定 语 从 句 总 结.doc

定 语 从 句 总 结 一、限制性定语从句分析：定语从句是由关系代词who, that, which, whom, whose或个别特殊词汇引导。修饰人时可用who/whom/that, 修饰物时可用that/which，whose起所有格的作用，表示“.的”。定语从句所修饰的名词称作先行词。关系代词在从句中可以做主语也可以做宾语。（1）关系代词做主语eg: The girl who came this morning is my sister . The man who sells bags is my brother. The man who offered me a job is an Australian.（2）关系代词做宾语eg: The man whom I talked to is a policeman. She is just the girl that/whom I met yesterday. This is just the book that I want.注意：当关系代词在从句中做宾语时可以省略。 whom 可用that代替，口语中常常省略关系代词。（3）whose表示所有格，whose+名词在从句中做主语或宾语eg: The boy whose sister is a teacher is standing at the door. I like the TV set whose brand is TCL. I have a book whose name is Love Story.（4）当定语从句前面有介词时，关系代词只能用which或whom，不能用that和who，that不能紧跟在介词后面，但是把介词放在句尾，则可以用that。eg: This is just the house which I lived in. This is the just house in which I lived. The man from whom we bought the tickets is a liar. This is just the house that I lived in. This is the man that I talked with. This is the man with whom I talked.(5)如果句子中有如下词和结构：all, everyone, everybody, anyone, no one, nobody, those, the only和形容词最高级，there be结构，祈使句等等，则后面如果要使用定语从句，关系代词一般不用which和who，而使用that。eg: That is the only way that leads to your success. We have to consider the first thing that starts our work. This is the most impressive TV theatre that has never been on show before.(6)定语从句中，关系代词的单复数取决于先行词的单复数例：1) This is the magazine which was/is sent to me by post.2) I am the only one that is chosen to recite the poem.3)Only one of the students who were born in America knows some Chinese.注意：按照现行语法规定，如果在定语从句中出现了one of作为先行词，它后面的关系代词指代的是后面的复数名词。例：He is one of the students in my class who speak 3 languages. 意思是：他是我们班会说3种语言的很多学生当中的一个。在这里，由who引导的定语从句修饰的先行词是students，而非one。但如果one直接做主语时，它做单数看待例：One of my friends is a policeman. 我的朋友当中的一个是警察。（7）在定语从句中，还可以用when, where, why等关系副词连接定语从句。关系副词=介词+which，如：when=在什么时候，where=在什么地方，why=为什么原因。eg: 1995 is the year when I was born. This is the village where he was born. He didnt tell me the reason why he left.二、非限制性定语从句分析：(1)非限制性定语从句可以用who, whom, whose, which以及相应的关系副词引导，它与被修饰词之间是一种解释说明的关系，是对先行词的附加说明，如果将它去掉不会影响整句话的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。例：This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。 （非限制性）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句对比：The visitors who knew the danger didnt go any further. （有些旅客知道了，有些还不知道）The visitors, who knew the danger, didnt go any further. （全部旅客都知道了）The old man has a son who is in the army. (这个老人可能不止一个儿子)The old man has a son, who is in the army. （这个老人只有一个儿子）如果当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的那幢房子有个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.这本小说很感人，我已经读了三遍。非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。(2)as, which 非限定性定语从句由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.例题：1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. whichD. he 答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后面成为句子，但两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2）The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect.A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it 答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。that 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3）It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.A. thatB. whichC. as D. it 答案B.as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语一般是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词多数情况下用which.。 在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。As 的用法例1. the same as；suchas 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如。As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.As is know, smoking is harmful to ones health.As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。