The Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖.doc

The origin of the Nobel PrizeThe Nobel Prize resulted form a late change in the will of Alfred Nobel, who did not want to be remembered after his death as a propagator of violence - he invented dynamite.Alfred Nobels willAlfred Nobels will from November 25, 1895Five Nobel Prizes were instituted by the final will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish chemist and industrialist, who was the inventor of the high explosive dynamite. Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died, and signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895. Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million Swedish Kronor, to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes.(As of 2008 that equates to 186 million US dollars.)“ The whole of my remaining realizable estate shall be dealt with in the following way:The capital shall be invested by my executors in safe securities and shall constitute a fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind. The said interest shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be apportioned as follows: one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics; one part to the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine; one part to the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency; and one part to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity among nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.The prizes for physics and chemistry shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiological or medical works by Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm; that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm; and that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting. It is my expressed wish that in awarding the prizes no consideration whatever shall be given to the nationality of the candidates, so that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be Scandinavian or not.”Alfred Nobel, Alfred Nobels WillAlthough Nobels will established the prizes, his plan was incomplete and, due to various other hurdles, it took five years before the Nobel Foundation could be established and the first prizes awarded on 10 December 1901.The current size of the Nobel endowment fund is about $400 million USD.The Nobel Prize (Swedish pronunciation: nobl, Swedish definite form, singular: Nobelpriset; Norwegian: Nobelprisen) is a set of annual international awards bestowed in a number of categories by Swedish and Norwegian committees in recognition of cultural and/or scientific advances. The will of the Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895. The prizes in Physics, Chemistry,Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace were first awarded in 1901. The related Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Scienceswas created in 1968. Between 1901 and 2012, the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 555 times to 856 people and organizations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 835 individuals and 21 organizations.The Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo, Norway, while the other prizes are awarded in Stockholm, Sweden. The Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the most prestigious award available in the fields of literature, medicine, physics, chemistry, peace, and economics.The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Nobel Prize in Physics, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences; the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; theSwedish Academy grants the Nobel Prize in Literature; and the Nobel Peace Prize is not awarded by a Swedish organisation but by the Norwegian Nobel Committee.The various prizes are awarded yearly. Each recipient, or laureate, receives a gold medal, a diploma and a sum of money, which is decided by the Nobel Foundation. As of 2012, each prize was worth 8 million SEK (c. US$1.2 million, 0.93 million). The prize is not awarded posthumously; however, if a person is awarded a prize and dies before receiving it, the prize may still be presented. Though the average number of laureates per prize increased substantially during the 20th century, a prize may not be shared among more than three people.