不定式讲与练.doc

动 词 不 定 式动词不定式形式： 一般式完成式进行式完成进行式主 动to buildto have builtto be buildingto have been building 被 动to be buildto have been build动词不定式的主要用法：一、作主语 不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种： (1)把不定式置于句首。如： To get there by bike will take us half an hour. (2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： Itbe名词to do Its our duty to take good care of the old. It takes sb+some time+to do How long did it take you to finish the work? Itbe形容词for sbto do It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin. Itbe形容词of sbto do It is stupid of you to write down everything. It seems(appears)形容词to do It seemed impossible to save money. 二、作宾语 不定式作宾语 以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等 如： I decided to ask for my money back. 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后。主语动 词it补语to do句式。如： We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well. He feels it his duty to help the poor. 在介词but,except,besides+to do(do)中，如介词前有动词do的某种形式，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接带to不定式。如： The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in. On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV. 部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如：begin,continue,start, hate,like,love,need,require,want等。在need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式，如： Your handwriting needs improving /to be improved. 部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。 A、forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如： B、mean to do 打算做某事 mean doing 意味着 C、try to do 设法尽力做某事 try doing 尝试着做某事 D、stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事 stop doing 停止做某事 E、cant help doing 禁不住 cant help to do不能帮助干 F、go on to do 继续做不同的事 go on doing 继续不停地做同一事情 三、作表语 不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；(动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。) To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter. What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 四、作定语 不定式作定语 ， 不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如： The next train to arrive is from Washington. My wish to visit France has come true at last. Would you please give me some paper to write on?Have you anything to be taken to your sister? （主语不执行不定式的动作） Do you have anything to say on the question? （主语执行动词不定式的动作） 2.不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例The next train to arrive is from Washington.= The next train that will arrive is from Washington。 五、作补足语 作宾语补足语一些及物动词除要求接宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征。 及物动词+宾语+to do.(宾补) 常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow, ask, , advise, beg, drive（强迫），encourage, expect,forbid, force, get, would like(love,hate), order, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn, wish等. Would you like me to give your regards to Mary? I want you to understand the whole passage clearly. 部分动词后常接to be形容词、名词短语等形式，有时to be可省略，如：believe,consider, regard等， We all believe John(to be)honest. I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School. （但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：We consider him to have been foolish.） 感官动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to, 即：hear, listen to, see, watch, notice; let, make, have 等 +sb+do/doing. I didnt hear anyone say anything about it. They make the students do too much homework every day. （注：使役动词make、have、let用于被动语态时，省略的to要添上）如第句：The students are made to do too much homework every day. help,后面的宾补可带也可不带to。如： Would you please help me(to) fill in the taxform? 部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，常这样用的短语动词有：ask for, care for, call on, depend on, wait for, long for（渴望）prepare for等。如： You may depend on them to be there early. The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy. 作主语补足语 不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。（作主补和作宾补是一个原理）如： He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late. The young university student is considered to have great promise. 六 作状语 作目的状语 I stayed there to see what would happen. Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examined by the doctor. 有时为了强调，不定式前可加in order或so as，构成in order to和so as to。如： Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not to forget it. 在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。 We are glad to hear the news. I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well. 在部分形容词后接不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。如：The question raised by the student is difficult to answer. The room is really comfortable to live in. 常这样用的形容词有： comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。 作结果状语 We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy. 不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如： soas to; suchas to Im not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing. Im not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing. enoughtoThe speed is high enough for us to catch up with the first train. only toJane hurried back only to find her mother dying in the hospital. tootoIm too tired to stay up longer. 注：但在下列结构中，tooto并非是太而不能之意。