英语考级基本语法重难点.doc

此文档收集于网络，如有侵权，请联系网站删除语态窗体顶端英语中语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。 语态的作用：语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语之间的关系。 语态的选用：如果主语是动作的执行者，谓语用主动语态。 例如：We clean the room every day. 如果主语是动作的承受者，或者说是动作的对象，谓语则是要用被动语态。 例如：The room is cleaned every day. 被动语态的各种形式 以ask 为例列表如下： 时态 方式 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 现 在 Amisaskedare amis being askedare has / have been asked过去 was / were asked was / were being asked had been asked将来shall / will be askedshall / will have been asked过去将来 should / would be askedshould / would have been asked将来完成时和过去完成时的被动语态形式实际上很少使用。将来进行时态和完成进行时态都没有被动语态形式。如果这些结构要变为被动语态，可以用完成时态或一般时态。 例 1.A）We have been discussing the problem for two days.B）The problem has been discussed for two days.我们讨论这个问题已经两天了。 例 2.A）We shall be discussing it tomorrow.B）It will be discussed tomorrow.动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考，需要注意以下考点。考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和词组come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeedIt took place before liberation. 考点二：下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用。lock ( 锁 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 卖 ); read ( 读 ); wear ( 穿 ); blame (责备)；ride (乘坐)； write ( 写 )；Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。考点三：一些常用经典被动句型：Itbe过去分词that从句，或主语be过去分词to do sth.It is said, It is reported, It is widely believed， It is expected, It is estimated,这些句子一般翻译为“据说”，“人们认为”，而 “以前人们认为” 则应该说：It was believed, It was thought【例如】 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.The boy is said to have passed the national exam. It was reported that 60% students in the university had passed CET-6.60% students in the university were reported to have passed CET-6.考点四：特殊的被动结构 1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词be过去分词。 【例如】The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. This instrument must be handled with great care. In this sense, bad things can be turned into good things.2)有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。 【例如】 The delegation was given a warm send-off at the airport. He was asked a number of questions at the press conference. Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparation.3)当“动词+宾语+宾语补语”结构变为被动语态时，原句中的宾语补语成为主语补语。能用这种结构的动词有：declare, call, consider, elect, appoint, nominate, find, leave, like, make, prefer, think, want等。 【例如】 She was nominated a member of the council. Professor Smith was appointed the head of the Philosophy Department.4)在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to.【例如】 A stranger was seen to walks into the building. She was made to clean the floor.5) 非谓语动词的被动语态(不定式、动名词和分词)非谓语动词的各种形式也有被动语态，一般常用的是一般体和完成体的被动语态，如下表： 非谓语动词 被动语态形式 一般 不定式 to be done动名词 being done现在分词 being done完成 不定式 to have been done动名词 having been done现在分词 having been done例如: It is a great honor for him to have been elected a model worker. (不定式完成体的被动语态)This new teaching method has the advantage of shaving been tried a number of times by experienced teachers. (动名词完成体的被动语态)时态窗体顶端汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，而英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9种，而且重点测试完成时态。要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。1、一般现在时主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语；表示客观规律和永恒真理等。He usually goes to work at 7 oclock every morning.The earth goes around the sun.Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day;条件：if, unless, provided.If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.考点三：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter 宾语从句，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。So long as he works hard, I dont mind when he finishes the experiment.只要他努力工作，我不介意他什么时候做完试验。考点四：在the more the more (越越) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。The harder you study, the better results you will get.2、现在进行时表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。We are having English class.The house is being built these days.The little boy is always making trouble. 