1.句子成分——教案.doc

英语句子成分：主谓宾表定状补同一主语：主语(subject)是一个句子的主题(theme)，是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。1名词作主语。Atreehasfallenacrosstheroad.2代词用作主语。I / we / you / he / she / it / they You arewrong. What do you like? what / which/ where/why/ who/whose3数词用作主语。Threeisenough.4副词用作主语。Nowisthetime.5不定式用作主语。Tofindyourwaycanbeaproblem. Itwouldbenicetoseehimagain.It is helpful to write down the notes.6动名词用作主语。Smokingisbadforyou.7. 介词短语用作主语。FromShanghaitoBeijingisalong trip.8. 从句用作主语。 Wheneveryouarereadywillbefine. Whatever you like 9. 句子用作主语。Howdoyoudo?isagreeting. 二谓语：谓语(predicate)或谓语动词(predicateverb)的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词主要动词）构成。1简单的动词(1).Whathappened?(2).Heworkedhardalldaytoday.(3).Theplanetookoffattenoclock.2动词短语(1).Iamreading.(2).Youcandoitifyoutryhard.特殊的：系动词（link verb,不能单独做谓语，与表语连用成为主系表结构）1.She is pretty. am / is / are / was / were2.The food smells good. 感官动词：look / sound / smell / feel / taste （feel well / feel good）表变化的动词：come,go,run,turn,get,become,keep,stay,makeseem,appear(似乎，好像)1Ourdreamhascometrue.。（come后常加easy, loose等）2Hefellsick.3. Keepfit. ( keep作为系动词还常接quiet，calm，cool，well，warm，silent，clean，dry)4. Thewellrandry. （short,loose,wild,cold等）5. Tom seems (to be) a very clever boy.三宾语:宾语（object）在句中主要充当动作的承受者，因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。1名词: Doyoufancyadrink?你想喝一杯吗？2代词: Theywonthurtus.3数词: Ifyouadd5to5,youget10.4副词: Helefttherelastweek. 5不定式: Doesshereallymeantoleavehome?6Heneverdidtheunexpected(想不到的，意外的).（名词化的分词）8DoyouunderstandwhatImean?你明白我的意思吗？（从句）扩展： 双宾语问题宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语，即直接宾语(direct object)与间接宾语(indirect object)。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者，间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物（多指人）。间接宾语一般须与直接宾语连用，通常放在直接宾语之前。常用的有：answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等。1. Give me a cup of tea, please. 2. I bought him a birthday present.3. I have found him a place. 双宾语可以由介词to或for表达：1. Please give it to him. 2. Mother cooks breakfast for us every day.四表语:表语（predicative）的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它位于联系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。可以作表语的词有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。1. 名词。 TheweddingwasnextSunday. 2. 代词。 Sothatsthat.3. 数词。 Weareseven.4. 形容词。 Areyoubusy?5. 副词。 Areyouthere? 6. 不定式。 AllIcoulddowastowait.7动名词。Complimenting（恭维）islying. 8介词短语。 Sheisingoodhealth. / Theshowisfromseventillten.9从句。Isthatwhyyouwereangry?/ThisiswhereIfirstmether.五定语：定语(attribute)是用来说明名词（代词）的品质与特征的词或一组词。可用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句和句子等。 1形容词(大量的)。 （1）. She is a natural musician. （2）. He must be the best violinist alive.（后置定语） 2. 名词用作定语。（1）. A baby girl 女婴 （2）. well water 井水 3代词作定语。 （1）. Your hair needs cutting. （物主代词） （2）. Everybodys business is nobodys business. （不定代词） 4数词作定语 （1）. Theres only one way to do it. （2）. Do it now, you may not get a second chance. 5. 基数词用作后置定语： page 24 , Room 201 , the year 1949 6. 副词充当定语时常后置，如： the room above the world today the way out a day off 7不定式用作定语 （1）. Her promise to write was forgotten. （2）. Thats the way to do it. 6动名词用作定语. A walking stick sleeping pills learning method 7分词充当定语 a sleeping child a retired worker a faded flower （表状态）7介词短语用作定语。 （1）. This is a map of China.（2）. The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words. 他那凶暴的目光说明得再清楚不过了。8从句用作定语，即定语从句 （1）. The car thats parked outside is mine. （2）. Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one. 六状语：状语（adverbial）是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。 1. 副词最常用作状语，位置比较灵活，可置句末、句首和句中。 The girl is improving remarkably.（引人注目地，明显地，非常地） He speaks the language badly but read it well. Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors. 2. 按用途分时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等. （1）时间状语，多位于句末和句首，有时亦可置于句中 Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow? Now China leads the world. （2）地点状语，多置于句末，有时也位于句首和句中。 There are plenty of fish in the sea. She kissed her mother on the platform. （3）原因状语，包括表理由的状语，多置于句末，有时亦可置于句首。 Because he was ill , Tom lost his job. I eat potatoes because I like them. （4）结果状语，多由不定式、分词和从句表示，常位于句末。 She woke(醒) suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway. She spoke so softly that I couldnt hear what she said. （5） 目的状语，多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示，常位于句末，强调时可以置于句首。 He ran for shelter. In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder. （6）条件状语。多由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。 Well be lucky to get there before dark. If he were to come, what should we say to him? （7）让步状语，由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。 For all his money, he didnt seem happy. He helped me although he didnt know me. （8）程度状语。常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。 The lecture is very interesting. To what extent would you trust them? 程度（9）伴随状语，常由短语和独立主格等表示。对位于句末和句首。 My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten. He stood there, pipe(烟斗) in mouth.七补语: 补语（complement）是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语（subject complement）,补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语（object complement）. (1). 形容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前，后有逗号。 Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 有时可以置于主语之后，前后都有逗号，与非限定性定语相似。 The man, cruel beyond belief, didnt listen to their pleadings. (2).可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等 1. 名词: They named the child Jimmy. 2. 名词短语: My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister. 3. 形容词: He boiled the egg hard. 她将鸡蛋煮老了。4. 形容词短语: I found the book very interesting.5. 不定式: The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover. 6. 动名词: I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.7. 介词短语: Dont take his kindness for granted. 八同位语：当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语（appositive）.这两个句子成分多由名词（代词）担任，同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词（代词）之后。 1名词（大量）。 （1）. We have two children, a boy and a gir