以色列高新技术产业五十年的卓越外文翻译.doc

以色列高新技术产业五十年的卓越外文翻译 作者： 日期： 本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目： The Israel High Tech-Industy -Fifty Years of Excellence 出 处： Israel Mnistry Of Roreign Affairs 作 者： Nisso Cohen The Israel High-Tech Industry -Fifty Years of Excellence By Nisso Cohen Israels high-tech industry is experiencing an unprecedented rate of growth which began in the early 1990s. Its growth is evidenced both in total sales - 1997 sales totaled $7.2 billion, a growth of 10.7% over 1996 - and in exports - $5.6 billion in 1997, a growth of 14.2% over 1996. This is in a country with a total population of less than six million; GDP (1996) of $92.3 billion; and exports (goods and services, 1996) of $31.3 billion. Moreover, advanced technologies developed in Israel are in great demand, and many Israeli-developed applications can now be found in the products of multi-national companies in the communications, computers, information systems, medicine, optics, consumer goods and software sectors. Origins The Israel high-tech industry was born with the State of Israel. In 1948, the newly-created Israel Defense Forces established a branch called the Science Corps. The corps developed new arms, explosives, and a variety of electric and electronic appliances for the IDF. Israels military industry developed at a rapid pace, meeting the countrys needs for armaments and technologies which it could not obtain from abroad. During the same period, Israel developed what were to become the best institutions of education and scientific research in the Middle East. They include the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, and universities in Haifa, Beer Sheba, Tel Aviv and Ramat Gan. In the early sixties, Israel entered the nuclear era with the establishment of two nuclear research plants. The first Israeli computer was developed and assembled in the early fifties at the Weizmann Institute. Golem (dummy) was an all-tube computer, similar to the first computers developed in the US in the forties. In the late fifties and early sixties, there were already several mainframe computers in Israel, purchased from IBM and Philco. Those computers were used primarily by government ministries and institutions, universities and a number of banks. In the late sixties and early seventies, mainframe and mini computers penetrated the financial and business sectors. During the eighties, many Israelis acquired personal computers. The High-Tech Industry One factor in the exceptional growth rate in this industry in recent years is Israels percentage of engineers, the worlds highest, with 135 engineers per 10,000 persons, as compared to 85 per 10,000 persons in the United States. Another factor has been the many thousands of skilled engineers and technicians who have immigrated from the former Soviet Union since 1989. Moreover, advanced technologies that were originally developed and utilized for military purposes are now being used for developing commercial products for civilian use. With the downsizing of Israels defense industry - as a peace dividend - thousands of skilled personnel have left the defense industry since 1988. Many of them were absorbed into the civilian marketplace, while others formed start-up companies which later became successful high-tech firms. The ongoing success of the Israeli high-tech industry is reflected in the local and foreign stock markets. In 1996 Israeli firms provided the third largest number of initial purchase offerings (IPOs) on the NASDAQ (over-the-counter stock exchange) in New York, after the US and Canada, and the second largest number of IPOs on the relatively new AIM (Alternative Investment Market) in London (after the UK). Many leading American investment houses and venture capital funds have established a presence in Israel in order to support Israeli high-tech firms and benefit from the current boom. Israels leaders are proud of the countrys high-tech label and promote it. The result is that the country is particularly interested in cooperation with foreign investors in the high-tech fields, more than with investors in other areas. A unique Israeli phenomenon is the office of the Chief Scientist at the Ministry of Industry and Trade, which distributes grants totaling nearly $400 million to various R&D projects. The projects