诺贝尔奖（瑞典的发音： nobl瑞典正定的形式，奇异： Nobelpriset挪威： Nobelprisen ）是一组安置在多个类别的一年一度的国际奖项由瑞典和挪威的委员会，以表彰文化和/或科学进步。瑞典发明家阿尔弗雷德诺贝尔的意愿于1895年设立的奖品。在物理，化学，生理学或医学，文学与和平奖首次颁发于1901年。 的相关纪念诺贝尔经济科学奖创建于1968年。在1901年和2012年，被授予诺贝尔奖和经济科学奖的555倍至856个人和组织。随着一些获得诺贝尔奖不止一次，这使得一共有835名个人和21个组织。在挪威奥斯陆颁发和平奖，而其他奖项都在瑞典斯德哥尔摩颁发。诺贝尔文学奖被广泛视为文学，医学，物理，化学，和平，和经济学领域最负盛名的奖项。 瑞典皇家科学院授予诺贝尔物理学奖，诺贝尔化学奖，纪念诺贝尔经济科学奖;诺贝尔大会奖项卡罗琳斯卡医学院诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，瑞典文学院授予诺贝尔文学奖文学和诺贝尔和平奖是不是由瑞典组织，而是由挪威诺贝尔委员会颁发。各种奖项，每年颁发一次。每个收件人或获得者，获得了一枚金牌，一份证书和一笔钱，这是由诺贝尔基金会决定。截至2012年，各奖价值800亿瑞典克朗（约120万美元， 0.93亿美元） 。奖追授然而，如果一个人颁了奖，去世前收到，奖品可能仍然被提出。 虽然每奖获得者的平均数量大幅增加，在20世纪，奖品可不超过3人之间共享。从维基抄的文（英）和谷歌的翻译（中）Alfred Bernhard Nobel阿尔弗雷德贝恩哈德诺贝尔Alfred Bernhard Nobel(October 21, 1833, Stockholm, SwedenDecember 10, 1896, Sanremo, Italy) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator, armaments manufacturer and the inventor of dynamite. He owned Bofors, a major armaments manufacturer, which he had redirected from its previous role as an iron and steel mill. In his last will, he used his enormous fortune to institute the Nobel Prizes. The synthetic element Nobelium was named after him.Personal backgroundNobel, a descendant of the seventeenth century scientist, Olaus Rudbeck (1630-1708), was the third son of Immanuel Nobel (1801-1872). Born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833, he went with his family in 1842 to St. Petersburg, where his father (who had invented modern plywood) started a torpedo works. Alfred studied chemistry for professor Nikolay Nikolaevich Zinin. In 1859 the factory was left to the care of the second son, Ludvig Nobel (1831-1888), by whom it was greatly enlarged, and Alfred, returning to America with his family and his father after the bankruptcy of their family business, devoted himself to the study of explosives, and especially to the safe manufacture and use of nitroglycerine (discovered in 1847 by Ascanio Sobrero, one of his fellow-students under Thophile-Jules Pelouze at the University of Torino). Several explosions were reported at their family-owned factory in Heleneborg, and a disastrous one in 1864 killed Alfreds younger brother Emil and several other workers.Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from all corners of the globe for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and for work in peace. The foundations for the prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth to the establishment of the Nobel Prize.Alfred Nobel also wrote Nemesis, a prose tragedy in four acts about Beatrice Cenci, partly inspired by Percy Bysshe Shelleys blank verse tragedy in five acts The Cenci, was printed when he was dying, and the whole stock except for three copies was destroyed immediately after his death, being regarded as scandalous and blasphemous. The first surviving edition (bilingual Swedish-Esperanto) was published in Sweden in 2003. The play has been translated to Slovenian via the Esperanto version.Alfred Nobel is buried in Norra begravningsplatsen in Stockholm.Nobel PrizeThe Nobel Prizes are prizes awarded annually to people (and, in the case of the Peace Prize, sometimes to organizations) who have completed outstanding research, invented ground-breaking techniques or equipment, or made an outstanding contribution to society in physics, chemistry, literature, peace, medicine or physiology and economics. They are widely regarded as the supreme commendation in their respective subject areas. Those honored with a prize are known as Nobel Laureates.The Prizes were instituted by the Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel through his will. They were first awarded in 1901, five years after Nobels death. The prize in economics, instituted by the Bank of Sweden, has been awarded since 1969.As of October 2006, a total of 781 Nobel Prizes have been awarded, 763 to individuals (34 of these to women) and 18 to organizations. A few Prize winners have declined the award. There are years in which one or more Prizes are not awarded; during World War II, for instance, no Prizes were awarded in any category between 1940 and 1942. Each Prize stipulates, however, that it must be awarded at least once every five years.Prizes cannot be revoked. Since 1974, no award may be made posthumously, i.e. nominees must be alive at the time of their nomination.