建筑英语unit3.doc

Unit 3 Architectural StylesText ANew Words:l Affirm v. 证实assert strongly ; state as a factl Elliptical a. 椭圆形的relating to or having the form of an ellipse or ellipsisl Installation n. 装置，设备the act or an instance of installingl Sustaining a. 用以支撑的support , bear the weight ofl Attest to 证明，表面be evidence ofl Diverging a. 分散的，分开的proceed in a different direction or in different directions from a pointl Pope n. 教皇the Bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Churchl Terminate v. 结尾bring or come to an endl Liturgy n. 礼拜仪式a form of public worshipl Sheer a. 纯粹的no more or less than ; mere , unqualified , absolutel Symmetry n. 对称correct proportion of the parts of a thing ; balance , harmonyl Theatricality n. 夸张，做作an artificial and mannered qualityl Divine adj. 神的 emanating from God l Preeminent adj. 卓越的greatest in importance or degree or significance or achievement l unification n. 合一 ，联合the state of being joined or united or linked l Papal adj. 教皇的proceeding from or ordered by or subject to a pope or the papacy regarded as the successor of the Apostles l Undulating adj. 呈波浪形的moving like waves rising and falling l Patronage n. 资助，赞助the act of providing approval and support l Unprecedented adj. 无前例的，前所未闻的having no precedent l expatriate adj. 生活在国外的，被流放的someone living in a country which is not their own Architectural terms:l faade n.（建筑物的）正面the face or front of a building l colonnade n. 列柱，柱廊a structure composed of a series of arches supported by columns l Colossal a. (柱型) 高大的extremely large.l Tuscan a. 托斯卡纳柱形的（古罗马建筑中的一种柱子的式样）a kind of ancient Roman column styles.l Piazza n. (尤指意大利等城市中的)露天广场is a city square in Italy , Malta , along the Dalmatian coast and in surrounding regions.l Fresco n. 湿壁画is any of several related mural painting types, done on plaster on walls or ceilings.l Obelisk n. 方尖碑is a tall, narrow, four-sided, tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape at the top.Proper names：l Protestant 新教徒 Protestantism is one of the three major divisions (Catholicism, Orthodoxy, and Protestantism) within Christianity. It is a movement that began in northern Europe in the early 16th century as a reaction against medieval Roman Catholic doctrines and practices. l Russian Orthodox 俄罗斯东正教 a body of Christians who constitute an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church under the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Moscow, in communion with the other Eastern Orthodox Churches.l Francesco Borromini 弗朗切斯科博罗米尼（1599- 1677，意大利建筑家）was an architect from Ticino who, with his contemporaries, Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Pietro da Cortona, was a leading figure in the emergence of Roman Baroque architecture.l Guarino Guarini 加里诺加里尼(1624 1683，意大利建筑家) was an Italian architect of the Piedmontese Baroque, active not only in Turin but also in other European sites including Sicily, France, and Portugal.l Balthasar Neumann 约翰巴塔萨纽曼(1687 1753，德国建筑师) was an ethnic German military artillery engineer and architect who developed a refined brand of Baroque architecture, fusing Austrian, Bohemian, Italian, and French elements to design some of the most impressive buildings of the period, including the Wrzburg Residence and the Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers.l Carlo Maderno 卡罗玛丹诺(1556 1629，意大利建筑师，以巴洛克风格著称) was an Italian-Swiss architect , who is remembered as one of the fathers of Baroque architecture. His faades of Santa Susanna, St. Peters Basilica and SantAndrea della Valle were of key importance in the evolution of the Italian Baroque. He is often referred to as the brother of sculptor Stefano Maderno, but this is not universally agreed upon.l Carracci 卡拉奇画派（他们的作品影响并导致巴洛克式艺术过渡期的风格主义的变革）family of Bolognese painters, including Agostino (1557-1602), his brother Annibale (1560-1609), and their cousin Lodovico (1555-1619). Their works and influence led a reform of Mannerism that provided a transition to the baroque style.l Caravaggio 米开朗琪罗卡拉瓦乔 was an Italian artist active in Rome, Naples, Malta, and Sicily between 1593 and 1610. His paintings, which combine a realistic observation of the human state, both physical and emotional, with a dramatic use of lighting, had a formative influence on the Baroque school of painting. l Da Cortona 达科托纳（意大利建筑师、画家、巴洛克艺术的倡导者）was a prolific artist and architect of High Baroque. Cortona is best known for painting fresco ceilings, a pursuit in which he had ample competition in