that succeed are expected to pay royalties to the Chief Scientists office for a number of years.Domestic Technological Advancement Israel has firmly established itself as the most computerized country in the Middle East; it even surpasses some Western European nations. In 1997, more than 250,000 personal computers were sold in Israel, compared to 102,000 sold in Egypt (with a population of some 60 million) and just under 300,000 in Turkey (with a population of some 65 million). Israel also leads the Middle East with the highest penetration rate of PCs in private homes. There is a personal computer in nearly one out of two households, a ratio similar to that of the United States, Canada and a very few European and Far Eastern countries. In recent years, the education system has purchased tens of thousands of computers for use by students, from kindergarten through university age. Compared to other so-called high-tech tigers, such as Korea, Malaysia and Taiwan, Israel is unique in that it is a true high-tech country, with a highly developed domestic market for computing and telecommunications. Israel is also a quick adopter of advanced technologies. Local expenditure on information technology is estimated at $2.4 billion in 1997, with a steady growth of 12-15% annually. Worldwide, expenditure on information technology reaches about $700 billion, with a 5-year compound annual growth rate of about 10%. Telecommunications Infrastructure In 1984 a government-owned company - Bezeq - took over the telephone and telecommunications services, which had previously been supplied by a department of the Ministry of Communications. Since then, the telecommunications infrastructure in Israel has developed at a rapid pace, and is today considered to be one of the most highly advanced systems in the region, providing full digital service throughout the country, advanced data communications, integrated services digital networks (ISDN), asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), and fiber-optic and satellite services. It is clear that the development of telecommunications services has contributed significantly to the development of Israels high-tech industry. High-Tech Exports Israels first high-tech exports were produced by defense industries such as the Israel Aircraft Industries and Rafael, as well as by defense industry sub-contractors. These firms produced electronic defense products with advanced technologies, meant for use by the IDF. Demand for proven in battle products from Israel led to a developing export industry of defense-related products. today this is still a relatively large percentage of high-tech exports. Studies have shown that R&D-intensive, high-tech companies have been a major factor in the growth of exports over the years, especially in electronics, optics, electro-optics, lasers, computer-based equipment, robotics and aeronautics. Moreover, in the last two decades Israeli developments have contributed significantly to the following information technology and telecommunications industries: Wireless Communications (voice and data)Advanced Data Communications Technologies (ATM, IDSL, SDH)Advanced LAN Technologies (ATM, Fast Ethernet, FDDI, ISDN)Satellite VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal)Voice Mail and Related Voice Manipulation Technologies DSP - Digital Signal Processing Technologies and Products Encryption and Data Security Anti-Virus Technologies Software Utilities for Mainframe and Mid-Range Computers (including year 2000 problem solving utilities) Databases for Mainframe and Mid-Range Computers Internet Technologies Internet Products Educational Software and Multimedia Graphic Arts and Color Printing Technologies Billing Software for Telephone and Cellular Operators Semiconductor Development and Post-Production Inspection Tools CAD, CAM, and CAE. International Firms in Israel It has taken several years for the management of international high-tech firms to decide to utilize Israels advantages as an operations base. Of course, events in the Middle East play a decisive role in international business strategies. The continuing peace process with the Palestinians, since 1993, has encouraged many international firms to establish operations and/or conduct business in Israel. There has been a US presence in Israel, though, for