分类Nobel Prize in Literature 诺贝尔文学奖Nobel Prize in Physics 诺贝尔物理学奖Nobel Prize in Chemistry 诺贝尔化学奖Nobel Peace Prize 诺贝尔和平奖Nobel Prize in Economics 诺贝尔经济学奖Nobel Prize in Physiology & Medicine 诺贝尔生理学或医学奖莫言Presentation Speech by Per Wstberg, Writer, Member of the Swedish Academy, Chairman of the Nobel Committee, 10 December 2012. 瑞典文学院诺奖委员会主席瓦斯特伯格发表授奖词 Your Majesties, Your Royal Highnesses, Esteemed Nobel Laureates, Ladies and Gentlemen, 尊敬的国王和皇后陛下，尊敬的诺贝尔奖得主们，女士们先生们， Mo Yan is a poet who tears down stereotypical propaganda posters, elevating the individual from an anonymous human mass. Using ridicule and sarcasm Mo Yan attacks history and its falsifications as well as deprivation and political hypocrisy. Playfully and with ill-disguised delight, he reveals the murkiest aspects of human existence, almost inadvertently finding images of strong symbolic weight. 莫言是个诗人，他扯下程式化的宣传画，使个人从茫茫无名大众中突出出来。 他用嘲笑和讽刺的笔触，攻击历史和谬误以及贫乏和政治虚伪。他有技巧的揭露了人类最阴暗的一面，在不经意间给象征赋予了形象。 North-eastern Gaomi county embodies Chinas folk tales and history. Few real journeys can surpass these to a realm where the clamour of donkeys and pigs drowns out the voices of the peoples commissars and where both love and evil assume supernatural proportions. 高密东北乡体现了中国的民间故事和历史。在这些民间故事中，驴与猪的吵闹淹没了人的声音，爱与邪恶被赋予了超自然的能量。 Mo Yans imagination soars across the entire human existence. He is a wonderful portrayer of nature; he knows virtually all there is to know about hunger, and the brutality of Chinas 20th century has probably never been described so nakedly, with heroes, lovers, torturers, bandits and especially, strong, indomitable mothers. He shows us a world without truth, common sense or compassion, a world where people are reckless, helpless and absurd. 莫言有着无与伦比的想象力。他很好的描绘了自然；他基本知晓所有与饥饿相关的事情；中国20世纪的疾苦从来都没有被如此直白的描写：英雄、情侣、虐待者、 匪徒-特别是坚强的 、不屈不挠的母亲们 。他向我们展示了一个没有真理、常识或者同情的世界，这个世界中的人鲁莽、无助且可笑。 Proof of this misery is the cannibalism that recurs in Chinas history. In Mo Yan, it stands for unrestrained consumption, excess, rubbish, carnal pleasures and the indescribable desires that only he can attempt to elucidate beyond all tabooed limitations. 中国历史上重复出现的同类相残的行为证明了这些苦难。对莫言来说，这代表着消费、无节制、废物、肉体上的享受以及无法描述的欲望，只有他才能超越禁忌试图描述。 Mo Yans stories have mythical and allegorical pretensions and turn all values on their heads. We never meet that ideal citizen who was a standard feature in Maos China. Mo Yans characters bubble with vitality and take even the most amoral steps and measures to fulfil their lives and burst the cages they have been confined in by fate and politics. 莫言的故事有着神秘和寓意，让所有的价值观得到体现。莫言的人物充满活力，他们甚至用不道德的办法和手段实现他们生活目标，打破命运和政治的牢笼。 In his most remarkable novel, Big Breasts and Wide Hips, where a female perspective dominates, Mo Yan describes the Great Leap Forward and the Great Famine of 1960 in stinging detail. He mocks the revolutionary pseudo-science that tried to inseminate sheep with rabbit sperm, all the while dismissing doubters as right-wing elements. The novel ends with the new capitalism of the 90s with fraudsters becoming rich on beauty products and trying to produce a Phoenix through cross-fertilisation. 丰乳肥臀是莫言最著名的小说，以女性视角描述了1960年的大跃进和大饥荒。他讥讽了革命伪科学，就是用兔子给羊受精，同时不理睬所有的怀疑者，将他 们当成右翼。小说的结尾描述了九十年代的新资本主义，会忽悠的人靠卖化妆品富了起来，并想通过混种受精培育凤凰。 In Mo Yan, a forgotten peasant world arises, alive and well, before our eyes, sensually scented even in its most pungent vapours, startlingly merciless but tinged by joyful selflessness. Never a dull moment. The author knows everything and can describe everything all kinds of handicraft, smithery, construction, ditch-digging, animal husbandry, the tricks of guerrilla bands. He seems to carry all human life on the tip of his pen. 莫言生动的向我们展示了一个被人遗忘的农民世界，虽然无情但又充满了愉悦的无私。