考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。Look out when you are crossing the street. Dont wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.考点二：表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。Marry is leaving on Friday.3、现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点They have lived in Beijing for five years.They have lived in Beijing since 1995.考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days, Has it stopped raining yet ? 考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等考点四：表示“第几次做某事，”或在“It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词that”后面跟现在完成时。This is my first time that I have visited China. This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.That is the only book that he has written.4一般过去时表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, 注意：考点一：used to + do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词原形。be/become/get used to + doing，表示习惯于He used to smoke a lot.He has got used to getting up early.考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise 5. 过去进行时表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.What were you doing at nine last night?6. 过去完成时表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till ) There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.By the end of last term we had finished the book.They finished earlier than we had expected.考点一：用于hardly/scarcely.when; no sooner .than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. （注意主谓倒装）考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.It was 3 years since we had parted。考点三：动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。I had hoped that I could do the job.I had intended to see you but I was too busy.7. 一般将来时表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达5种。Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中：We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.（主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。）考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.考点三：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。Use your head and you will find a way.考点四：“am (is, are) going to + 动词原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。“am (is, are) about to + 动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。“am (is, are) to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。They are to be married in this May.8、将来进行时表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。Ill be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.9、将来完成时表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 oclock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time, before或when等引导的副词从句。By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.虚拟语气窗体顶端虚拟语气是一项语法难点，为了让学员们便于理解与记忆，我们把虚拟语气分成三大块来讨论：1名词从句中的虚拟语气标志词+should+动词原形2条件从句中的虚拟语气 三种基本态 倒装虚拟句 混时虚拟句 含蓄虚拟句 跳层虚拟句3其它情形中的虚拟语气（wish/would rather/Its high time/If only/lest） 三种基本形态（1）表虚拟的时间 if从句谓语形式主句谓语形式现在：did / were would (should, might, could)+do 过去：had done/ had been would (should/might/could)+have done(been) 将来：were to/ should+do would (should, might, could)+do 三种基本形态（2）（这是基础，建议牢记下面的例句，争取能脱口而出）与现在事实相反：If I had enough money, I would buy a book.与过去事实相反：If I had had enough money, I would have bought a book. 与将来事实相反：If I were to have enough money, I would buy a book. If I should have enough money, I would buy a book. 二、倒装虚拟句（只能与过去/将来事实相反，省去if，只有三种倒装形式）Had I had enough money, I would have bought a book. Were I to have enough money, I would buy a book. Should I have enough money, I would buy a book. 三、混合时间虚拟语气（主要是抓住时间状语）(对过去事实虚拟+对现在事实虚拟) If I had studied English at school, I could read the English novel now. (对现在事实虚拟+对过去事实虚拟) If she were not so careless, she wouldnt have made such a mistake. 四、含蓄虚拟句（在四级考试中目前还未出现此考点，但在阅读中常见）What would I have done without you? But for their help, I would not have finished the task. But that the doctor arrived on time that day, they would have been dead. Given more time, I would have been able to finish the test. 