three decades. Two high-tech giants - IBM and Motorola - established local subsidiaries for sales and technical support in the 1960s; over time the local plants evolved into full research and development facilities. Motorola took the process one step further and established one of its largest manufacturing facilities in Arad, near the Dead Sea. During the late 1970s Intel Corporation began operations in Israel. Today, Intels activities range from R&D (in Haifa) to wafer manufacturing (Fab 8 in Jerusalem); and a plant designated Fab 18 under construction in Kiryat Gat. Israel is highly regarded as a location for branches of foreign firms. Benefits include highly-skilled engineers, good geographic location and some tax and custom benefits, which enable US firms to sell products manufactured in Israel to European markets without paying duty. Moreover, the government of Israel is considered a generous partner for foreign investors who establish operations in the northern or the southern parts of the country. Government assistance can be in the form of a cash refund or long-term tax-waivers. In Israel, the presence of international firms is somewhat of a controversy. Opponents in local industry claim that foreign firms gain resources as a result of local brain power, but do not funnel anything back into the local economy. This position is held because most foreign firms do not build manufacturing facilities, the more massive employers in the local market. Still, despite this dissenting point of view, most Israelis continue to consider the presence of international high-tech firms in Israel to be very important. Since 1995, many foreign firms have established a presence in Israel. Of these, some entered the market by setting up operations directly, whereas others do so by friendly take-over of small Israeli firms. Additional firms are listed as U.S. firms, although all development and manufacturing facilities are located in Israel and management is Israeli, or largely Israeli. Many international firms also maintain a presence in Israel by virtue of their minority holdings in Israeli start-up companies. This phenomenon began a few years ago and is expected to continue in the future. These minority shareholders also invariably hold options for share increases. International firms which established local research and development centers in Israel in the 70s and the 80s brought the know-how and the operating procedures of large conglomerates to local, inexperienced firms. These firms exposed Israeli industry to new areas, primarily in the telecommunications and the semiconductor industries. Cooperation with Foreign Firms The Israel high-tech industry can benefit from cooperation with foreign companies at all levels. Some of the success stories of the Israel high-tech industry involve a partnership between an Israeli and a foreign partner, in which the Israeli partner provides the technology or the product, and the foreign partner provides the sales and support functions in target markets. This type of cooperation is a win-win situation for both sides. For US partners or investors it is even more beneficial as the partnership can apply for BIRD Foundation funds. Motorola, Intel and others have made Israel a preferred site for production facilities. These companies benefit from a high level of technicians and engineers and from proximity to their target markets in Europe. NAFTA agreements made Israel the manufacturing location of choice for products that are to be exported to Europe. It is quite difficult for Israel to compete with South Asian countries on the basis of labor costs, but Israels better product quality is an advantage. The rapidly growing high-tech industry has the potential to grow at an even faster rate, despite the present economic slowdown - which affects the high-tech field less than other industries. In terms of productivity per employee, Israeli high-tech still has a long way to go, compared to international standards. Although output per employee in the industry is $160,000 per annum, some countries boast an output of upward of $250,000 per employee per annum. Challenges facing the industry as the 21st century approaches: The shortage of professionals in electronics and software, a common problem in the western world. In Israel, immigrants