高中英语必修一、二单元知识点总结.doc

必修一Unit 1 直接引语与间接引语（）一. 定义：1. 直接引语：直接引述别人的原话2. 间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话二. 直接引语变间接引语时要注意一下一个方面1. 间接引语的引导词的使用规则句子类型引导词陈述句that (口语中常省略)一般疑问句if /whether特殊疑问句保留原有的疑问词2. 陈述语序的使用(1) 陈述句：变间接引语时语序不变(2) 一般疑问句：变间接引语时应首先在主句的谓语动词后加if/whether.再把语序变陈述语序(3) 特殊疑问句：仍保持原有的疑问词，但语序变成陈述语序eg. He asked ,”Are you going home this weekend?” He asked if/whether I was going home this weekend. “What do you want,Sara?” Mr Li asked.Mr Li asked Sara what she wanted.3. 某些成分的变化与不变(1).直接引语转化为间接引语时从句要注意5个方面的变化： 标点符号的变化 转述动词的变化直接引语间接引语say/said(陈述句)say/said或tell/toldsay/said(疑问句)ask/asked人称的变化：人称代词的变化遵循一下口诀 “一主二宾三不变” 及：直接引语中主语为第一人称则变为间接引语时人称按主语的人称变化；直接引语中主语为第二人称则变为间接引语时，人称与主句的宾语一致；若间接引语中主语为第三人称则变成间接引语时人称一般不需要变化。时态的变化 一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时不变一般将来时过去将来时指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化thisthatthesethosenowthenagobefore/earliertodaythat dayyesterdaythe day beforetomorrowthe next/following daythe day after tomorrowin two days timecomegoheretherethe day before yesterdaytwo days before/earliereg. He said ,”There books are mine.” He said those books were his.(2)直接引语转化为间接引语时态五不变 直接引语为客观真理、永恒不变的事实、谚语或名人名言时eg .”The earth moves around the sun ,” the teacher told me. The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun. Miss Guo said,”Where there is a sill,there is a way .“ Miss Guo said Where there is a sill,there is a way .直接引语中有具体变过去的时间状语eg .Xiao Lin said ,”I was born on July 29,1992.”Xiao Lin said she was born on July 19,1992.习惯性动作或说话时仍然存在的情况eg .The boy said to us ,” I usually go to bed at ten every day .”The boy told us he usually go to bed at ten every day. 当直接引语表示的客观时刻表时eg .Tom said,” The plane takes off at 6:30 a.m.”Tom said the plane takes off at 6:30 a.m.谓语中含有would,should,might,must,used to,had,hetter等 eg .Tony said ,”You should get up early.” Tony said we should get uo early.Unit 2直接引语和间接引语（）一.直接引语为祈使句，变成间接引语时，常构成简单句型，可以按下列结构进行变化1.当祈使句表示要求和命令时，变间接引语常采用tell/command/order sb to do sth的形式eg .”Hurry up .“He said .He told me to hurry up.2.当祈使句表示请求时，变间接引语常采用ask/request/beg sb to do sth的形式 eg .He said,”Please dont be late.”He asked me not to be late.二.句型变化注意事项1.直接引语中的呼语是祈使的对象，改为间接引语时常做引述动词的宾语.如原句中没有呼语，通常要加上宾语me,him,us等 eg .He said,”Go and tell her,Jim.” He asked Jim to go and tell her.2.直接引语中如果有客气的please或表示强调的助动词do，改为间接引语时必须去掉 eg .He said to me,”Sit down,please.” He asked me to sit down.Unit 3将来时1.be + v-ing 表将来时，当句子涉及确切的计划，明确的意图和为将来安排好的活动时，可用进行时表将来时。如：come,go,leave,fly,stay,arrive,work,ride,take,drive等.2.be going to do 现在的打算、意图，表示在最近未来的计划、意图eg .Look!Its going to rain. 看！好像要下雨了3.will/shall do 表达单纯的将来，是对未来事情发生的预见性eg .Ill seventeen next month. 下个月我17岁了4.be + to do 表达预定、按计划或安排将发生事eg .The French Prasident is to visit China in November. 法总统将于11月份访华5.be about to do 刚要做、正要做，表示非常近的将来。不能和时间段等时间状语连用eg .The bus is about to start.公车马上要开动了Unit 4定语从句()定语从句：在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句被定语从句所修饰的名词、代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词分为关系代词that,which,who(宾语whom,所有格whese)等和关系副词where,when,why等。