考研英语语法总结.doc

一、 虚拟语气在状语从句中的运用虚拟语气在状语从句中的运用除了可以表示条件外，还可以表示比较、结果、目的等。虚拟语气用于表示条件的状语从句中，一般称为虚拟条件句。根据时间的不同，虚拟条件句中谓语动词时态的变化可能有三种形式，即现在、过去和将来。If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadlyby outlook, values, education, and class.(2001年 TEXT1)这是一个含有条件状语从句的复合句。If it did是条件状语从句。主句中主语是it;谓语动词有两个，分别是would open up.和look for.。这是一个与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，从句用一般过去时，主句用would+动词原形open up和look for。参考译文：如果它能注意这个问题的话，它就会拓展其雇员多样化项目，而目前的项目只单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工，去雇佣那些在世界观、价值观、教育背景及社会阶层方面各不相同的记者。二、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用虚拟语气除了用作状语从句中外，还可以用作主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等名词性从中。第一， 虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用当it作形式主语，后面用形容词作表语，即在it is + adj.这样的句型中，当描述主语的表语形容词是advisable，critical，crucial，desirable，essential，imperative，important，incredible，inevitable，necessary，recommend，strange，urgent等形容词时，主语从句的谓语动词多用虚拟语气，如果是现在时，谓语动词用should/would +动词原形(should/would经常省略);如果是过去时，则用should/would + have done的形式。It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably，the retreat from predominance proved painful.这是一个含有主语从句的复合句。句首的It是形式主语，真正主语是that从句，该主语从句使用了虚拟语气should+完成时。(2000年 TEXT1)参考译文：随着其他国家日益富裕，美国的这一优势地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。惟其不可避免，从优势地位上退出愈发痛苦不堪。第二， 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用表示“建议、请求、命令、要求”等主观意向的词(如：suggest、advise、assume、decide、demand、desire、insist、propose、order、recommend、require、suggest)，引导宾语从句时需用虚拟语气。虚拟语气中的格式很固定：谓语动词用should+动词原形，should可以省略。注意这种句型中的虚拟语气形式不受主句动词时态的影响。Theories concerning on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interactions with others.(2004 CLOSE)此句是个含有一个宾语从句、两个原因状语从句的复合句。suggest是主句谓语，Suggest后面的宾语从句中的谓语动词engage in前面省略了should.参考译文：关于个体研究的理论认为，孩子们从事犯罪活动是因为以前他们做错事情时对他们的惩罚力度不够，或是因为他们通过与其他人的交往学会了犯罪。第三， 虚拟语气在同位语从句中的运用名词advice、assumption、decision、demand、desire、insistence、order、proposal、requirement、recommendation、suggestion后面若有同位语从句，从句的谓语动词也应使用虚拟语气的形式。Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”，with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. (2005年 TEXT1)这是个含有同位语从句的复合句。that引导的同位语从句的谓语动词由would+动词原形be构成。参考译文：这样的行为被认为“完全是人类独有的特点”，其潜在的含义是其它动物没有这种敏锐的委屈感。第四，虚拟语气在表语从句中的运用与同位语从句一样，若主语是某些特定动词的同根名词(参考上一部分同位语从句)，要在它后面的表语从句要用虚拟式。Another decision is whether the school should be one of the vast majority financed by the State or one of the very small but influential minority of private schools，though this choice is，of course，only available to the small number of those who can pay. (英语专业四级考试01年Text D)这是个含有表语从句的复合句。主语是another decision;谓语是is;whetheror是表语从句，其中谓语动词由should+动词原形be构成。参考译文：另一个要做出的决定是：应该选择一所占绝大多数的国立学校呢，还是选择一所数量虽小却有影响力的私立学校呢，当然，只有少数有支付能力的人才有这种选择的权利。