the Rome of his day, but he was equally adept and masterful with architectural design. While an influential contemporary and peer of the giants of the Roman Baroque, his present fame, somewhat undeservedly, does not match the reverence awarded the likes of Caravaggio, Bernini, and Borromini.l Poussin 尼古拉斯普珊（15941665，法国画家）was a French painter in the classical style. His work predominantly features clarity, logic, and order, and favors line over color. His work serves as an alternative to the dominant Baroque style of the 17th century. Until the 20th century he remained the major inspiration for such classically-oriented artists as Jacques-Louis David, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres and Paul Czanne.l Claude Lorrain 克劳德洛兰（16001682，法国风景画家，开创表现大自然诗情画意新风格）was an artist of the Baroque era who was active in Italy, and is admired for his achievements in landscape painting.l Rembrandt 伦勃朗 (16091669，荷兰著名画家，以肖像画著名) was a Dutch painter and etcher. He is generally considered one of the greatest painters and printmakers in European art history and the most important in Dutch history.2 His contributions to art came in a period that historians call the Dutch Golden Age.l Rubens彼得保罗鲁本斯 (1577 1640，比利时画家，巴洛克艺术代表) was a prolific seventeenth-century Flemish Baroque painter, and a proponent of an extravagant Baroque style that emphasized movement, color, and sensuality. He is well-known for his Counter-Reformation altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and history paintings of mythological and allegorical subjects.l Velzquez 韦拉兹奎兹（15991660，西班牙画家，画风写实）was a Spanish painter who was the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV. He was an individualistic artist of the contemporary Baroque period, important as a portrait artist. In addition to numerous renditions of scenes of historical and cultural significance, he painted scores of portraits of the Spanish royal family, other notable European figures, and commoners, culminating in the production of his masterpiece Las Meninas.l Anthony van Dyck 安东尼凡戴克(1599 1641，比利时画家) was a Flemish Baroque artist who became the leading court painter in England. He is most famous for his portraits of King Charles I of England and Scotland and his family and court, painted with a relaxed elegance that was to be the dominant influence on English portrait-painting for the next 150 years. He also painted biblical and mythological subjects, displayed outstanding facility as a draftsman, and was an important innovator in watercolour and etching.l Tiepolo Giovanni Battista Tiepolo 乔尼瓦巴蒂斯特泰波罗(March 5, 1696 March 27, 1770) was an Italian painter and printmaker from the Republic of Venice. He was prolific, and worked not only in Italy, but also in Germany and Spain.l Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach 约翰伯恩哈德菲歇尔冯厄拉策(20 July 1656 5 April 1723) was probably the most influential Austrian architect of the Baroque period. Architectural tastes throughout the Habsburg Empire were profoundly influenced by his ideas, as articulated in A Plan of Civil and Historical Architecture (1721), one of the first and most popular comparative studies of world architecture.Text BNew words:l Antiquity n. 古迹，古物a building, ruin, or work of art from the ancient world, especially from ancient Rome and Greece.l Pristine a. 原始状态的，本来的fresh, clean and undamaged.l Archaeologist n. 考古学家the experts who devoted into the study of ancient times by examining the buried remains of buildings and tools. .l Ethos n. 社会（或民族等）的精神物质the typical values, ideas, and beliefs of a certain group of people.l Extoll v. 赞美，颂扬to praise someone or something very highly.l Jasperware n. 碧玉细炻器 is a type of stoneware, noted for its matte finish and produced in a number of different colorsl Stately a. 庄严的，宏伟的grand, graceful and rather formall Porcelain n. 瓷器，瓷a thin shiny substance made of baked clay which is used to make fine quality cups and dishesl Opulence n. 豪华，富裕very wealthy and expensivel Tapestry n. 织棉，挂毯heavy cloth onto which a picture is sewn or wovenl Mammoth a. 巨大的very largel Emulate v. 仿效to copy someones good behavior or successArchitectural terms:Etching n. 蚀刻版画，蚀刻术a kind of picture which is drawn by cutting lines on a mental plate with a needle and acidPortico n. （有原著的）门廊，柱廊a grand entrance to a building, consisting of a roof supported by pillarsUnadorned a. 未装饰的，朴实的simple, plainCeramics n. 制陶术， 制陶业objects produced by shaping bits of clay and baking them until they are hardRotunda n. 