关系代词和关系副词处在先行词和定语从句之间，起着连接主从句，指代先行词和在从句作句子成分的三重作用。一.关系代词的具体应用1.that 既可以指物也可以指人，在宾语从句可以作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略，但不能直接街在介词后Eg.The girl (that) we saw yesterday was Jims sister.(that做宾语成分可以省略)2.which 用于指物，在从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省略，但直接接在介词后时不能省略。Eg.Here is the book (which/that) you are looking for.(which 做宾语成分可以省略)3.who 用于指人，可以做主语或宾语，做宾语时可以省略，但直接接在介词后时需用whom，且不能省略。 Eg. The man (who/that) is talking with your father is a policeman.(who 做主语成分，不能省略)4.whom 用于指人，在从句中做宾语常可省略，但直接接在介词后不能省略。Eg. He is the man (whom/who/that) Helen met yeaterday.(whom 做宾语，可省略)5.whose 既可指人也可指物，在从句中做宾语 Eg. This is a scientist whose name is know all over the world.定语从句中谓语动词形式，与关系代词在句中所做的成分有关。若关系代词在定语从句中做主语，从句谓语动词应与先行词在数上保持一致；若关系代词在句中做宾语或定语，从句谓语动词应与从句主语保持一致。Eg. I love singers who/that write their own songs. This is the house whose door faces the north.二.只用that不用which引导定语从句的情况1.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 Eg. Well never forget the first lesson (that) our Englisn teacher gave us.2.先行词被the only,the same,the last,the very等修饰时Eg.This is the only book (that) I have.3.当先行词被不定代词all,little,few,much,anything,nothing,everything等修饰时 Eg. Youll miss everything (that) you have kost.三. 只能用which引导定语从句的情况 1.当关系代词前有介词时 Eg. The pen with which she is writing is mine. 2.引导非限制性定语从句时 Eg. Football,which is a very interesting game is played all over the world. Unit 5定语从句()四.关系副词的具体应用 1.when 表示时间，在定语从句中作状语，其先行词往往是表示时间的名词，如：time,day,hour,year等 Eg. I still remember the day when I first met him.2.where 表示地点，在定语从句中作状语，其先行词往往是表示地点的名词，如：factory,place,house,village等Eg. This is a house where I lived.3.why 表示原因，在定语从句中作状语，其先行词一般是reason.Eg. I dont the reason why he looks unhappy today.五.when,where和why与“介词+关系代词”的具体替换形式 1.when 相当于“at/in/on/during等+which” Eg.I will never forget the day.I met him on that day.I will never forget the day when/on which I met him.2.where 相当于“at/in/in等+which”Eg.This is the house.We used to live in this house.This is a house where/in which I lived. 3.why 相当于“for +which” Eg.This is the reason.He come ror the reason. This is the reason why/for whice he come.关于“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，需特别注意以下情况 1.介词后要接关系代词而不接关系副词。（因为关系副词用作状语不作宾语） 2.介词之后的关系代词通常只有两个：which和whom，先行词指物时用“介词+which”,指人时用“介词+whom”，且两个关系代词均不可省略。六.定语从句中关系代词与关系副词的选择 1.明确关系代词、关系副词在定语从句中的不同作用（关系代词which,that,who在定语从句中作主语，或在及物动词或介词后作宾语。关系副词when,where,why在定语从句中作状语，及定语从句中不缺主语或宾语只缺少表示时间、地点或原因的状语。） 2.分析句子结构，明确句法成分。（关系词在从句中作宾语还是状语关键取决于定语从句中的谓语动词。必修二Unit 1限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句一.定语从句的种类 定语从句根据其与主句关系的密切程度，可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。二.定义 1.限制性定语从句：是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限制先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义，书写时不用逗号与主句分开。 Eg. Do you remember the teacher who tought us English in middle school? 2.非限制性定语从句：和主语的关系不是十分密切，它只是对先行词或主语做附加或补充性的说明，不起限制作用。如果去掉，主语的意思仍然清楚完整。这类定语从句在书写时，大多用逗号与主句分开。非限制性定语从句中的关系代词不能省略 Eg. He passed the exam,which surprised his parents.三.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 1.