虚拟语气1、在非真实条件句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。非真实条件有以下三类：（1）与现在事实相反的非真实条件句，谓语动词形式如下：从句：过去时主句：would/should/could/might+动词原形。如If I were you, I would ask our teacher for advice. 如果我是你的话，我就请教老师。If I were you , I would help her.（2）与过去事实相反的非真实条件句，谓语动词形式如下：从句：过去完成时主句：would/should/could/ might +have+动词过去分词。如If I hadnt taken the wrong bus, I wouldnt have missed the contest.如果我没有搭错车，我就不会不参加竞赛。If we had left earlier , we wouldnt have missed the train.（3）与将来事实相反的非真实条件句，谓语动词形式如下：从句：过去时/should /were to +动词原形主句：would/should/could/might+动词原形。如If I had enough money next month, I would buy a copy of The Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. 如果我下个月有足够的钱，我就会买一本现代高级英语学习词典。If you should be late tomorrow, we would not wait for you .如果你明天迟到了，我们就不等你了.If it were to snow in summer , I would believe you.如果夏天下雪，我就会相信你.（4）混合时间条件句：主句和从句不一定用指同一时间的动词。如If I had learned French, I would be able to interpret for our French friend.假如我以前学过法语，现在就能给我们的法国朋友当翻译。（注：if从句与过去事实相反，用过去完成时；而主句与现在事实相反，用would+动词原形。）（5）含蓄条件句：有时假设的条件不通过条件从句来表示而含蓄在介词短语或上下文中。如：Without the warmth and light of the sun, the earths vegetation would die almost immediately.没有太阳的热量和光，地球上的植物几乎会马上死去。2、虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用：（1）用于suggest, order, insist, demand等动词后的宾语从句，如We suggested that they (should)make a trip to Hong Kong next year.我建议他们明年去香港旅游。（2）用于wish后的宾语从句与现在事实相反的愿望句型：主语+wish+从句（主语+过去时）I wish I were you. 但愿我是你多好呀。How I wish it wasnt raining! 现在要是不下雨该多好啊！（我多么希望现在不下雨。）与过去事实相反的愿望句型：主语+wish+从句（主语+过去完成时）I wish I had learned more. 我多么希望我以前多学一些啊！He wishes he hadnt made the big mistake. 他要是不犯那个大错误该多好啊！与将来的愿望相反（愿望难以实现）句型：主语+wish+从句（主语+过去将来时）The last chance has been lost. How he wishes he could have another chance.最后一次机会失去了，他多么希望他能再有一次机会啊！（3）用于as if (as though)引导的从句在as if (as though)引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况，它们所引导的表示虚拟性比喻或方式的状语从句要用虚拟语气。动词形式和wish后面的从句中动词形式变化相同。He speakes English as if he were an Englishman.他说起英语好象他是个英国人似的。They talked about the city as if (though) they had been there before.他们谈论那座城市，就好像他们以前去过那儿似的。He stood up as if (though) he would speak. 他站起来好像要发言似的。注意：当as if (though)引导的从句用于动词seem, appear, look, sound, smell等后面时，as if (though)从句的谓语有时依句意需要，也可用陈述语气，表示说话者认为有可能是事实的事。试比较：It seems as if she knew me. 好像他早就认识我似的。 （事实上他不认识我。）It seems as if she knows me. 好像他认识我。 （事实上他认识我的可能性很大。）（4）用于in order that ,so that引导的目的状语从句。如The professor spoke slowly in order that the listeners could hear hem clearly.教授说的很慢，好让听众听清楚。（5）用于It is (high) time引起的从句。如It is time we stopped this practice. 现在是结束这种做法的时候了。 虚拟语气专项练习1. You didnt let me drive. If we _ in turn, you _ so tired. A. drove; didnt getB. drove; wouldnt get C. were driving; wouldnt get D. had driven; wouldnt have got2. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _. A. breaksB. has brokenC. were brokenD. had been broken3. _ it rain tomorrow, we should have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge. A. Were B. ShouldC. WouldD. Will4. Janes face suggested that she _ ill, and her parents suggested that she _ a medical examination. A. be; should have B. was; haveC. should be; hadD. was; has5. Without electricity human life _ quite different today. A. isB. will be C. would have beenD. would be6. I told Sally how to get there, but perhaps I _ for her. A. had to write it out B. must have written it out C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out7. I didnt see your sister at the meeting. If she _, she would have met my brother. A. has comeB. did come C. cameD. had come8. -If he _, he _ that food. -Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. A. was warmed; would not takeB. had been warned; would not have taken C. would be warned; had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken9. The