每一个瞬间都那么精彩。作者知晓手工艺、冶炼技术、建筑、挖沟开渠、放牧和游击队的技巧并且知道如何描述。他似乎用笔尖描述了整个人生。 He is more hilarious and more appalling than most in the wake of Rabelais and Swift in our time, in the wake of Garca Marquez. His spice blend is a peppery one. On his broad tapestry of Chinas last hundred years, there are neither dancing unicorns nor skipping maidens. But he paints life in a pigsty in such a way that we feel we have been there far too long. Ideologies and reform movements may come and go but human egoism and greed remain. So Mo Yan defends small individuals against all injustices from Japanese occupation to Maoist terror and todays production frenzy. 他比拉伯雷、斯威夫特和马尔克斯之后的多数作家都要滑稽和犀利。他的语言辛辣。他对于中国过去一百年的描述中，没有跳舞的独角兽和少女。但是他描述的猪圈 生活让我们觉得非常熟悉。意识形态和改革有来有去，但是人类的自我和贪婪却一直存在。所以莫言为所有的小人物打抱不平-从日本占领到毛泽东的错误到今天的 疯狂生产。 For those who venture to Mo Yans home district, where bountiful virtue battles the vilest cruelty, a staggering literary adventure awaits. Has ever such an epic spring flood engulfed China and the rest of the world? In Mo Yans work, world literature speaks with a voice that drowns out most contemporaries. 在莫言的小说世界里，品德和残酷交战，对阅读者来说这是一种文学探险。曾有如此的文学浪潮席卷了中国和世界么？莫言作品中的文学力度压过大多数当代作品。 The Swedish Academy congratulates you. I call on you to accept the 2012 Nobel Prize for Literature from the hand of His Majesty the King. 瑞典文学院祝贺你。请你从国王手中接过2012年诺贝尔文学奖。2014年Two Americans and a German won the Nobel Prize in chemistry this year for their work on opticalmicroscopythat has opened up our understanding ofmoleculesby allowing us to see how they work close up.两名美国及一名德国科学家荣获了今年的诺贝尔化学奖，以表彰他们在光学显微技术领域取得的成就，这一成就让人们通过看到分子之间如何紧密的工作而更加了解它们。The winners are Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell and William E. Moerner, the Nobelcommitteein Sweden announced Wednesday.诺贝尔委员会于周三宣布：获奖者分别是埃里克白兹格，斯特凡W赫尔以及威廉姆E莫尔纳尔。Back in 1873, science believed it had reached a limit in how much more of a detailed picture a microscope could provide. At the time, microscopist Ernst Abbe said the maximum resolution had beenattained.早在1873年，科学家相信光学显微技术已经达到一种极限：显微镜已经无法提供更为精细的图像了。同时，显微镜学者恩斯特阿贝认为光学显微镜分辨率达到了一个物理极限。This years winners proved that contention wrong.而今年诺贝尔的获奖者证明了这个观点是错误的。Due to their achievements, the optical microscope can now peer into the nanoworld, the committee said.“由于他们的贡献，我们可以利用光学显微镜对纳米世界一探究竟，”委员会说。The importance cant be overemphasized: Now, scientists can see how proteins infertilizedeggs divide intoembryos, or they can trackproteinsinvolved in Alzheimers or Parkinsons diseases, the committee said.还有怎么强调也不过分的是：如今科学家可以跟踪受精卵在分裂形成胚胎时蛋白质的变化过程，他们还能追踪阿兹海默症和帕金森病患者体内相关蛋白的累积情况，委员会说。Hell, of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Gttingen, and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, both in Germany, developed a way to use two laserbeamsto make individual molecules glow on and off. 斯特凡W赫尔，作为哥廷根马克斯普朗克生物物理化学研究所的主任和海德堡德国癌症研究中心的部门主任发展了一种方法：使用两束激光，其中用一束激光激发荧光分子发光，再用另一束激光消除掉纳米尺寸以外的所有荧光。Speaking to the Nobel committee by phone after the prize was announced, Hell said the development of nanoscopy was very important to life scientists because the use of focused light is the only way to see how the body works at acellularlevel.在宣告获奖之后，和诺贝尔委员的通话中，赫尔提到，纳米显微学对于生命科学家来说是十分重要的。因为聚集光束使用是唯一可以让我们看见身体如何在细胞水平状态下工作的方法。He said he was totally surprised by the call from the Nobel committee and that it took a while for the news to sink in.赫尔说，对于接到诺贝尔委员会的电话他感到十分震惊，他用了很长的时间使自己平复。Betzig, of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, in Ashburn, Virginia, and Moerner, of Stanford University in California, worked separately to develop the basis for single-molecule microscopy. 弗吉尼亚州阿什伯恩市霍华德休斯医学研究所的研究人员埃里克白兹格，和加利福尼亚州斯坦福大学教授莫尔纳尔，各自独立地做出了单分子荧光显微术。This uses light to make individual molecules glow and allows adensesuper-image to be resolved at the nanolevel. 这种技术是利用光使单个分子发出荧光，并得到了一幅纳米级别的超高密度图片。Committee chairman Sven Lidin said that thanks to their development of super-resolutionfluorescencemicroscopy, cells could be studied close up and the boundary between chemistry and biology hadblurred.委员会会长斯文列丁说，多亏了他们对于超高分辨率荧光显微技术的发展，细胞可以更深入的被研究，化学和生物学的分界线也变得不那么明显了。Guesswork has turned into hard fa