先行词不同 限制性定语从句的先行词只能是一个名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词或一句话 Eg. This is the best novel that I have ever read.The novel which I read last night,is very interesting.The novel is very interesting,which make me very glad. 2.关系词的使用情况有所不同 限制性定语从句中的关系代词，在从句中做宾语时可以省略。非限制性定语从句中所有关系词均不可省略that不能引导非限制性定语从句 Eg. I have a sister,who is a doctor.Unit 2一般将来时的被动时态一.基本结构 Shall/will + be + 过去分词二.基本用法 1.肯定式：shall/will+be+过去分词 2.否定式：shant/wont+be+过去分词 3.疑问式：Shall/Will +主语+be+过去分词三.一般将来时的其他常见的被动语态形式 1.be going to be done 常用来表示按计划或安排将要发生的被动动作 Eg. The old library is going to be pulled down tomorrow. 2.be to be done 表示按计划或安排就要发生的被动动作 Eg.The book is to be lublished next year. 表示“必须” 意思相当于 must或have to Eg.Your homework is to be handed in before Thursday.四.应注意的几个问题 1.短语动词变被动语态时不能漏掉介词或副词 Eg.The little girl will be looked afer by the old man. Time must be made good use of. 2.在含有双宾语的主动句变为被动语态时，应根据需要将其中的一个宾语变成被动句的主语，另一个宾语保留不变 Eg.My brother will give me a book. A book will be given to me (by my brother). I will be given a book by my brother. 3.主动句谓语动词带有复合宾语时，应将宾语变成被动的主语，而将宾语补足语保留不变（这时的宾补为主补） Eg.I saw her cross the street just now. She was seen to cross the street just now.带有不定式的感官动词（如hear,see,feel,watch等）和使役动词（如make,have,let等）在主动语态的句子中，省略了to而在变为被动语态时要加上to.Eg.Lucy heard him sing a song just now. He was heard to sing a song just now. 4.被动语态与“系动词+表语”的区别 被动语态表示动作、句子的主语表示动作的对象；“系动词+表语”，表示状态，过去分词相当于形容词 Eg.The door was locked by Tom.(被动语态) 门被Tom锁上了。 The door is locked now.(系动词+表语) 门是锁上的Unit 3现在完成时的被动语态一.结构：have/has+been+done二.用法： 1.表示到现在为止已经完成的某个被动的动作。表示动作已在说话之前发生，但对现在造成影响。 Eg.The room has already been cleaned. 房间已经被清扫干净了（现在不用清扫了） 2.表示过去已经开始持续到现在，也许还会持续下去的某个被动的动作，往往和表示一段时间的状语（如for,since等）或者so far,now,this week等，表示包括现在时间在内的状语连用，或用于“How long”句型中 Eg.How long has the machine been used? 三.注意 1.与一般过去时的被动语态的区别 一般过去时的被动语态所表示的动作和状态，与现在的情况没有联系；而现在完成时的被动语态则强调与现在的情况有联系 Eg.The road was built last year. 这条路是去年修成的The roas has been built. 这条路已经修好了 2.有些动词和动词短语没有被动形式happen,take place,belong to,die,arrive,be come,disppear等 Eg.Great changes have taken place in China since 1978. 3.非延续性动词（如borrow,buy,finish,marry,join等）构成的现在完成时的被动语态，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。若要表达相应的意思，则要改换动词或时态. buyhave Eg.How long has this dictianary been kept?Uhit 4现在进行时的被动语态一.基本结构：am/is/are+being+done二.用法 1.表示此时此刻正在进行的被动的动作 Eg.The car is being repaired at the garage. 2.表示现阶段正在进行的被动的动作 Eg.A modern school is being built in my hometown.三.现在进行时的被动语态应注意的问题 1.不可漏掉being. 若漏掉则成为一般现在时的被动语态，或系表结构 Eg.Look!The childen are being looked after by the teacher. The childen are looked after by the teacher.（一般现在时的被动） 2.可与部分情态动词连用，表示对正在发生的事情的推测 Eg.He may be being beaten by his father at the moment. 3.表示经常的被动动作，常和always连用，表示反复进行的被动动作。这种动词形式常用来表示赞扬或厌恶的感情色彩Eg.He is always being praised by the teacher, 4.某些表示“状态，心理活动，存在”等的动词，如“have,want,need,love”等，一般不用现在进行时的被动语态，而常用一般现在时的被动语态 Eg.Mr Li,you are wanted on the phone. 李先生，有你的电话。Unit 5 “介词+关系代词（which/whom）”引导的定语从句一.用法说明 “介词+which”只能指物；“介词+whom”只能指人。介词后关系代词不能省略。二.注意事项 1.介词的选用：一先，二动，三意义 一先（先行