英语书信模板1， 建议信Dear_,I am quite delighted to learn that_写信的原因.according to my point of view,表述建议内容.On the one hand,提出建议的理由一. On the other hand,建议的理由二,With regard to 具体到某一方面的建议, I suggest建议的具体内容. If 供被建议人的选择.it is unnecessary for you to建议内容的另一方面. What is more, 其它的建议. I am sure对建议内容所作的承诺.Please inform me期望被建议人作出的回应.Sincerely yours,Signature2， 投诉、批评、抱怨信Dear_,I am写信人的身份. I venture to write you a letter concerning抱怨的内容.The focal point of the complaint is抱怨的中心点.for one thing,抱怨内容的一个方面.for another,_抱怨内容的另一个方面_.honestly speaking,客观的评论.but抱怨产生的原因.All in all, there is still much room for improvement. Before I take any further action, it is my hope表达本人的愿望.Thank you for your time and kind consideration.Sincerely yours,signature3， 道歉信Dear _,I am tremendously sorry to tell you that阐述道歉的理由.now, I am writing you this letter of apology to show my deep regret. please accept my sincere apology. I hope you will understand me and excuse me for请求对方给予原谅的理由.The reason for my absence was due to 造成过失的原因. I had no way out because自己当时的处境和情况. Therefore it is not in my power to过失产生的结果.Naturally, I want to suggest建议下次再实现的愿望. I shall be obliged if you商定下次见面的时间和地点. We may meet again and I hope to see you soon.Sincerely yours,Signature.4， 感谢信Dear_,I am now writing these few lines to express my sincere thanks for感谢的原因.I would like to know how much your对方所给予的帮助等meant to me. you have a positive genius for对收信人某方面的赞誉.I not only enjoyed对收信人给予帮助等的反应一,but also对收信人给予帮助等的反应二.I shall ever remember _as one of the most_ in my life.I hope to have the opportunity of reciprocating. I will feel very honored and pleased if you表达自己回报的心愿.I am looking forward to seeing you next time!I repeat my thanks again for your_. please give my kind regards to your_.Yours truly,signature5， 求职申请信Dear_,I am applying for the position of想申请的职务 advertised in_. I major in所学的专业,my training in所接受过的培训definitely meets your qualifications. my complete resume is attached.I will graduate in毕业时间from毕业院校.in addition to the required courses of my major, I have选修课程. I also have some experience in社会工作经验.May I have a personal interview at your convenience? I can be reached by telephone联系方式.Sincerely yours,signature6， 祝贺信Dear_,I have learnt with delight that you祝贺的理由, I would like to extend to you my utmost congratulations on被祝贺人所取得的成就. You must be祝贺他很棒. And I feel very happy for you.被祝贺人所取得的成绩is quite exciting news! I know this is surely owing to 被祝贺人做出的努力.Kindly let me know when you询问对方何时有空.I hope表达愿望my best wishes for your_.Sincerely yours,Signature7， 邀请信Dear_开门见山提出事件活动，地点，时间，It would be pleasant/honored to have you here.During the party time/conference, we will have lots of activities/points you will be interested in. First,举行活动之一.second举行活动之二.I know/believe you will be very interested in对这次活动感兴趣.first/for one thing,受邀请人参加的理由之一.second/for another, 受邀请人参加的理由之二.the conference/the party would not be complete without you.The party/conference will begin at举行时间and we do hope you can come.Sincerely yours,signature8， 推荐信Dear_,It affords me much pleasure to recommend所要推荐的人to you. during his/her graduate years he/she was被推荐人在学校担任的职务. As his/her和被推荐人的关系I found him/he被推荐人的优点his/her performance in the school years was outstanding. first, he/she had been优点之一and showed great talents in优点表现的方面.in addition, he/she has a very pleasant personality. He/she has developed a strong sense of被推荐人的性格特征,and working with him/her is always和被推荐人一起时候的感觉.I can state that he/she has all the qualities of being所具备的特征.Therefore, I here recommend him/her to you w