如： Im only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太高兴了。We have too much to learn. 我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。 不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如： To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome. 常见的短语有to be exact（确切地说）to begin with（首先）to do him justice（说句对他公道的话），to be sure（真的）等等。 七、动词不定式的其它用法 疑问词不定式结构 疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如： When to leave for London has not been decided yet. Mr. Smith didnt know whether to leave or stay there. I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. The question was where to get the medicine needed. 动词不定式形式、语态 (1)形式 一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示同时发生。如： I hope to become a university student this year.（tobecome发生在hope之后） We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.（play和hear同时发生） 完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如： Im sorry to have kept you waiting. We are too young to have seen the old society. 进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如： The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when Icame in. They seemed to be discussing something important. (2)语态 Its a great honour to be invited to Marys birthday party.（不定式作主语） It was impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主语） I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作宾语） Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（不定式作定语） He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作状语） 在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动，（但一般用主动）。There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).There is nothing to do now. 在口语中，为避免重复，常用to代替不定式结构，有时甚至可以把to省略。如： Did you go to visit the Great Wall?No,I wanted to,but there wasnt enough time. Would you like to come to a party? Id love to. Dont make any mistakes in your homework,will you? Ill try not to. Try to be back by 12,wont you? OK,Ill try. 当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时，只在第一个不定式前加to。如： Its quite necessary for us to read more and have morepractice. to在下列短语中是介词，后接动名词或名词形式。如： devoteto（奉献于.），face up to（勇敢地面对），look forward to（盼望），object to（反对），take to（养成习惯，对感兴趣；开始从事某种活动），be used to（习惯于），get down to（着手做.），stick to(sth) 坚持，等等。 动词不定式练习1. - Can you ride a horse?- No, I never had the chance _. A. for learning it B. for learning how C. how to learn it D. to learn how2. Paul said, Give me a chair _. A. to sit B. sit C. sit on D. to sit on3. I ran too fast _ where I was going. A. to notice B. for me to notice C. to notice for me D. and notice4. - Have you enjoyed your visit here?- Yes, Ill be very sorry_ . A. for leaving B.of leaving C. to leave D. with leaving5. - Ill help you whenever you need me. - Good. Id like _me tomorrow. A. you helping B. that you will help C. you to help D. that you help6. - I didnt hear you come in last night.- Thats good. We tried_ noisy. A. not be B. not to be C. to be not D. to not be7. Because of air pollution being greatly reduced, this city is still _. A. a good place which to be lived in B. lived as a good place C. a good place to live in D. living in as a good place8. - Why was the official meeting called?- _ new officers. A. Select B. Selecting C. To select D. For selecting9. - Where did he go?- He went to another store _. A. to buy pencils B. for buying pencils C. buy pencils D. buying pencils10. - My baby has a heart trouble.- Did the doctor find it difficult _ ? A. in treating B. treating C. for treating D. to treat11. - Did the judge ask you many questions?- Yes, and _. A. they were difficult to be answered B. to answer them was to be difficult C. they were difficult to answer D. they had difficulty in answering12. That beggar seems _ anything yesterday.A. not to have eaten B. not to eat C. didnt eat D. to not have eaten13. The lost child desired nothing but _ home. A. go B. to go C. going . D. went14.That box is_. A. too heavy for me to carry B. too heavy for me to carry itC. so heavy for me to carry D. very heavy for me to carry15. Would you be _ to do me a favour, please? A. so kind as B. too kind C. as kind as D. enough kind16. To learn to speak English well,_.A. much practice is needed B. one needs much practice C. much practice is needed by one D. one is needed much practice17. Tom kept quiet about the accident _ lose his job. A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to18. Last summer I took a course on _ . A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be madeC. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made19. The house is not large enough _ . A. to live in B. to be lived in C. to live D. for living20. Nobody likes _. A. to speak ill of B. to be spoken ill of C. speaking ill of D. spoken ill of21. I know him _ a good football player while in college. A. to have been B. to be C. was D. had been22. I was surprised_. A. watching him to eat so quickly B. watch him eat so quicklyC. watching him eat so quickly D. to watch him eat so quickly23. Mr. White was seen _ the Palace Museum. A. enter B. to enter C. entered D. to entering24. I saw Mary _ the house.A. open the door and go into B. to open the door and to go intoC. open the door and to go into D. open the door and went into25. Paul does nothing but _ all day long. A. play B. to play C. playing D. played26. Now we could not do anything but _ for him here. A. waited B. waiting C. to wait D. wait27. I dont know her and I dont _ . A. want B. want to C. want it D. to want28. - Go to the theatre with me, will you?