two strangers talked as if they _ friends for years. A. should beB. would be C. have beenD. had been10. Without the air to hold some of the suns heat, the earth at night _, too cold for us to live. A. would be freezing cold B. will be freezing coldly C. would be frozen coldD. can freeze coldly11. -Have you ever been to Beijing? -No, but I wish I _. A. have B. willC. doD. had12. If only he _ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now. A. liesB. layC. had lainD. should lie13. If I _ you, I would ask him to stay. A. wasB. would beC. wereD. am14. If it hadnt rained last Sunday, we _ picnicking. A. could go B. could have goneC. went D. would go15. Everybody would be very happy if the hot summer _ tomorrow. A. should finishB. would finish C. were to be finishedD. finishes16. If only I _ your advice! A. had taken B. tookC. would takeD. have taken17. If it _ yesterday, we could play football on the sports ground now. A. didnt snowB. hasnt snowedC. hadnt snowed D. werent snowing. 18. If he came here at this moment, I _ him. A. would criticizeB. will criticizeC. shall criticizeD. were to criticize19. I wish I _ the meeting last week. A. could attend B. attendedC. have attended D. could have attended20. Hes always talking like that, as if the whole world _to him alone. A. had belonged B. belongedC. were belongingD. were belonged21. The TV play for tonight wont be interesting. Even if it _, I might not have time for it. A. would beB. be C. had been D. were22. Without your help, I _ in my English study. A. would not have succeeded B. hadnt succeeded C. will not succeedD. wont have succeeded23. The workers in France demanded that the their pay _ from the following week on. A. would be raisedB. was raisedC. be raisedD. raised 24. My suggestion is that we _ the sports met. A. would put offB. should put offC. putted offD. be put off25. The monitor made a proposal that the whole class _the matter. A. discussedB. would discussC. be discussedD. discuss26. It is necessary that our drinking water _ cleaner.A. should be made B. is madeC. would be madeD. was made27. It is high time that our child _ to do some housework. A. learnedB. learn C. will learn D. would learn28. They stopped at Hangzhou so that they _ the West Lake. A. will visitB. can visit C. may visitD. might visit29. _ it _ for your help, I couldnt have make any progress. A. Were; not B. Had; not beenC. Should; not beenD. Did; be30. You are late again. You _ here earlier. A. should comeB. will comeC. should have comeD. will have come31. Dont come this afternoon. Id rather you _ tomorrow. A. come B. to comeC. came D. will come32. He took his raincoat with him lest it _. A. rainedB. should rain C. would rain D. will rain33. John was very busy last week, otherwise, he _ to attend the meeting. A. would have come B. would come C. should comeD. came34. _ I to tell her about it, she would be very glad. A. Should B. WouldC. Were D. Might35. Without sunlight or water or air, there _ no life on the earth. A. will haveB. would beC. should beD. must be36. It was ordered that no smoking _ in the library. A. is allowedB. be allowedC. should allowD. will be allowed37. _ I known he was in trouble, I might have managed to help him. A. If B. When C. UnlessD. Had38. You _ there by taxi yesterday, it is not far from here. A. couldnt have goneB. should have gone C. neednt have gone D. mustnt have gone39. I would have gone there with you but I _ too tired then. A. were B. had beenC. was D. have been40. -Did you go to see the football match yesterday? -No, I didnt feel well, but I would have gone if I _. A. did B. have C. would D. had41. _the friendship between us last forever! A. Could B. WillC. May D. Wish42. -Where have you be