圆柱建筑， 圆形大厅a kind of architecture of cylinderProper names：l Herculaneum 海格力古城(in modern Italian Ercolano) was an ancient Roman town destroyed by volcanic pyroclastic flows AD 79, located in the territory of the current commune of Ercolano, in the Italian region of Campania in the shadow of Mt. Vesuvius. It is most famous for having been lost, along with Pompeii, Stabiae and Oplontis, in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius beginning on August 24, AD 79, which buried them in superheated pyroclastic material that has solidified into volcanic tuff. It also became famous as the source of the first Roman skeletal and physical remains available for study that were located by science, for the Romans almost universally burned their dead. Since the discovery of bones in 1981, some 300 skeletons have been found, most along the sea shore the town itself having been effectively evacuated. Herculaneum was a smaller town with a wealthier population than Pompeii at the time of the destruction.l Pompeii庞培古城 The city of Pompeii is a partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples in the Italian region of Campania, in the territory of the comune of Pompei. Along with Herculaneum, its sister city, Pompeii was destroyed and completely buried during a long catastrophic eruption of the volcano Mount Vesuvius spanning two days in 79 AD. The eruption buried Pompeii under 4 to 6 meters of ash and pumice, and it was lost for over 1,500 years before its accidental rediscovery in 1599. Since then, its excavation has provided an extraordinarily detailed insight into the life of a city at the height of the Roman Empire. Today, this UNESCO World Heritage Site is one of the most popular tourist attractions of Italy, with approximately 2,500,000 visitors every year. l James Stuart 詹姆士斯图亚特(1713 2 February 1788) an English archaeologist, architect and artist best known for his central role in pioneering Neoclassicism. l Nicholas Revett尼古拉斯利维特(17201804) was a Suffolk gentleman and amateur architect and artist.He is best known for his famous work with James Stuart (1713-1788) documenting the ruins of ancient Athens. Its illustrations compose 5 folio volumes and include 368 etched and engraved plates, plans and maps drawn at scale. They were the first of their kind in studies of ancient Greece. l Elgin Marbles 埃尔金大理石雕The Parthenon Marbles, known also as the Elgin Marbles (pronounced /ln/, with a hard “g”), are a collection of classical Greek marble sculptures (mostly by Phidias and his pupils), inscriptions and architectural members that originally were part of the Parthenon and other buildings on the Acropolis of Athens. Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 17991803, had obtained a controversial permission from the Ottoman authorities to remove pieces from the Acropolis.From 1801 to 1812 Elgins agents removed about half of the surviving sculptures of the Parthenon, as well as architectural members and sculpture from the Propylaea and Erechtheum. The Marbles were transported by sea to Britain. In Britain, the acquisition of the collection was supported by some, while other critics compared Elgins actions to vandalism or looting. l Following a public debate in Parliament and subsequent exoneration of Elgins actions, the marbles were purchased by the British government in 1816 and placed on display in the British Museum, where they stand now on view in the purpose-built Duveen Gallery. The debate continues as to whether the Marbles should remain in the British Museum or be returned to Athens.l Johann Winckelmann 约翰温科尔曼Johann Joachim Winckelmann (December 9, 1717 June 8, 1768), a German art historian and archaeologist, was a pioneering Hellenist who first articulated the difference between Greek, Greco-Roman and Roman art. The prophet and founding hero of modern archaeology, Winckelmann was one of the founders of scientific archaeology and first applied the categories of style on a large, systematic basis to the history of art. Many consider him the father of the discipline of art history. His would be the decisive influence on the rise of the neoclassical movement during the late 18th century. His writings influenced not only a new science of archaeology and art history but Western painting, sculpture, literature and even philosophy. Winckelmanns History of Ancient Art (1764) was one of the first books written in German to become a classic of