五、跳层虚拟句(即句子一半为虚拟，另一半为陈述语气；but前句用虚拟而or/otherwise后句用虚拟） (but) He would put on weight, but he doesnt eat much. (与现在事实相反) He would have put on weight, but he didnt eat much. (与过去事实相反) (or, or else, otherwise) I forget where I read the article, or I would show it to you now. (与现在相反)Mary couldnt have received my letter, otherwise she would have replied before now. (与过去相反)六、名词从句虚拟语气(1) ask, advise, beg, command, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, require, recommend, request, suggest, urge等表示命令、要求、建议等含义的动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用(should)+动词原形, eg. I suggest / suggested that we (should) go tomorrow.名词从句虚拟语气(2) It is +(形容词/过去分词/特定名词)+that的从句中，形容词主要是表示令人吃惊的、重要的、必要的、关键的等词汇。形容词：astonishing, amazing, advisable, appropriate, crucial, desirable, essential, important, imperative, keen, necessary, natural, normal, odd, proper, preferable, strange, sorry, shocked, surprising, urgent, unusual, vital等。名词从句虚拟语气(3) 过去分词：decided, desired, demanded, ordered, requested, recommended, suggested等;名词：advice, decision, desire, demand, suggestion, motion, pray, resolution, wish, preference, proposal, recommendation, requirement, idea, order等七、其它虚拟语气Wish I wish I knew the answer.(与现在事实相反)I wish I had known the answer. (与过去事实相反) I wish you would shut up. (与将来事实相反) if onlyIf only I were taller. (与现在事实相反) If only he had followed your advice! (与过去事实相反) If only the rain would stop. (与将来事实相反) It is (high/about) time It is time you thought about your future. would rather I would rather you didnt speak rudely to her. (与现在事实相反) Id rather you hadnt spoken rudely to her. (与过去事实相反) Lest, in case, for fear that（引导的是目的状语从句，(should)+动词原形）eg. He took his umbrella lest it should rain. 大学英语虚拟语气考题总结:答案的特征1.(should)+动词原形(一般式/被动式/否定式)记住信号词（名词，动词，形容词，分词等）以及lest.2. 一般过去时：wish/If only/would rather/Its time (high/about) that. 3.基本形式（主要考与过去和将来相反的虚拟语气）,特别注意时间状语(混合时间虚拟) 4.倒装的两个时间：与过去，与将来相反；三个形式(Had/Were/Should)提前大写，if省去；5.but/or/or else/otherwise(跳层虚拟语气)情态动词窗体顶端情态动词的测试要点：1）情态动词的基本用法: 情态动词的使用主要根据其所表达的含义2）情态动词 + 动词的完成形式的用法。3）情态动词的推测性用法。在情态动词的推测性用法中，must, can, may, might, could各用于不同的句型，应注意分辨。对事情的把握由强到弱顺序为mustcancouldmaymight 具体使用规律为：must只用于肯定句中。can/could不能用于肯定句中。may/might不能用于疑问句中。另外还应注意cant表示不可能，may not表示可能不。考试时，如果有原因说明自己的猜测，一般应该must, cant用而不是may, may not。如：He cant have stolen the money; he is not such kind of person.Some pleasant thing must have happened to him. He is so excited.注意推测性用法中谓语动词发生的时间。如果推测的为过去的事情，情态动词后则用完成形式。There must have been no one in, for nobody answered the phone.如果推测的是正在进行的事情，情态动词后则用动词的进行形式。They must be talking about something very secret.如果推测的是现在的状态等，情态动词后则用原形动词He must be badly ill. He looks so pale.如果推测的是将来发生的事情，情态动词后同样用原形动词，这时，情态动词只能是may/might。There may be a terrible storm in the following few days.4）注意情态动词+动词的完成形式所表达的意思与题干意思是否相符。其它情态动词+ 动词的完成形式并不表示推测，而分别表示：could have done本来能够He didnt take part in the competition, he _ though.A. won B. didnt win C. could win D. could have wonneednt have done 本来没不要You _. There was plenty of time.A. neednt hurry B. cant hurryC. mustnt have hurried D. neednt have hurriedshould/ought to have done 本来应该You _ me earlier. I could have helped you.A. should tell me B. should have toldC. need to tell D. neednt have toldshouldnt/oughtnt to have done 本来不应该You _ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.A. shouldnt follow B. mustnt followC. couldnt have been followingD. shouldnt have been followingmight have done 本来应该（用来表示一种责备）You _ even though you were busy at that time.A. might help himB. must have helped himC. might have helped him D. should help him这类题在设计干扰项时，一般都会有情态动词推测性用法的涉及，应注意上下文的逻辑和语意关系。5）注意常用情态动词的基本句法和表意功能would的用法：a) 用于提出提议或邀请例：Would you like to change a seat? Its warmer here.（您要不要换一下座位？这里暖和些。）Would you prefer a hardback edition?（您要不要买一本精装本？）b) 用于提出客气的要求或请求：例：I would like you to fetch that document for me now.（我想请你现在就帮我把那份文件取来。）I would like to know more about your plan.（我想更多地了解一下你的计划。）c) would you mind + doing句型通常用于表示请求对方做一件有一定麻烦的事情，语气一般都非常客气。注意回答时通常是肯定的，以表示愿意做所要求的事情。例：Would you mind filling in this form?（请您填一下这张表。）Would you mind repeating what you just said?（请把刚才的话重复一遍好吗？）d) 用于委婉地表示自己的意见：例：I would think the journey will take something like two weeks.（依我看，这次旅程大约需要两个星期。）I would look at the problem a little differently.