- I should like _, but I dont have time. A. to B. too C. to do D. to go to29. To play fair is as important as _. A. to play well B. play well C. we play well D. playing well30. It is the greatest happiness on earth _. A. loving and to be loved B. to love and being loved C. to love and to be loved D. love and be loved31. _ is better to love than _ . A. That, to be loved B. That, be loved C. It, be loved D. It, to be loved32. Its very foolish _ it? A. for you to say B. of you to say C. with you saying D. in your saying33. It _ me two hours to find your new house. A. cost B. took C. spent D. used34. We did not expect our offer _ so quickly. A. rejected B. to reject . C. to be rejected D. rejecting35. He told her _ there at once. A. get B. gets C. should get D. to get36. We all think it most foolish _ this mistake.A. for you making B. of you to make C. you to make D. for you to make37. I really dont know _ . A. to swim B. how to swim C. to swim how D. how swim38. - What do you think about English?- Its a difficult language _. A. speaking B. to be spoken C. to speak D. spoken39. When I went out it happened _.A. to rain B. rain C. to be raining D. raining40. I felt it an honor _ to speak here.A. asking B. having asked C. to ask D. to be asked41. Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you wouldnt have time to _ before the party.A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change42. My advisor encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skills.A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take43. I dont know whether you happen _, but Im going to study in the USA this September. A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard44. The final examination is coming up soon. Its time for us to _ our studies. A. get down to B. get out C. get back for D. get over45. The flu is believed _ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused46. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _ the film stars had left. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told47. It seems that he has no pen _. A. to write B. to write with C. writing D. writing with48. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role _ in making the earth a better place to live.A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing49. The teacher asked us _ so much noise. A. dont make B. not make C. not making D. not to make50. The patient was warned _oily food after the operation.A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating51. We agree _here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met52. Hurry up, he is sure _ for us. A. to wait B. to be waiting C. waiting D. being waited53. At the shopping-centre, he didnt know what _ and _ with an empty bag.A. to buy; leave B. to be bought; left C. to buy; left D. was to buy; leave54. She made a candle _ us light.A. give B. gave C. to give D. given55. Where should I send my form? The Personnel Office is the place _.A. for sending it B. to send it to C. to send D. to send it56. Its necessary _ some English grammar.A. for us students to learn B. for we students to learnC. of us students to learn D. for our students learning57. _ kind to the enemy is _ cruel to the people.A. Be; be B. To be; to be C. To be; being D. Being; to be58. No matter how busy he is, he _ at least 15 minutes a day.A. makes a rule read B. makes a rule reading C. makes it a rule read D. makes it a rule to read59. If Mary doesnt come to work on time, she may be fired. Surely she is not so foolish _ it.A. as not to realize B. not as to realizeC. that she didnt realize D. as not realizing60. I ought to _ him the news, but I forgot to do so.A. remember to tell B. remember telling C. have remembered to tell D. have remembered telling61. I _ you the exciting news, but you were not at home.A. meant telling B. meant to tell C. meant to having told D. meant to telling62. Tom kept quiet about the accident _ lose his job.A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to63. My friend, David, was not used _ by air, so he felt unwell.A. to travel B. to traveling C. traveling D. travel64. John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment. A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing 65. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 66. Therere so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind _ to buy. A. what B. which C. how D. where 67. There isnt any difference between the two. I really dont know _. A. where to chooseB. which to choose C. to choose what D. to choose which 68. “ Have you decided when _?” “ Yes, tomorrow morning.” A. to leaveB. to be leaving C. will you leaveD. are you leaving 69. Though he had often made his little sister _, today h