from the former Soviet Union served as a stop-gap between 1992 and 1995. Since then, immigration to Israel has slowed down and the problem has again arisen. This in turn has increased the cost of salaries to a level where the advantage of a low cost per employee in Israel no longer exists. The high-tech industry needs to widen its focus on R&D to include marketing, in order to capture a larger market share. Today, some start-ups develop valuable technologies, only to discover that their target market is unaware of them. Most start-ups in Israel boast annual sales of a few million dollars; only a handful of Israeli companies have achieved annual sales of hundreds of millions of dollars; and not one Israeli company is positioned among the worldwide leaders that sell high-tech products in the billions. The frozen exchange rate of the shekel, until March 1998, negatively impacted profitability of the high-tech industry. In late 1997/early 1998, with the economic slowdown, a reduction in capital investment has occurred, which will affect investment in equipment upgrading and materials in the short term. The Israel high-tech industry is capable of enjoying tremendous profitability. It already leads the Israeli economy in terms of added value, export rates and productivity per employee. By taking the appropriate strategic decisions, the Israel high-tech industry - with total sales of some $7.2 billion today - can become, in the coming decade, a $10-15 billion industry. Israeli high-tech is on the way to the forefront of world technology in terms of knowledge and development. Israeli leaders believe that the high-tech industry can lead not only Israel, but its neighbors as well, to a better future. The high-tech industry is no longer a gamble - it has proved its ability. It now needs to expand and firmly establish its position as a recognized world leader译 文： 以色列高新技术产业五十年的卓越 以色列的高科技产业正在经历一场前所未有的增长。始于20世纪90年代初。其增长体现在（销售总额）1997年销售总额为7 2亿美元，增长1 0.7 ，比1996年增加5 6亿美元， 1997年比1996年增长了14.2，。这是一个国家，总人口不到6亿美元，国内生产总值923亿美元，出口（货物和服务，1996年）313亿美元。 此外，发达国家的先进技术在以色列有巨大需求，许多以色列开发的应用软件现在可以发现在产品的多国公司在通信，计算机，信息系统，医学，光学，消费品和软件部门。起源 以色列高科技产业的诞生于以色列州。1948年，新成立的以色列国防军设立分行称为科学团。兵团制定了新的武器，炸药，以及各种电器和电子设备的以色列国防军。以色列的军事产业发展快速，满足该国需求的军备和技术，它不能从外国获得的。在同一期间内，以色列开发出要成为最好的教育机构和科研在中东。它们包括技术研究所，以色列技术研究所在科学研究所的雷霍沃特，希伯来大学在耶路撒冷，海法大学，贝尔谢巴，特拉维夫拉马特甘。在60年代早期，以色列进入了核时代，建立了两个核研究站。 以色列的第一次计算机研制成功，并聚集在五十年代初在以色列魏茨曼研究所。巨像是一个所有管计算机，类似于计算机的第一个发达国家。美国在五十年代末和六十年代早期，已经有几个大型计算机在以色列，购自IBM和Philco。这些电脑主要用于由政府各部委和机构，大学和一些银行。在60年代末和70年代初，主机和微型计算机侵入的金融和商业部门。在八十年代，许多以色列人拥有个人电脑。高新技术行业近年来高增长速度其中一个因素是以色列人中工程师的比例，这一比例是世界最高的，每一万名以色列人中就有135个工程师，相比之下，美国每一万人中只有85名是工程师。另一个因素是自1989年以来数以千计的熟练工程师和技师从前苏联移民到其他国家。此外，原本为军事目的开发和使用的先进技术现正被用于开发民用商业产品。随着以色列国防方面的缩减作为“和平时期公共事业经费” 自1989年以来数以千计的技术人员已离开国防工业。他们中许多人被吸收到民用市场，而其他人组成的创业公司后来成为成功的高科技公司。 此外，原来发展和使用的为了和平目的军事先进技术正在正在被民用科技公司使用并发展成为商业产品。以色列精英国防工业-作为“红色股利”-成千上万的技术人员已离开自 1988 年以来的国防工业。很多人都是被吸收到民用市场,而另一些人形成了初创公司,后来成为成功的高科技公司。以色列高科技产业的持续成功在本地及外国股市得到体现。1996年，以色列公司在纽约纳斯达克证交所提供的首次公开募股数目名列第三，仅次于美国和加拿大；同时其在伦敦证交所提供的就相对较新的另类投资市场首次公开募股数目名列第二，仅次于英国。许多顶尖的美国投资家和风险资本基金已成立了驻以色列办事处，以支持以色列高科技公司并从目前的产业繁荣中获益。 在技术上，以色列高科技产业处于有利地位，排在世界前5名。当地市场的下列条件为产业提供了支持：在一个个人电脑被广泛应用的国家，整体气氛和对电脑使用的积极态度有利于在年轻的一代中发展高科技技能。以色列领导人为其国家被列为高科技国家感到自豪，并积极宣传。结果是该国尤其热衷于与高科技领域的外国投资者合作，热忱度比其他领域要高很多。 以色列一个独特的现象是在产业和贸易部有一间首席科学家办公室，这个办公室向各种研发项目分配总额近4亿美元的基金。成功的项目要向首席科学家办公室支付数年的版税。国内技术进步 以色列已经牢固地确立了自己作为全国最大的电脑在中东的地位，它甚至超过了一些西欧国家。在1997年，超过25.0万的个人电脑销量在以色列相比，10200万出售自埃及（人口约60万美元）和30.0万只下在土耳其（人口约65万美元） 。 以色列也导致中东渗透率最高的个人电脑。几乎有三分之一的两个家庭拥有一台个人电脑，比类似美国，加拿大等极少数欧洲和远东国家。近年来，教育系统已经购买了数以万计的电脑使用的年龄层从幼儿园到大学。 相对于其他所谓的高科技强国，如韩国，马来西亚和台湾，以色列的独特之处在于，它是一个高科技国家，同一个高度发达的国内市场，专门为计算机和电信业。以色列也是一个加速引进的先进技术。地方支出的信息技术估计为24亿美元，在1997年，与稳步增长12-15%的年增长率。在世界范围内，支出信息技术达到约7,000亿美元，与5年复合年增长率为10%左右。电信基础设施 1984年，政府全资拥有的公司Bezeq接过电话和电信服务，以前一直由一个部门的通讯部。电信基础设施，在以色列已开发的快速发展，以色列被认为是一个最先进的系统，提供全数字服务普及全国各地，先进的数据通信，综合业务数字网络（ISDN网），异步传输模式（ATM），以及光纤和卫星服务。以色列发展高科技产业为电信服务做出了重大贡献。高新技术产品出口 以色列首次高科技产品出口的国防工业，如以色列飞机工业公司和拉斐尔，以及国防工业的分判承建商。这些企业生产的电子防御的产品和先进技术，这意味着使用的以色列国防军。 要求“在战斗中证明”产品由以色列导致发展中国家出口工业与国防有关的产品。今天这仍是一个相当大比例的高新技术产品出口。 研究表明，研发密集，高科技公司一直在一个主要因素，出口增长多年来，特别是在电子，光学，光电，激光，计算机为基础的设备，机器人和航空。 此外，在过去二十年中，以色列的发展作出了重大贡献的下列资讯科技及电讯业：无线通信（语音和数据）先进的数据通信技术（自动取款机，宽带同步数位阶层）先进的网络技术（自动取款机，快速以太网，FDDI ，ISDN网）卫星的VSAT （甚小孔径终端）语音信箱和相关的语音操控技术基于DSP -数字信号处理技术及产品，加密和数据安全，反病毒技术，软件实用程序的主机和中档电脑数据库的主机和中档计算机，互联网技术，网络产品，教育软件和多媒体，图