚饭，接着看电视。 Go on doing the exercises after a short rest. 休息一会儿之后继续接着做练习。. mean to do sth.打算、想做某事mean doing sth. 意味着做某事 I mean to go out with my friends, but my father would not allow me to. 我想和我的朋友出去，但我爸不让我去。Doing that means wasting time. 那样做意味着浪费时间。巩固练习：1. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed _.A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch2. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating3. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _ . A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to4. We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met5. Pall doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard.A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning6. The missing boys were last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play10.1 would appreciate _ back this afternoon. A. your calling B. you call C. you re calling D. you to call11. She didnt remember _him before.A. having met B. have meet C. to met D. have met12. The light in the office is still on.Oh, I forgot _ .A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off13. There are a few books on the shelf. But only one of them is _ . A. worth to read B. worth being read C. worthy of reading D. worth reading17. They know me very well, they had seen me _ up from childhood.A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow18. Students made it a rule _ some reading in English every morning.A. to do B. do C. does D. doing19. _ with the old one, the new building looks more beautiful. A. To compare B. Compared C. Compare D. Comparing20. _ from space, the earth, with water_ 70% of its surface, looks like a Blue Blanket.A. Seen; covered B. Being seen; covers C. Seeing; covering D. Seen; covering21. Its your turn to do the washing up and its no use _ to get out of it. A. you to try B. your trying C. you are trying D. you try22. He is planning to have the wall _light blue. A. paint B. painted C. to paint D. painting23. She worked late into the night, _ a long speech for the president. A. to prepare B. prepared C. preparing D. was preparing24. The girl has to practise _ the piano two hours per day. A. to play the B. to play C. playing the D. playing25. I dont know _ with the problem.Why not _ your teacher for advice?A. what to do; to ask B. how to do; to ask C. what to do; ask D. how to do; ask26. I find these problems are easy _ .A. to work out B. to be worked out C. in working out D. to be worked them out27. Ive been waiting for an hour _me the phone call. A. to give B. for you giving C. of you to give D. for you to give28. Have you had the nurse _ your son s temperature? A. to take B. taking C. take D. taken29.She pretended _ me when I passed by. A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen30. We have been looking for the boy all the morning, but she is nowhere _. A. to see B. to be see C. being seen D. seen31. Stop running and you will feel your heart _ . A. beat B. beating C. beats D. is beating32. Once _, it will never be forgotten. A. see B. seen C. you see D. to be seen33. He will not come unless _. A. invited B. inviting C. isnt invited D. to invite35.Lets try _the work another way, for we should try _ everything done in time. A. to do; to get B. doing; getting C. doing; to get D. to do; getting36. How do you like my motorbike?Its very nice, but would you _ park it here? A. not B. not to C. to not D. dont37. I dont understand that sentence.Lets get John _ that sentence again. A. explain B. to explain C. explained D. explaining38. I wish I could buy one of those beautiful dogs. Im afraid that they wouldnt allow _ in the hotel. A. you keeping it B. that you keep it C. you to keep it D. you keep it39. How was the concert last night?It was _ . A. disappoint B. disappointed C. to disappoint D. disappointing41. Mary said. “Give me a chair _.” A. to sit B. sat on C. sit on D. to sit on42. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. . A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking43. Are you going to do some reading tonight? No, I dont feel _ tonight. A. like to read B. like Im going to read C. reading D. like reading44. Youve been taking a lot of nice photos.Thanks, I m considering _ a professional photographer. A. becoming B. about become C. to become D. about becoming45. Did you say I could use your car?Yes certainly, but would you mind _ just yet? A. not to take it B. taking it not C. not take it D. not taking it46. The President was sitting on the chair _ by his supporters. A. surrounding B. to surround C. surrounded D. to be surrounded47. A man was killed. Where is the body of the _ man? A. murder B. murdered C. murdering D. having murdered48. Is there anything you want from town?No, thank you. I would like to get _ .A. those letters mailed B. mailed letters C. to mail those letters D. those letters mail