（我对这个问题的看法略有不同。）e) 用于表示过去经常性的行为或动作：例：The retired captain would sit hours on end watching ships sailing past.（退休的船长经常坐在海边观望过往的行船，一坐就是几个小时。）He would go to bed strictly at 9, and on Sundays would not have lunch anywhere except in that restaurant. （他总是严格地9点上床睡觉。星期日总在那家饭店吃午饭。）should的用法：a) 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈：例：You should be here with clean hands.（你应该把手洗干净了再来吃饭。）例：With all this work on hand, he _ to the cinema last night.A) mustnt B) oughtnt to go C) wouldnt go D) shouldnt have gone全句的意思是：“他手头又这么多工作，昨夜不该看电影”。本句表达的是昨天已经发生但去不该发生的事情，所以应该用情态动词should的否定式，后接动词的完成式。因而答案是D) shouldnt have gone。b) 用于提出意见劝导别人：例：It would be better if the three of you should work as a team.（最好你们三个人能组成一个小组工作。）To keep your work, you should prove yourself a resourceful investigator.（你若要保住工作，就该证明自己是个足智多谋的调查员。）c) 委婉地对别人提出建议或劝告通常用I should / shouldnt if I were you句型：例：I should hand in a typewritten paper if I were you.（要是我，就交用打字机打出来的论文。）I shouldnt worry at all if I were you.（要是我才不着急呢。）d) 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一：例：We should arrive by supper time.（我们在晚饭前就能到了。）She should be here any moment.（她随时都可能来。）e) 在以in case或 if引导的从句中，常用should表达一定程度的可能性。例：I will get some beer ready in case Uncle John should come.（我得准备些啤酒，约翰叔叔可能会来。）If you should happen to see Mary, give her this package.（如果你碰到玛丽，请把这个包裹交给她。）f) 用于表示一种惊讶的语气，should的这一用法也是考试中常常出现的考点之一：例： It is unthinkable that a strong character like Nancy should find a weak-willed man acceptable. （象南希这样很有主见的女子竟然觉得一个意志软弱的男子也可以接受，真让人不可想象。）I was shocked that she should have said such a thing to you.（她竟然对你说这种话，真让我吃惊。）其它常用动词的用法，如shall表示命令、威胁、许诺或征求许可，may/might as well等，同学们都应多多注意其用法。强调窗体顶端强调（emphasis）就是使句子的某一部分比一般情况下显得更加重要。在书面英语中，一是通过加上某些强调词或通过某些强调句型来表示，二是通过改变句子的正常词序也就是倒装来表示的。1.强调句型“It is / wasthat / who / whom当被强调部分为sb.，可用who/whom, 也可用that，其它情况一律用that。强调主语时，that后的谓语动词必须与被强调的主语人称与数保持一致。例如:A）Tom does the experiment in the factory everyday.汤姆每天在工厂里做实验。B）It is Tom who (that) does experiment in the factory eve ryday.是汤姆每天在工厂里做实验。（强调主语）C）It is the experiment that Tom does in the factory everyday.汤姆每天在工厂里做的是实验。（强调宾语）D）It is in the factory that Tom does the experiment everyday.汤姆每天是在工厂里做实验。（强调状语）E）It is everyday that Tom does experiment in the factory.汤姆是每天在工厂里做实验。（强调状语）2. 强调句型对状语进行强调须注意1) 强调时间、地点、原因或方式状语时，要用that,不能用when, where, why或how。It was at the gate of our school that we gave the visitors a warm welcome. (强调地点状语)It was with great joy that he received the news that his long lost son would soon return home. (强调程度状语)It is by bus that Mary usually goes to school. (强调方式状语)It was three years ago that I came to this school. (强调时间状语)It was on Monday night that all this happened.这一切是发生在星期一晚上。It was because he was ill that he didnt go to school.他是因并而没来上学的。It was in a different way that they played the game.他们比赛的方式是不同的。It was not until 11 oclock last night that my father returned.我父亲昨夜直到11点才回来。2) as，since和though等引导的原因、让步、结果等状语从句，不能用这种句型。例1对句：As he had no car, he stayed at home.错句：It was as he had no car that he stayed at home.因为没有车，他就呆在家里。例2对句：Although they are poor, they are generous.错句：It is although they are poor that they are generous.虽然他们穷，但他们慷慨。3) 对not.until.结构的强调，要用It is/was not until.that.这一固定句型。由于否定已经前移，that后只能用肯定形式。如：1.It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star. 4) .使用强调句型对状语进行强调时，有必要将其与下列句型区分开来。例1) It was in the evening that the soldiers arrived at the small mountain village. (强调句型)It was evening when the soldiers arrived at the small mountain village.(when引导时间状语从句，it表示时间)例2) It was at 3 oclock that they came back. (强调句型)It was 3 oclock when they came back. (when引导时间状语从句，it表示时间)例3) It is for three hours that they have been back. (强调句型)It was three hours before they came back. (before引导时间状语从句，it表示时间)It is three hours since they came back. (since引导时间状语从句，it表示时间)再如：It was raining when they came back.It is true that he once went to Canada.It is a surprise that Mary should have won the first prize.5).强调含有定语从句的主、宾、状语时，要确定好强调标志that的位置。如：Was it at the school which was named after a hero that he spent his childhood?It was in the