European literature. His subsequent influence on Lessing, Herder, Goethe, Hlderlin, Heine, Nietzsche, George, and Spengler has been provocatively called the Tyranny of Greece over Germany. l Giovanni Battista Piranesi乔尼瓦巴蒂斯特皮兰尼西(4 October 1720 9 November 1778) was an Italian artist famous for his etchings of Rome and of fictitious and atmospheric prisons l Robert Adam 罗伯特亚当(3 July 1728 3 March 1792) was a Scottish neoclassical architect, interior designer and furniture designer. He was the son of William Adam (16891748), Scotlands foremost architect of the time, and trained under him. With his older brother John, Robert took on the family business, which included lucrative work for the Board of Ordnance, after Williams death.In 1754 he left for Rome, spending nearly five years on the continent studying architecture under Charles-Louis Clrisseau and Giovanni Battista Piranesi. On his return to Britain he established a practice in London, where he was joined by his younger brother James. Here he developed the Adam Style, and his theory of movement in architecture, based on his studies of antiquity and became one of the most successful and fashionable architects in the country. Adam held the post of Architect of the Kings Works from 1761 to 1769.Robert Adam was leader of the first phase of the classical revival in England and Scotland from around 1760 until his death.2 He influenced the development of Western architecture, both in Europe and in North America. Adam was not content with providing houses for his clients but very ready to design the fittings and accessories as well.l Syon House 西昂之宅with its 200-acre (80 hectare/800,000 m) park, is situated in west London, England. It belongs to the Duke of Northumberland and is now his familys London residence. The familys traditional central London residence was Northumberland House.l Osterley Park奥斯特雷公园is a mansion set in a large park of the same name. It is in the London Borough of Hounslow, part of the western suburbs of London. When the house was built it was surrounded by rural countryside. It was one of a group of large houses close to London which served as country retreats for wealthy families, but were not true country houses on large agricultural estates. Other surviving country retreats of this type near London include Syon House and Chiswick House. The park is one of the largest open spaces in west London, though it is marred by the presence of the M4 motorway, which cuts across the middle of it.l Claude Nicholas Ledoux克劳德尼古拉斯雷多(March 21, 1736 November 18, 1806) was one of the earliest exponents of French Neoclassical architecture. He used his knowledge of architectural theory to design not only in domestic architecture but town planning; as a consequence of his visionary plan for the Ideal City of Chaux, he became known as a utopian. His greatest works were funded by the French monarchy and came to be perceived as symbols of the Ancien Rgime rather than Utopia. The French Revolution hampered his career; much of his work was destroyed in the nineteenth century. In 1804 he published a collection of his designs under the title Architecture considered in relation to art, morals, and legislation. In this book he took the opportunity of revising his earlier designs, making them more rigorously neoclassical and up-to-date. This revision has distorted an accurate assessment of his role in the evolution of Neoclassical architecture. His most ambitious work was the uncompleted Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans, an idealistic and visionary town showing many examples of architecture parlante. Conversely his works and commissions also included the more mundane and everyday architecture such as approximately sixty elaborate toll gates in the Wall of the Farmers-General around Paris.l Comtesse du Barry巴里伯爵夫人Jeanne Bcu, comtesse du Barry (19 August 1743 8 December 1793) was the last Matresse-en-titre of Louis XV of France and one of the victims of the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution. l Louveciennes 卢维谢纳（法国城市）is a commune in the Yvelines department in the le-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the western suburbs of Paris, between Versailles and Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and adjacent to Marly-le-Roi.l Carrousel du louvre 罗浮宫旋转木马is one of the worlds largest museums, the most visited art museum in the world and a historic monument. A central landmark of Paris